Типы производств. Металловедение

ɉɪɢɧɹɬɵɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ 1. Ʌɚɬɢɧɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɩɢɫɧɵɟ ɛɭɤɜɵ: Ⱥ – ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ, ɦ2; ȿ – ɦɨɞɭɥɶ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɭɩɪɭɝɨɫɬɢ, Ɇɉɚ, ɢɥɢ ɩɨɥɧɚɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ, Ⱦɠ; F – ɜɧɟɲɧɹɹ ɫɢɥɚ, ɇ; G – ɜɟɫ, ɇ, ɢɥɢ ɦɨɞɭɥɶ ɫɞɜɢɝɚ, Ɇɉɚ; J – ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɢɧɟɪɰɢɢ, ɦ4; K – ɤɢɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ, Ⱦɠ; M – ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɫɢɥɵ, ɢɡɝɢɛɚɸɳɢɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ, ɇ˜ɦ; R – ɫɢɥɚ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ, ɇ; S – ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ, ɦ3; T – ɜɪɚɳɚɸɳɢɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ, ɇ˜ɦ; U – ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ, ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɹɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ, Ⱦɠ, ɢɥɢ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ, ȼ; P – ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ, ȼɬ, ɢɥɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ, ɉɚ; V – ɨɛɴɟɦ ɬɟɥɚ, ɦ3, ɢɥɢ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ, ɦ/ɫ; W – ɪɚɛɨɬɚ, Ⱦɠ; I – ɫɢɥɚ ɬɨɤɚ, Ⱥ; TO – ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ; ɈɆȾ – ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ; ɄɉȾ – ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ; Ɇɉɑ – ɦɚɫɫɚ ɩɚɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ (ɦɨɥɨɬɚ). 2. Ƚɪɟɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɛɭɤɜɵ: J – ɭɞɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɜɟɫ, ɇ/ɦ3; ɭɝɨɥ ɫɞɜɢɝɚ, ɝɪɚɞɭɫ; U – ɪɚɞɢɭɫ ɤɪɢɜɢɡɧɵ, ɦ, ɢɥɢ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ, ɤɝ/ɦ3; Z – ɭɝɥɨɜɚɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ, ɫ-1; M – ɭɝɨɥ ɡɚɤɪɭɱɢɜɚɧɢɹ, ɝɪɚɞɭɫ; V – ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ, ɉɚ; W – ɤɚɫɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ, ɉɚ; ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɫ; t – ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ, qɋ; G – ɬɨɥɳɢɧɚ, ɦɦ. Ⱦɪɭɝɢɟ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ, ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɬɟɤɫɬɟ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ (ɉȾ). Ʌɚɬɢɧɫɤɢɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɜɦɟɫɬɨ ɢɯ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɣ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, Si – ɤɪɟɦɧɢɣ. 3 ȼȼȿȾȿɇɂȿ. ɇȿɄɈɌɈɊɕȿ ɉɈɇəɌɂə ɂ ɈɉɊȿȾȿɅȿɇɂə ɉɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɦ ɤɭɪɫɚ «Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɢ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɣ» ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɢ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɨɤ ɢ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ ɦɚɲɢɧ. Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ – ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɢ ɩɨɥɭɮɚɛɪɢɤɚɬɨɜ ɜ ɝɨɬɨɜɭɸ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɸ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ. Ɉɧ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ, ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɱɬɨ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɤɚɤɨɣ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɞɟɥɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɢɡ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɢ ɩɨɥɭɮɚɛɪɢɤɚɬɨɜ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɝɨɬɨɜɵɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ, ɤɚɤɨɟ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɨɫɧɚɫɬɤɭ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ. Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɜɫɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ ɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɟ ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɨɯɪɚɧɭ, ɭɛɨɪɤɭ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ, ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɨ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɰɢɢ, ɨɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɸ, ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɢɸ ɢ ɬ. ɞ. Ɉɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ – ɡɚɤɨɧɱɟɧɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɦɚɹ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɦ ɦɟɫɬɟ. Ɇɚɲɢɧɚ – ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɳɟɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ, ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ, ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɡɚɦɟɧɵ ɢɥɢ ɨɛɥɟɝɱɟɧɢɹ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɭɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ. Ʉɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ – ɷɬɨ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɚɹ ɟɝɨ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɹ (ɩɨɤɭɩɚɬɟɥɹ) ɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɭɸ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶ. ɉɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɦɚɲɢɧɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɢ: x ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɸ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ; x ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ: ɛɟɡɨɬɤɚɡɧɨɫɬɶ, ɞɨɥɝɨɜɟɱɧɨɫɬɶ, ɪɟɦɨɧɬɨɩɪɢɝɨɞɧɨɫɬɶ, ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɦɨɫɬɶ; x ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ – ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɟɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ, ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɪɟɦɨɧɬɚ ɩɪɢ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ, ɨɛɴɟɦɟ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚ ɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɟɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɚɬɪɚɬ ɜ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ; x ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɭɧɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ; x ɷɪɝɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ («ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ-ɢɡɞɟɥɢɟ-ɫɪɟɞɚ»): ɭɞɨɛɫɬɜɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ, ɝɢɝɢɟɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ, ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ, ɜ ɬ. ɱ. ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ – ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɲɭɦɚ ɢ ɜɢɛɪɚɰɢɣ, ɜɪɟɞɧɵɯ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɢ ɬ. ɞ.; x ɷɫɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ; x ɩɚɬɟɧɬɧɨ-ɩɪɚɜɨɜɵɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ; x ɬɟɯɧɢɤɨ-ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ, ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɳɢɟ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ (ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɞɪ.). Ɋɚɛɨɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɚɲɢɧɵ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ ɢ ɲɟɪɨɯɨɜɚɬɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɧɵɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɫɨɩɪɹɝɚɟɦɵɯ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ. 4 Ɍɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶɸ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚɦ, ɡɚɞɚɜɚɟɦɵɦ ɱɟɪɬɟɠɨɦ. ɉɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ ɝɨɞɧɵɯ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ ɡɚɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɦ ɢ ɧɢɠɧɢɦ ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɟɦɵɦɢ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɭɤɚ0 , 2 ɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɤɨɥɨ ɧɨɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ‡ 40 0,1 . Ɂɞɟɫɶ +0,2  ɜɟɪɯɧɟɟ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɟ, – 0,1 – ɧɢɠɧɟɟ. ɂɧɬɟɪɜɚɥ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ ɝɨɞɧɵɯ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɩɭɫɤɨɦ. ȿɝɨ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɦ ɢ ɧɢɠɧɢɦ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ. ȼ ɧɚɲɟɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ ɞɨɩɭɫɤ ɪɚɜɟɧ 0,2–(–0,1) = 0,3. ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ 19 ɤɜɚɥɢɬɟɬɨɜ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ. ɋ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ ɤɜɚɥɢɬɟɬɚ ɧɚ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɭ, ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɩɨɥɹ ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ | ɜ 1,6 ɪɚɡɚ. ɑɟɪɟɡ ɩɹɬɶ ɤɜɚɥɢɬɟɬɨɜ ɩɨɥɟ ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ 10 ɪɚɡ. ɑɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɩɨɥɟ ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚ, ɬɟɦ ɥɟɝɱɟ ɢ ɞɟɲɟɜɥɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɭɸ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚ ɜ ɫɨɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹɯ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ ɦɚɲɢɧ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɬɟɯ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɫɩɵɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɭɞɚɪɧɵɟ ɢ ɜɢɛɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɢɬɶ ɢɯ ɧɚɞɺɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɞɨɥɝɨɜɟɱɧɨɫɬɶ. ɒɟɪɨɯɨɜɚɬɨɫɬɶ  ɷɬɨ ɦɢɤɪɨɫɤɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɢɞɟɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɧɨɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ. ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɳɢɯ ɲɟɪɨɯɨɜɚɬɨɫɬɶ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ Ra ɢ Rz. Rz – ɷɬɨ ɜɵɫɨɬɚ ɦɢɤɪɨɧɟɪɨɜɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɺɧɧɚɹ ɧɚ ɛɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɞɥɢɧɟ ɩɨ 10 ɷɤɫɬɪɟɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɬɨɱɤɚɦ ɦɢɤɪɨɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ. Ra  ɷɬɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɟ ɚɪɢɮɦɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɩɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɬɨɱɤɚɦ ɧɚ ɛɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɞɥɢɧɟ ɢɥɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɺɧɧɨ ɨɫɪɟɞɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɣ ɦɢɤɪɨɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ ɨɬ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ. ɉɚɪɚɦɟɬɪ Rɚ ɧɚ ɱɟɪɬɟɠɟ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɛɟɡ ɛɭɤɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ – 0.63 , ɚ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪ Rz ɫ ɛɭɤɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɦ R z 20 . Ɇɟɠɞɭ Ra ɢ Rz ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ Rz | (4…5)Ra. ɑɟɦ ɜɵɲɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ ɢ ɧɢɠɟ ɲɟɪɨɯɨɜɚɬɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɬɟɦ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɜɵɲɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ, ɧɨ ɬɟɦ ɜɵɲɟ ɢ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɵ ɧɚ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ. Ʉɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɨɪɵ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢ ɫɬɪɟɦɹɬɫɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɲɟɪɨɯɨɜɚɬɨɫɬɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɭɸ ɧɚɞɺɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɞɨɥɝɨɜɟɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɚɯ. ɋɟɛɟɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶ – ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɬɪɭɞɨɜɵɯ ɡɚɬɪɚɬ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɜ ɞɟɧɟɠɧɨɦ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɢ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ. Ɍɢɩɵ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜ Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ ɨɬ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ. Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɨɫɛɨɪɨɱɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ. Ɂɚɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɨɤ. ɂɫɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɨɤ, ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɤɭɡɧɟɱɧɨɟ, ɥɢɬɟɣɧɨɟ, ɫɜɚɪɨɱɧɨɟ ɲɬɚɦɩɨɜɨɱɧɨɟ, ɩɪɨɤɚɬɧɨɟ, ɜɨɥɨɱɢɥɶɧɨɟ ɢ ɞɪ. ɜɢɞɵ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜ. Ɇɟɯɚɧɨɫɛɨɪɨɱɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɨɤ, ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɟɦ, ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɨɣ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ ɢ ɲɟɪɨɯɨɜɚɬɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ ɢ ɢɯ ɫɛɨɪɤɭ. 5 Ɇɚɫɫɨɜɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ: ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨ-ɩɨɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɨɞɧɢɯ ɢ ɬɟɯ ɠɟ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚɯ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɢ ɢ ɬɟ ɠɟ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ. ɋɟɪɢɣɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ: ɧɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɦɟɫɬ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɚɪɬɢɢ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ, ɞɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɟɪɟɧɚɥɚɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɭɸ ɢ ɫ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɨɟ (ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ-ɩɨɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ). ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ ɩɚɪɬɢɣ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɧɚ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɫɟɪɢɣɧɨɟ, ɦɟɥɤɨɫɟɪɢɣɧɨɟ ɢ ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɨɟ. ȿɞɢɧɢɱɧɨɟ: ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɚɯ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɧɨɦɟɧɤɥɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ, ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɟɦ ɢ ɧɟɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɟɦɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ. ȼ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɧɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɧɤɨɜ, ɩɪɢɫɩɨɫɨɛɥɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ. ȼ ɫɟɪɢɣɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ-ɩɨɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ, ɛɥɢɡɤɢɯ ɩɨ ɤɨɧɮɢɝɭɪɚɰɢɢ, ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚɦ ɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɭ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ. ȼ ɟɞɢɧɢɱɧɨɦ ɢ ɦɟɥɤɨɫɟɪɢɣɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɬɚɧɤɢ, ɩɪɢɫɩɨɫɨɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬ. 6 ɊȺɁȾȿɅ I. ɆȿɌȺɅɅɈȼȿȾȿɇɂȿ ɂ ɌȿɊɆɂɑȿɋɄȺə ɈȻɊȺȻɈɌɄȺ ɌȿɆȺ 1. ɄɊɂɋɌȺɅɅɂɑȿɋɄɈȿ ɋɌɊɈȿɇɂȿ ɂ ɋȼɈɃɋɌȼȺ ɆȿɌȺɅɅɈȼ ɂ ɋɉɅȺȼɈȼ 1.1. ɋɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɋɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ ɨɬ ɢɯ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ (ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ). Ɇɟɬɨɞɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɢ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ: x ɦɢɤɪɨ-, ɦɚɤɪɨɫɤɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɵ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɦɢɤɪɨɫɤɨɩɨɜ ɪɚɡɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɢ ɥɭɩ; x ɪɟɧɬɝɟɧɨɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɢɣ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɦɟɠɚɬɨɦɧɵɟ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɢ ɬɢɩ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɲɺɬɤɢ; x ɫɩɟɤɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɢɣ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ; x ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɢɣ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɢ ɤɨɧɰɚ ɡɚɬɜɟɪɞɟɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɟɣ ɜ ɬɜɺɪɞɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɢɤɪɨ- ɢ ɦɚɤɪɨɬɪɟɳɢɧ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɞɟɮɟɤɬɨɫɤɨɩɢɢ. Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɪɟɧɬɝɟɧɨɜɫɤɭɸ, ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɭɸ ɢ ɥɸɦɢɧɢɫɰɟɧɬɧɭɸ ɞɟɮɟɤɬɨɫɤɨɩɢɢ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɜ ɬɜɺɪɞɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɬɟɥɚɦɢ, ɬ. ɟ. ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɚɬɨɦɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɭɩɨɪɹɞɨɱɟɧɧɨ. ɗɬɭ ɭɩɨɪɹɞɨɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɲɺɬɤɨɣ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɟɲɺɬɤɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 1.1. Ɋɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɦɢ ɫɨɫɟɞɧɢɯ ɚɬɨɦɨɜ ɢɡɦɟɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɚɧɝɫɬɪɟɦɚɯ (1Ⱥq = 1˜10-8 ɫɦ). ɚ ɛ ɜ Ɋɢɫ. 1.1. ɋɯɟɦɵ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɲɟɬɨɤ: ɚ – ɨɛɴɟɦɧɨɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɤɭɛɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ (ɈɐɄ); ɛ – ɝɪɚɧɟɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɤɭɛɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ (ȽɐɄ); ɜ – ɝɟɤɫɚɝɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɬɧɨ ɭɩɚɤɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ (Ƚɉɍ) Ʉɭɛɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɨɛɴɟɦɧɨɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɪɟɲɟɬɤɭ ɢɦɟɸɬ FeD, W, Mo, V, Cr, K, Na, Mn. Ʉɭɛɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɝɪɚɧɟɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ  FeJ, Cu, Ni, Ag, Al, Pt, Ca. Ƚɟɤɫɚɝɨɧɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɩɥɨɬɧɨ ɭɩɚɤɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ  Mg, Ti, Ɉs, Ru, Be, Co, La, Y. Ʉɚɤ ɜɢɞɧɨ, ɠɟɥɟɡɨ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɞɜɟ ɦɨɞɢɮɢ7 ɤɚɰɢɢ ɈɐɄ ɢ ȽɐɄ. ɂɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɬɢɩɚ ɪɟɲɺɬɤɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚ ɢɥɢ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɢɦɨɪɮɧɵɦ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɟɦ. ɉɨɥɢɦɨɪɮɢɡɦ – ɷɬɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɩɨ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɫɜɨɟ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ, ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɚɢɜɚɹ ɬɢɩ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɲɺɬɤɢ. Ɍɚɤ, ɈɐɄ ɠɟɥɟɡɨ (FeD) ɛɭɞɭɱɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɬɨ ɞɨ 911 qɋ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɪɟɲɟɬɤɭ ɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ȽɐɄ ɠɟɥɟɡɨɦ FeJ. ɗɬɨ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɨ 1392 qɋ, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɪɟɲɟɬɤɚ ɫɧɨɜɚ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɚɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɟɬ ɈɐɄ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ FeD, ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɹ ɟɝɨ ɜɩɥɨɬɶ ɞɨ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ 1539 qɋ. ȼ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚɯ ɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɵ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɜɫɟɦɭ ɨɛɴɟɦɭ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɭɸ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨ- ɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɫɬɶ. ɇɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɨɜ ɜ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚɯ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɬɢɩ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɢɨɧɚɦɢ, ɩɨɬɟɪɹɜɲɢɦɢ ɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɵ, ɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɦ ɝɚɡɨɦ. ɗɬɢ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɩɪɨɱɧɵ, ɧɨ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɪɵɜɟ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ. ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɪɚɡɪɵɜɚ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɭ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɤɨɜɤɨɫɬɶ. Ⱥɧɢɡɨɬɪɨɩɢɹ ɜ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɚɯ – ɷɬɨ ɧɟɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɨɫɬɶ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɚ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɯ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɭɩɨɪɹɞɨɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ. Ⱥɧɢɡɨɬɪɨɩɢɹ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɧɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ, ɦɨɞɭɥɶ ɭɩɪɭɝɨɫɬɢ, ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɬɟɩɥɨ- ɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɪ. Ⱥɧɢɡɨɬɪɨɩɢɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɚ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɯ ɫɥɨɟɜ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ: ɚɞɫɨɪɛɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ, ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ. Ɋɟɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɵ ɢ ɫɩɥɚɜɵ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɬ ɢɡ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɡɺɪɟɧ, ɬ. ɟ. ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɢɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɬɟɥɚɦɢ. ȼɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɨɫɪɟɞɧɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɤɪɨɫɤɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɛɴɺɦɵ ɧɟ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɚɧɢɡɨɬɪɨɩɢɟɣ, ɬ. ɟ. ɢɦɟɸɬ ɤɜɚɡɢɢɡɨɬɪɨɩɧɵɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɚɧɢɡɨɬɪɨɩɢɢ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɡɟɪɧɚ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɣ ɜ ɩɨɥɢɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɟ ɩɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɱɚɫɬɹɦ ɡɟɪɟɧ, ɧɟɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɸ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɣ ɢ ɦɢɤɪɨɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɣ ɩɨ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɫɩɥɚɜɚ. ɗɬɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɢɝɪɚɸɬ ɪɟɲɚɸɳɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚɯ, ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬ ɤ ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɨɦɭ «ɭɫɬɚɥɨɫɬɧɨɦɭ» ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɸ. ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɧɟɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɚ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɨɜ (ɪɢɫ. 1.2): 1. Ɍɨɱɟɱɧɵɟ: ɜɚɤɚɧɫɢɢ (ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɚɬɨɦɵ), ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɹ (ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɚɬɨɦɵ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɚɬɨɦɚɦɢ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɜ ɭɡɥɚɯ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɲɺɬɤɢ). Ɉɤɨɥɨ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɞɟɮɟɤɬɨɜ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɪɟɲɟɬɤɚ ɭɩɪɭɝɨ ɢɫɤɚɠɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ – ɞɜɭɯ ɦɟɠɚɬɨɦɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ. 2. Ʌɢɧɟɣɧɵɟ – ɞɢɫɥɨɤɚɰɢɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɺɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 1.2 ɩɨɥɭɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɶ FKM «ɥɢɲɧɹɹ» ɢ ɜ ɬɨɱɤɟ F ɜ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ 1-2 ɧɚ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ, ɪɚɜɧɨɦ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɟ ɡɟɪɧɚ, ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɢɫɤɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɲɺɬɤɢ. 3. ɉɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɟ, ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚɯ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɬɨɜ (ɡɟɪɟɧ). ɉɪɨɬɹɠɺɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɬɢɯ ɞɟɮɟɤɬɨɜ ɜ ɞɜɭɯ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɯ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚɦɢ ɡɺɪɟɧ. 8 2 1 M K F ɚ ɛ ɜ Ɋɢɫ. 1.2. Ⱦɟɮɟɤɬɵ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɲɟɬɤɢ: ɚ – ɬɨɱɟɱɧɵɟ; ɛ – ɥɢɧɟɣɧɵɟ; ɜ – ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɧɵɟ Ⱦɚɠɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɞɟɮɟɤɬɨɜ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɟɥɚ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɱɪɟɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɟɝɨ ɮɢɡɢɤɨ-ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɬɵɫɹɱɧɵɟ ɞɨɥɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ ɤ ɱɢɫɬɵɦ ɩɨɥɭɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɢɤɨɜɵɦ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɚɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɢɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ 105 ... 106 ɪɚɡ. 1.2. ȼɢɞɵ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɍɩɪɭɝɚɹ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɬɟɥ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɫɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɚɬɨɦɨɜ ɨɬ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɝɨ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ, ɦɟɧɶɲɢɟ ɦɟɠɚɬɨɦɧɵɯ, ɩɪɢ ɫɧɹɬɢɢ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɭɩɪɭɝɭɸ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ, ɭɩɪɭɝɚɹ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɢɫɱɟɡɚɟɬ. ɉɥɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ (ɧɟɨɛɪɚɬɢɦɚɹ) ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɫɞɜɢɝɚ ɚɬɨɦɨɜ ɢɡ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɨɟ, ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɦɟɠɚɬɨɦɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ. ɉɪɢ ɬɚɤɨɦ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɪɹɞ ɚɬɨɦɨɜ ɦɟɧɹɟɬ «ɫɨɫɟɞɟɣ», ɧɨ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɧɨɜɵɦɢ ɫɨɫɟɞɹɦɢ (ɪɢɫ. 1.3). ȼ ɮɢɡɢɤɟ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɪɵɜɚ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɜ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɟ ɯɨɬɹ ɛɵ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɢ, ɤɚɤ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 1.3, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɢɬɶ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ 0,1 ȿ, ɝɞɟ ȿ – ɦɨɞɭɥɶ ɭɩɪɭɝɨɫɬɢ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɪɟɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɜ ɫɨɬɧɢ ɪɚɡ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ. Ɏɢɡɢɤɢ ɷɬɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɟ ɫɦɨɝɥɢ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɢɬɶ, ɩɪɢɞɭɦɚɜ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɟɮɟɤɬɵ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɲɺɬɤɢ – ɞɢɫɥɨɤɚɰɢɢ. Ⱦɢɫɥɨɤɚɰɢɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɧɟ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɡɪɵɜ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɜ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɟ, ɚ ɩɨɨɱɟɪɺɞɧɵɣ, ɤɚɤ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 1.3. ɋ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɯ ɦɢɤɪɨɫɤɨɩɨɜ, ɮɢɡɢɤɢ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨ ɧɚɲɥɢ ɩɪɢɞɭɦɚɧɧɵɟ ɞɢɫɥɨɤɚɰɢɢ. Ⱦɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɞɢɫɥɨɤɚɰɢɣ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɪɚɡɪɵɜɭ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɚɬɨɦɚɦɢ ɢ ɫɦɟɳɟɧɢɸ ɫɥɨɺɜ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɧɟ ɢɫɱɟɡɚɟɬ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɫɧɹɬɢɹ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ. Ɉɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ, ɧɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɣ ɞɢɫɥɨɤɚɰɢɣ, ɛɭɞɟɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɨɱɧɟɟ, ɱɟɦ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɣ ɢɯ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɩɭɬɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɱɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɧɚɬɨɥɤɧɭɥɚɫɶ ɧɚ ɧɟɪɚɡɪɟɲɢɦɵɟ ɬɪɭɞɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜɵɪɚɳɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɛɟɡɞɟɮɟɤɬɧɵɯ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɨɜ. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɹɦɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɵɣ ɩɭɬɶ. 9 ɍɩɪɭɝɚɹ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɂɫɯɨɞɧɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ W ɉɥɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɪɚɡɝɪɭɡɤɢ W=0 W ɉɪɢ W > Wc - ɫɞɜɢɝ ɋɞɜɢɝ ɩɪɢ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦ ɪɚɡɪɵɜɟ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ Ɋɢɫ. 1.3. ɋɯɟɦɵ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɞɜɢɝɚ ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɞɢɫɥɨɤɚɰɢɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ. Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɢ ɞɢɫɥɨɤɚɰɢɣ ɜ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɤɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɹɯ ɫɤɨɥɶɠɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɨɧɢ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɬ ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɜɡɚɢɦɧɨɦɭ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɸ. ȼ ɢɬɨɝɟ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɩɚɪɚɞɨɤɫɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ, ɫ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɞɢɫɥɨɤɚɰɢɣ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹɦ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɸɬ, ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɣ, ɱɬɨ ɢɥɥɸɫɬɪɢɪɭɟɬ ɪɢɫ. 1.4. V Ɋɢɫ. 1.4. Ɂɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɨɬ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɞɟɮɟɤɬɨɜ ɜ ɟɝɨ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɲɟɬɤɟ Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɜɵɫɢɬɶ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɛɟɡɞɟɮɟɤɬɧɵɯ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɨɜ, ɥɢɛɨ, ɧɚɨɛɨɪɨɬ, ɩɭɬɟɦ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɫ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɦ ɱɢɫɥɨɦ ɞɢɫɥɨɤɚɰɢɣ. ɉɟɪɜɵɣ ɩɭɬɶ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɧɢɬɟɜɢɞɧɵɯ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɨɜ («ɭɫɨɜ»). ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɵ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ Vȼ = 3000Ɇɉɚ, ɚ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ Vȼ = 300 Ɇɉɚ. ȼɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɭɬɶ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɢɥɢ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɢɫɥɨɤɚɰɢɣ ɜ 1 ɫɦ3 ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ ɫ |107 ɜ ɨɬɨɠɠɟɧɧɨɦ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɟ ɞɨ |1012. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɪɢ ɡɚɤɚɥɤɟ 10 ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɢɫɬɨɣ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɟɟ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ ɜ 2,5 ... 3 ɪɚɡɚ, ɩɪɢ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ 1,5 ... 2 ɪɚɡɚ. ɋɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ ɨɬ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɢ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɬɨɜ-ɡɟɪɟɧ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɵ ɧɟɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ. Ɋɚɡ- ɚ ɛ Ɋɢɫ. 1.5. ɋɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɫɥɢɬɤɚ ɫɩɨɤɨɣɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɥɢ: ɚ – ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɟ; ɛ – ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɟ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɟ; 1 – ɦɟɥɤɢɟ ɪɚɜɧɨɨɫɧɵɟ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɵ, 2 – ɫɬɨɥɛɱɚɬɵɟ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɵ (ɞɟɧɞɪɢɬɵ), 3 – ɡɨɧɚ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɪɚɜɧɨɨɫɧɵɯ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɦɟɪ ɢ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɡɺɪɟɧ, ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ ɨɬ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢɡ ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜɚ. ɑɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɬɟɦ ɜɵɲɟ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɩɟɪɟɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɩɥɚɜɚ, ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɜ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɨɛɴɟɦɟ, ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɡɟɪɟɧ, ɬɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɯ ɞɟɮɟɤɬɨɜ, ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɞɢɫɥɨɤɚɰɢɹɦɢ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɧɵɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɢ, ɱɬɨ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜɚɠɧɨ, ɫ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɟ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ, ɧɨ ɞɚɠɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ. ɂɡɦɟɥɶɱɟɧɢɟ ɡɟɪɧɚ – ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɧɟɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɜ ɭɩɪɨɱɧɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɫɬɺɬ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɫɬɪɟɦɹɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɦɟɥɤɨɡɟɪɧɢɫɬɭɸ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɭɸ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚ ɬɨɧɤɨɫɬɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɬɥɢɜɤɚɯ, ɚ ɧɚ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɫɥɢɬɤɚɯ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɭɪɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ (ɪɢɫ. 1.5), ɬɚɤɨɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɟɦɥɟɦ. ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 1.5. ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɵ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ, ɮɨɪɦɚ ɢ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɡɟɪɟɧ ɜ ɫɥɢɬɤɟ ɫɬɚɥɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɬɜɨɞɚ ɬɟɩɥɚ. 1.3. Ɇɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ, ɬɜɟɪɞɨɫɬɶ, ɭɩɪɭɝɨɫɬɶ, ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ, ɭɞɚɪɧɚɹ ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɶ, ɭɫɬɚɥɨɫɬɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ (ɜɵɧɨɫɥɢɜɨɫɬɶ). ȼɧɟɲɧɢɟ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɬɜɺɪɞɵɯ ɬɟɥɚɯ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɢ ɨɛɴɺɦɚ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɩɪɢ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɹɯ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɬɹɠɟɧɢɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɬ ɫ ɡɚɩɢɫɶɸ 11 – ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɚɯ F, 'l, ɝɞɟ F – ɫɢɥɚ, ' l = l1 – l 0 ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɟ ɭɞɥɢɧɟɧɢɟ. Ⱦɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɨɫɨɛɵɟ ɬɨɱɤɢ (Ⱥ, B, D) ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 1.6. Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɢ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɷɬɢɦ ɬɨɱɤɚɦ, ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ ɨɬ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ, ɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɹɬ ɤ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɚɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ V ɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ H. F ( ɉɚ ); A0 V H ("  " 0 )100 "0 '" u 100 (%) , "0 ɝɞɟ " 0 , " – ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɢ ɬɟɤɭɳɚɹ ɞɥɢɧɵ ɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ; Ⱥ0 – ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɹɠɟɧɢɸ. V F, VH C V V V % f c ' l, H, Ɋɢɫ. 1.6. Ⱦɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɪɚɫɬɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɦɹɝɤɨɣ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɉɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ – ɷɬɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɝɨ ɬɟɥɚ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɸ ɩɨɞ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɥɢ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɢɥ. ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦɵɟ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɟɦ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɬɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɨɜ: Vɭ – ɩɪɟɞɟɥ ɭɩɪɭɝɨɫɬɢ – ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ, ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɸɳɟɟ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ V d V ɭ , ɤɨɝɞɚ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɣ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶɸ V ȿH , ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ Ƚɭɤɚ, ɝɞɟ ȿ – ɦɨɞɭɥɶ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɭɩɪɭɝɨɫɬɢ. Ⱦɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, ɩɨɞɱɢɧɹɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɡɚɤɨɧɭ Ƚɭɤɚ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɭɩɪɭɝɢɦɢ, ɨɧɢ ɢɫɱɟɡɚɸɬ ɩɪɢ ɫɧɹɬɢɢ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ. ɉɪɢ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹɯ, ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɟɥ ɭɩɪɭɝɨɫɬɢ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɭɩɪɭɝɨɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ. ɑɚɫɬɶ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɧɟ ɢɫɱɟɡɚɟɬ ɩɪɢ ɫɧɹɬɢɢ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ. 12 ɇɚɩɨɦɧɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɪɚɡɪɵɜɨɦ ɦɟɠɚɬɨɦɧɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɟɦ ɞɢɫɥɨɤɚɰɢɣ. VɌ – ɩɪɟɞɟɥ ɬɟɤɭɱɟɫɬɢ, ɷɬɨ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɢɪɭ- ɟɬɫɹ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɛɟɡ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɢ ɧɚ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɟ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɤɚ (ɩɥɨɳɚɞɤɚ ɬɟɤɭɱɟɫɬɢ). ȿɝɨ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɨɦ ɬɟɤɭɱɟɫɬɢ. ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɟɫɥɢ ɭ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɤɚ ɬɟɤɭɱɟɫɬɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ, ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬɶ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɣ ɩɪɟɞɟɥ ɬɟɤɭɱɟɫɬɢ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ ɞɨɩɭɫɤɭ 0,2 % ɧɚ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɭɸ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬɫɹ Vɪ  ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɪɵɜɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ. Vȼ – ɩɪɟɞɟɥ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ (ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ) V0,2 . ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɜɵɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɨɛɪɚɡɟɰ ɞɨ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ. Ɋɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ – ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɫɩɥɨɲɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ. ȼ ɬɨɱɤɟ ȿ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ, ɬ. ɟ. ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɞɜɟ ɧɟɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ. Ɉɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɧɨɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɭɞɥɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɪɵɜɟ: l ɤ l o G ˜ 100 % , lo ɝɞɟ lɤ – ɞɥɢɧɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɪɚɡɪɵɜɚ, lo – ɩɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɞɥɢɧɚ. Ɂɚɦɟɬɢɦ, ɱɬɨ G ɪɚɜɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɟ ɨɬɪɟɡɤɚ 0e ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 1.6, ɡɚ ɜɵɱɟɬɨɦ ɭɩɪɭɝɨɣ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ. Ɍɜɟɪɞɨɫɬɶ – ɷɬɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɸ ɜ ɧɟɝɨ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɝɨ ɬɟɥɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɧɞɟɧɬɨɪɨɦ. ɉɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɭ Ȼɪɢɧɟɥɥɹ, ɢɧɞɟɧɬɨɪɨɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɡɚɤɚɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɲɚɪɢɤ (ɪɢɫ. 1.7, ɚ). ɑɢɫɥɨ ɬɜɺɪɞɨɫɬɢ, ɩɨ Ȼɪɢɧɟɥɥɸ, ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬɫɹ HB ɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ ɇȼ = F / Ⱥɨɬɩ., ɝɞɟ F – ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɨɟ ɭɫɢɥɢɟ, Ⱥɨɬɩ. – ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɮɟɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɬɩɟɱɚɬɤɚ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɱɚɳɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɫɬɢ HB ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɭ ɨɬɩɟɱɚɬɤɚ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɬɚɛɥɢɰ. ɚ ɛ Ɋɢɫ. 1.7. ɋɯɟɦɵ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɫɬɢ: ɚ – ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ Ȼɪɢɧɟɥɥɹ; ɛ – ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ Ɋɨɤɜɟɥɥɚ 13 ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɭ Ɋɨɤɜɟɥɥɚ (ɪɢɫ. 1.7, ɛ), ɜ ɢɫɩɵɬɭɟɦɭɸ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɞɚɜɥɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɢɧɞɟɧɬɨɪɵ. Ⱦɥɹ ɬɜɺɪɞɵɯ ɡɚɤɚɥɺɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɥɟɣ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɚɥɦɚɡɧɵɣ ɤɨɧɭɫ ɫ ɭɝɥɨɦ ɩɪɢ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ 120q, ɞɥɹ ɧɟɡɚɤɚɥɺɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɥɟɣ ɢ ɰɜɟɬɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɫɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɲɚɪɢɤ ɦɚɥɨɝɨ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɚ. ɑɢɫɥɨ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɫɬɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɨ ɲɤɚɥɚɦ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɫɧɹɬɢɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ F, ɤɚɤ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ, ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɟ ɜɞɚɜɥɢɜɚɧɢɹ h–h0. ɉɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɤɨɧɭɫɚ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɬɜɺɪɞɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬɫɹ HRA (F = 0,6 ɤɇ) ɢɥɢ HRC (F = 1,5 ɤɇ). ɉɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɲɚɪɢɤɚ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɬɜɺɪɞɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬɫɹ HRȼ (F = 1 ɤɇ). Ⱦɥɹ ɧɚɞɺɠɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ. ɗɬɨ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɞɟɬɚɥɢ (ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ, ɢɡɧɚɲɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɞ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɫɢɥ ɬɪɟɧɢɹ, ɰɢɤɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ) ɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ. 1.4. Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɬ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ. Ʉ ɧɢɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ: x ɥɢɬɟɣɧɵɟ: ɠɢɞɤɨɬɟɤɭɱɟɫɬɶ (ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ ɬɨɧɤɨɫɬɟɧɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ), ɭɫɚɞɤɚ (ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ ɨɬɥɢɜɤɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɩɨɪɢɫɬɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɭɫɚɞɨɱɧɵɯ ɪɚɤɨɜɢɧ), ɥɢɤɜɚɰɢɹ (ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɩɥɚɜɚ); x ɞɟɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɦɨɫɬɶ (ɤɨɜɤɨɫɬɶ): ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ; x ɫɜɚɪɢɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ: ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɵɜɚɬɶ ɧɟɪɚɡɴɟɦɧɵɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ; x ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɟɦ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ ɢ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɸ (ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɫɢɥɚɦɢ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ). Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɹɯ, ɛɥɢɡɤɢɯ ɤ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɥɢɬɟɣɧɵɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɡɚɥɢɜɤɟ ɠɢɞɤɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɜ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ. Ⱦɟɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɢ ɧɚ ɨɫɚɞɤɭ ɩɪɢ ɫɠɚɬɢɢ, ɜɵɞɚɜɥɢɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɤɚɥɢɛɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɟ, ɢɡɝɢɛ ɧɚ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɭɝɨɥ ɢ ɬ. ɞ. ɗɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ: ɢɡɧɨɫɨɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶ, ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶ, ɯɥɚɞɨɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶ (ɧɢɠɟ 0 qɋ), ɠɚɪɨɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ, ɠɚɪɨɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶ, ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɹɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɢɡɧɚɲɢɜɚɧɢɸ, ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɬɪɟɧɢɹ. ɌȿɆȺ 2. ɀȿɅȿɁɈɍȽɅȿɊɈȾɂɋɌɕȿ ɋɉɅȺȼɕ. ɌȿɊɆɂɑȿɋɄȺə ɂ ɏɂɆɂɄɈ-ɌȿɊɆɂɑȿɋɄȺə ɈȻɊȺȻɈɌɄȺ ɋɌȺɅɂ 2.1. ɋɩɥɚɜɵ 14 ɋɩɥɚɜɵ – ɷɬɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ, ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦɵɟ ɢɡ ɞɜɭɯ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ( ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɢɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ) ɩɭɬɟɦ ɫɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɠɢɞɤɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɡɚ, ɢɥɢ ɞɪ. ɩɭɬɹɦɢ. ɋɩɥɚɜɵ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ ɫ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɨɦ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɱɺɪɧɵɦɢ ɫɩɥɚɜɚɦɢ. Ɉɧɢ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɢ ɱɭɝɭɧɵ. ɋɬɚɥɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɦɟɧɟɟ 2,14 % ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ (ɋ  2,14 %), ɚ ɱɭɝɭɧɵ (2,14 < ɋ  6,67 %). Ɉɧɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚɦɢ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɦɢ ɜ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɟ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ, ɷɬɢ ɫɩɥɚɜɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɢ. Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɜɜɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɫɩɥɚɜɚ (Mn, Si, Cr, Ni, Co, Mo, V, W ɢ ɞɪ.), ɢ ɜɪɟɞɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɢ (S, P), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɜ ɫɵɪɶɟ ɢ ɢɯ ɧɟ ɭɞɚɺɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɭɞɚɥɢɬɶ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɩɥɚɜɚ. Ʉɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɟ ɫɩɥɚɜ. ɋɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɮɚɡ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɢ. Ɏɚɡɨɣ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɧɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ, ɨɞɧɨ ɢ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɧɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ (ɝɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɟ, ɠɢɞɤɨɟ, ɬɜɺɪɞɨɟ) ɢ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɭɸ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ, ɪɚɡɞɟɥɺɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɚ. ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 2.1 ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɚ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɮɚɡɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ ɫɩɥɚɜɚ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ ɫ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɨɦ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ. Ʉɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɵ ɜ ɫɩɥɚɜɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɮɚɡ: ɠɢɞɤɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɵ, ɬɜɺɪɞɵɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɵ ɢ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ. Ɋɢɫ. 2.1. Ⱦɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɠɟɥɟɡɨ-ɰɟɦɟɧɬɢɬ Ɍɜɟɪɞɵɦɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɦɢ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɮɚɡɵ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɬ ɫɜɨɸ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɪɟɲɺɬɤɭ, ɚ ɚɬɨɦɵ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚ15 ɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɟɺ. Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɬɜɺɪɞɵɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɵ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɡɚɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɩɟɪɜɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɺɧɧɵɣ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɦɟɠɞɨɭɡɥɢɹɯ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɲɺɬɤɢ ɢ ɧɟ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɚɬɨɦɨɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɹ. ȼ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɯ ɡɚɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɟɦɵɣ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬ ɡɚɦɟɳɚɟɬ ɚɬɨɦɵ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɹ, ɱɬɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɫ ɦɚɥɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɳɢɦɢɫɹ ɚɬɨɦɧɵɦɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚɦɢ. ɏɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ, ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɳɭɸɫɹ ɨɬ ɪɟɲɺɬɨɤ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɯ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ. ɉɪɢ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɠɢɞɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɢ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɬɜɺɪɞɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɬɜɺɪɞɵɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɵ ɢ (ɢɥɢ) ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɦɟɫɢ. Ⱦɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɵɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɦɟɫɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ ɢɡ ɠɢɞɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɷɜɬɟɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ (ɷɜɬɟɤɬɢɤɨɣ). Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɦɟɥɤɨɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɵɟ ɫɦɟɫɢ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɬɜɺɪɞɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɷɜɬɟɤɬɨɢɞɧɵɦɢ (ɷɜɬɟɤɬɨɢɞɨɦ).. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɵ ɠɟɥɟɡɨɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɢɫɬɵɯ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ: 1. ɀɟɥɟɡɨ, Fe: U = 7860 ɤɝ/ɦ3, tɩɥ. = 1539 qɋ, ɇȼ = 60 ... 90, G = 30 ... 50 %. 2. ɍɝɥɟɪɨɞ, ɋ: U = 2600 ɤɝ/ɦ3, tɩɥ. = 4000 qɋ. ɍɝɥɟɪɨɞ ɜ ɠɟɥɟɡɨɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɢɫɬɵɯ ɫɩɥɚɜɚɯ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ – ɰɟɦɟɧɬɢɬɚ ɢɥɢ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɝɪɚɮɢɬɚ ɢɥɢ ɜɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ. ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɨɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɢɫɬɵɯ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ: 1. Ⱥɭɫɬɟɧɢɬ – ɬɜɟɪɞɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɹ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɜ J ɠɟɥɟɡɟ, ɢɦɟɸɳɟɦ ȽɐɄ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɪɟɲɺɬɤɭ (FɟJ) ɫ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɟɣ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ 2,14 % ɩɪɢ 1147 qɋ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɨɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨ 0,8 % ɩɪɢ 727 qɋ. ɇɟɦɚɝɧɢɬɟɧ, ɢɦɟɟɬ ɜɵɫɨɤɭɸ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ (G = 40 ... 50 %), ɇȼ = 160 ... 200. 2. Ɏɟɪɪɢɬ – ɬɜɟɪɞɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɹ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɜ D ɠɟɥɟɡɟ, ɢɦɟɸɳɟɦ ɈɐɄ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɪɟɲɺɬɤɭ (FɟD). Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ 0,02 % ɩɪɢ 727 qɋ ɢ 0,006 % ɩɪɢ 20 qɋ. ɂɦɟɟɬ ɧɢɡɤɭɸ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɫɬɶ (ɇȼ = 80... 100), ɜɵɫɨɤɭɸ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ (G = 50 %). 3. ɐɟɦɟɧɬɢɬ (Fɟ3ɋ) ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɋ = 6,67 %. əɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟɦ. tɩɥ.= 1260 qɋ. Ɉɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɫɬɶɸ (ɇȼ = 820) ɢ ɯɪɭɩɤɨɫɬɶɸ (G = 0). ɉɪɢ ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɢ ɤɪɟɦɧɢɹ ! 1,5 % ɰɟɦɟɧɬɢɬ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɚɬɶɫɹ: FeC o 3Fe + C (ɝɪɚɮɢɬ). 4. ɉɟɪɥɢɬ – ɷɬɨ ɷɜɬɟɤɬɨɢɞɧɚɹ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɦɟɫɶ (ɷɜɬɟɤɬɨɢɞ) ɮɟɪɪɢɬɚ ɢ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɢɬɚ. Ɉɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɟ ɚɭɫɬɟɧɢɬɚ ɩɪɢ t = 727 qɋ (ɥɢɧɢɹ PSK ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 2.1) ɫ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɟɣ ɋ = 0,8 % : FeJ (ɋ = 0,8 %) o FeD (ɋ = 0,02 %) + Fe3ɋ (ɋ = 6,67 %). Ɇɚɝɧɢɬɟɧ, ɢɦɟɟɬ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɭɸ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɫɬɶ, ɇȼ = 160 ... 200, Vɜ = 800 Ɇɉɚ, G = 12 %. 16 5. Ʌɟɞɟɛɭɪɢɬ – ɷɬɨ ɷɜɬɟɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɦɟɫɶ (ɷɜɬɟɤɬɢɤɚ) ɚɭɫɬɟɧɢɬɚ ɢ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɢɬɚ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɠɢɞɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɫ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɟɣ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ (ɋ = 4,3 %). Ɉɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ t = 1147 qɋ (ɥɢɧɢɹ ECF ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 2.1). ɂɦɟɟɬ ɜɵɫɨɤɭɸ ɬɜɺɪɞɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɯɪɭɩɨɤ, ɇȼ = 600 ... 700. ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɟ ɫɩɥɚɜɵ ɧɚ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɟ (ɩɨ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɜ %): ɋ = 0 % – ɱɢɫɬɨɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɨ; ɋ = 0,8 % – ɷɜɬɟɤɬɨɢɞɧɵɣ ɫɩɥɚɜ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɣ 100 % ɩɟɪɥɢɬɚ, ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɧɚ ɞɨɷɜɬɟɤɬɨɢɞɧɵɟ ɢ ɡɚɷɜɬɟɤɬɨɢɞɧɵɟ; ɋ = 2,14 % – ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɜ ɚɭɫɬɟɧɢɬɟ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɬɚɥɹɦɢ ɢ ɱɭɝɭɧɚɦɢ; ɋ = 4,3 % – ɷɜɬɟɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɩɥɚɜ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ 100 % ɥɟɞɟɛɭɪɢɬɚ; ɋ = 6,67 % ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ 100 % ɰɟɦɟɧɬɢɬɚ (Fe3C). Ɂɚɦɟɬɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɨɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɢɫɬɵɯ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ ɧɚ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɢ ɱɭɝɭɧɵ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɥɨ ɜ ɬɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɟ ɭɦɟɥɢ ɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ. ɗɬɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɢɫɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ (ɤɨɜɚɬɶ, ɲɬɚɦɩɨɜɚɬɶ ɢ ɬ. ɞ.), ɚ ɱɭɝɭɧɵ ɯɪɭɩɤɨ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹɯ. Ɋɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɹ ɪɢɫ. 2.1, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɢɞɟɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɺɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɬɜɺɪɞɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ (ɚɭɫɬɟɧɢɬɚ ɢ (ɢɥɢ) ɮɟɪɪɢɬɚ). ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɬɶ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹɦ ɧɚ ɞɟɫɹɬɤɢ ɢ ɫɨɬɧɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɨɜ. ɑɭɝɭɧɵ ɜ ɬɜɺɪɞɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɩɪɢ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɯɪɭɩɤɨɟ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ (ɰɟɦɟɧɬɢɬ), ɱɬɨ ɢ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬ ɢɯ ɦɚɥɭɸ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ. ɋɚɦɚɹ ɜɟɪɯɧɹɹ ɤɪɢɜɚɹ ɧɚ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚɯ ɮɚɡɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ABCD ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 2.1, ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɚɱɚɥɨ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɫɩɥɚɜɟ. Ɉɧɚ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɥɢɧɢɟɣ «ɥɢɤɜɢɞɭɫ». Ʌɢɧɢɹ, ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɳɚɹ ɤɨɧɟɰ ɡɚɬɜɟɪɞɟɜɚɧɢɹ (AHJECF ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 2.1), ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɥɢɧɢɟɣ «ɫɨɥɢɞɭɫ». ɍ ɞɨɷɜɬɟɤɬɨɢɞɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɥɟɣ ɩɪɢ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɩɨ ɤɪɢɜɨɣ GS ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɩɨ PS ɡɚɤɚɧɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɚɭɫɬɟɧɢɬɚ ɜ ɮɟɪɪɢɬ, ɱɬɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɩɨɥɢɦɨɪɮɧɵɦ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɟɦ FeJ ɜ FeD. Ʉɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɜ ɨɫɬɚɜɲɟɦɫɹ ɚɭɫɬɟɧɢɬɟ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨ 0,8 % ɢ ɩɨ ɥɢɧɢɢ PS ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɣ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɟɪɥɢɬ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɞɨɷɜɬɟɤɬɨɢɞɧɵɟ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɮɟɪɪɢɬɨ-ɩɟɪɥɢɬɧɭɸ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ. ɍ ɡɚɷɜɬɟɤɬɨɢɞɧɵɯ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ ɩɨ ɤɪɢɜɨɣ SE ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɩɨ SK ɡɚɤɚɧɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɡ ɚɭɫɬɟɧɢɬɚ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɢɬɚ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɜ ɚɭɫɬɟɧɢɬɟ ɩɪɢ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɢ. Ʉɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɜ ɨɫɬɚɜɲɟɦɫɹ ɚɭɫɬɟɧɢɬɟ ɩɨɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨ 0,8 % , ɢ ɩɨ ɥɢɧɢɢ SK ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɣ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɟɪɥɢɬ. Ɍ. ɨ., ɡɚɷɜɬɟɤɬɨɢɞɧɵɟ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɩɟɪɥɢɬɧo-ɰɟɦɟɧɬɢɬɧɭɸ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ. ɐɟɦɟɧɬɢɬ ɫɬɪɟɦɢɬɫɹ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶɫɹ ɩɨ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚɦ ɡɟɪɟɧ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɹ ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɭɸ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɢɬɧɭɸ ɫɟɬɤɭ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɪɟɡɤɨ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɩɥɚɜɚ. Ɇɢɤɪɨɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɫɬɚɥɟɣ ɫɦ. ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 2.2, ɱɭɝɭɧɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 2.3. ɚ 17 ɛ ɜ Ɋɢɫ. 2.2. Ɇɢɤɪɨɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɫɬɚɥɟɣ: ɚ – ɞɨɷɜɬɟɤɬɨɢɞɧɨɣ (u 300); ɛ – ɷɜɬɟɤɬɨɢɞɧɨɣ (u250); ɜ – ɡɚɷɜɬɟɤɬɨɢɞɧɨɣ (u300) ɚ ɛ ɜ Ɋɢɫ. 2.3. Ɇɢɤɪɨɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɱɭɝɭɧɨɜ (u200): ɚ – ɞɨɷɜɬɟɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ; ɛ – ɷɜɬɟɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ; ɜ – ɡɚɷɜɬɟɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ 2.2. Ɍɟɪɦɨɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ Ɍɟɪɦɨɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ (ɌɈ) ɥɸɛɨɝɨ ɫɩɥɚɜɚ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɟ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ ɞɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ, ɜɵɞɟɪɠɤɟ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɫ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ (ɪɢɫ. 2.4). Ɋɢɫ. 2.4. Ƚɪɚɮɢɤɢ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ Ɋɢɫ. 2.5. Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɢɫɬɨɣ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɩɪɢ ɡɚɤɚɥɤɟ (ɡɚɲɬɪɢɯɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɡɨɧɚ) ɉɪɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɟ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɱɭɬɶ ɜɵɲɟ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɥɢɧɢɢ GSE (ɪɢɫ. 2.1), ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɮɟɪɪɢɬɨ-ɩɟɪɥɢɬɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɜ ɚɭɫɬɟɧɢɬɧɭɸ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɥɤɨɡɟɪɧɢɫɬɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɮɢɤɫɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ (ɪɢɫ. 2.6). ɂɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɹɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭ18 ɪɚ ɡɟɪɟɧ. ɑɟɦ ɜɵɲɟ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɌɈ, ɬɟɦ ɜɵɲɟ ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɡɟɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ ɢ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɩɥɚɜɚ, ɧɨ ɧɢɠɟ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ. Ⱥɭɫɬɟɧɢɬ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɣ V1 V2 V3 Ɋɢɫ. 2.6. ɂɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɦɢɤɪɨɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɷɜɬɟɤɬɨɢɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɟ ɢ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɢ c ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ (V3 >V2 >V1) ɉɪɢ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɢɡ ɚɭɫɬɟɧɢɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɨɬɠɢɝɟ ɢɥɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɢɬɚ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧ, ɱɬɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹɦɢ. Ⱦɢɮɮɭɡɢɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɚ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɜ ɦɟɫɬɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɢɬɚ ɞɨ 6,67 %. ɇɚɱɚɥɨ ɢ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɢɬɚ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 2.7 ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɤɪɢɜɵɟ 1, 2. ɑɟɦ ɜɵɲɟ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɬɟɦ ɬɨɧɶɲɟ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɢ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɢɬɚ, ɬ. ɟ. ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ. Ɇɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ V1 ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɝɪɭɛɚɹ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɱɚɬɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ – ɩɟɪɥɢɬ. ɉɪɢ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ V2 ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɱɚɬɵɣ ɫɨɪɛɢɬ. ɉɪɢ ɟɳɺ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɦɟɥɤɨɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɱɚɬɨɝɨ ɬɪɨɨɫɬɢɬɚ. ɉɪɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ Vɤɪ, ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɟɪɟɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɩɥɚɜɚ ɞɨ ɧɢɡɤɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɨɥɢɦɨɪɮɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɬɜɺɪɞɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɚɭɫɬɟɧɢɬ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɟɪɟɫɵɳɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɜ D ɠɟɥɟɡɟ. Ɍɚɤɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɚɪɬɟɧɫɢɬɨɦ, ɚ ɛɟɡɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɚɪɬɟɧɫɢɬɧɵɦ. ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 2.7 ɥɢɧɢɹ Ɇɧ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɧɚɱɚɥɭ, Ɇɤ – ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɸ ɦɚɪɬɟɧɫɢɬɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɣ. 19 Ɋɢɫ. 2.7. Ⱦɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɢɡɨɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɚɭɫɬɟɧɢɬɚ: 1 – ɧɚɱɚɥɨ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɚ ɚɭɫɬɟɧɢɬɚ, 2 – ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɚ ɚɭɫɬɟɧɢɬɚ; ɉ – ɩɟɪɥɢɬ, ɋ – ɫɨɪɛɢɬ, Ɍ – ɬɪɨɫɬɢɬ, Ɇ – ɦɚɪɬɟɧɫɢɬ ȼɢɞɵ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ Ɉɬɠɢɝ. Ⱦɥɹ ɞɨɷɜɬɟɤɬɨɢɞɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɥɟɣ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɧɵɣ ɨɬɠɢɝ, ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɜ ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɟ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɜɵɲɟ Ⱥɋ3 ɧɚ 30 ... 50 qɋ (ɪɢɫ. 2.5), ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɵɞɟɪɠɤɟ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦ ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɩɟɱɶɸ. Ⱦɥɹ ɡɚɷɜɬɟɤɬɨɢɞɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɥɟɣ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɧɟɩɨɥɧɵɣ ɨɬɠɢɝ: ɧɚɝɪɟɜ ɜɵɲɟ Ⱥɋ1, ɧɨ ɧɢɠɟ Ⱥɋm, ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɩɟɱɶɸ. Ɉɬɠɢɝ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɧɨɣ ɦɟɥɤɨɡɟɪɧɢɫɬɨɣ ɮɟɪɪɢɬɨ-ɩɟɪɥɢɬɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ, ɫɧɹɬɢɹ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ, ɥɢɬɶɹ, ɫɜɚɪɤɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɨɣ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɵɦ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ. Ɂɚɤɚɥɤɚ ɞɨɷɜɬɟɤɬɨɢɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɥɢ: ɧɚɝɪɟɜ ɜɵɲɟ Ⱥɋ3 ɧɚ 30 ... 50 qɋ ɢ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɟ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ, ɦɚɫɥɟ ɢ ɞɪ. ɫɪɟɞɚɯ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɨ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ ɜɵɲɟ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ. ɉɪɢ ɡɚɤɚɥɤɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɦɚɪɬɟɧɫɢɬ – ɩɟɪɟɫɵɳɟɧɧɵɣ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɜ FeD. Ɇɚɪɬɟɧɫɢɬ – ɨɞɧɨɮɚɡɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ, ɢɦɟɟɬ ɢɝɨɥɶɱɚɬɨɟ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ, ɯɪɭɩɨɤ, HRC = 60, G = 0 %. ɋɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɡɚɤɚɥɤɭ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ ɫ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ. ɋɬɚɥɢ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟ ɋ < 0,2 %, ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟ ɡɚɤɚɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ. Ɂɚɤɚɥɤɚ ɡɚɷɜɬɟɤɬɨɢɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɥɢ: ɧɚɝɪɟɜ ɜɵɲɟ Ⱥɋ1, ɧɨ ɧɢɠɟ Ⱥɋm (ɧɟɩɨɥɧɚɹ ɡɚɤɚɥɤɚ), ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɫɨ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ ɜɵɲɟ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ. Ɉɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɜɭɯɮɚɡɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɚɹ ɢɡ ɦɚɪɬɟɧɫɢɬɚ ɢ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɢɬɚ. ɋɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚ ɢ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɌɈ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɵ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɩɨɞɛɢɪɚɸɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɸɳɢɟ ɫɪɟɞɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ, ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɩɪɢɡɜɚɧɵ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɫɨ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ, ɱɟɦ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ, ɚ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ – ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɸ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ. Ʉ ɫɨɠɚɥɟɧɢɸ, ɩɨɤɚ ɧɟ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɵ ɢɞɟɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɯɥɚɞɢɬɟɥɢ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɷɬɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɜɵɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɭɫɥɨɠɧɺɧɧɵɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɡɚɤɚɥɤɢ ( ɜ ɞɜɭɯ ɡɚɤɚɥɨɱɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɚɯ, ɢɡɨɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɢ ɬ. ɞ.) 20 Ɉɬɩɭɫɤ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɡɚɤɚɥɤɢ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɬɪɢ ɜɢɞɚ ɨɬɩɭɫɤɚ: ɧɢɡɤɢɣ, ɫɪɟɞɧɢɣ ɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɣ. ɇɢɡɤɢɣ ɨɬɩɭɫɤ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɟ ɞɨ 200 ... 250 qɋ, ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɵɞɟɪɠɤɟ (1–2 ɱɚɫɚ) ɢ ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɢ. ɉɨɥɭɱɚɸɳɚɹɫɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɚɪɬɟɧɫɢɬɨɦ ɨɬɩɭɫɤɚ. Ɉɧɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɬɜɺɪɞɨɫɬɶ, ɜɵɫɨɤɭɸ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɹɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɢɡɧɚɲɢɜɚɧɢɸ, ɧɨ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ. ɉɪɢ ɧɢɡɤɨɦ ɨɬɩɭɫɤɟ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɬ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ, ɧɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɧɢɠɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɹɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɭɞɚɪɧɵɦ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚɦ. ɋɪɟɞɧɢɣ ɨɬɩɭɫɤ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ 350…500 qɋ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɬ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ, ɦɚɪɬɟɧɫɢɬ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɡɟɪɧɢɫɬɵɣ ɬɪɨɨɫɬɢɬ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɣ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɦɟɥɤɨɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɭɸ ɫɦɟɫɶ ɲɚɪɨɜɢɞɧɵɯ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɣ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɢɬɚ ɢ ɮɟɪɪɢɬɚ. ɉɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɬɜɺɪɞɨɫɬɶ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɦɚɪɬɟɧɫɢɬɨɦ ɨɬɩɭɫɤɚ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɸɬɫɹ, ɧɨ ɫɬɚɥɶ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɟɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ. ɉɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɭɠɢɧ, ɪɟɫɫɨɪ, ɭɞɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚ. ȼɵɫɨɤɢɣ ɨɬɩɭɫɤ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ 500 ... 650 qɋ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɡɟɪɧɢɫɬɵɣ ɫɨɪɛɢɬ. Ɍ. ɤ. ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɨɛɥɟɝɱɟɧɵ, ɬɨ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɟɤ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɢɬɚ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɱɟɦ ɭ ɬɪɨɨɫɬɢɬɚ. ɋɨɪɛɢɬ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɟɧɶɲɭɸ, ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɬɪɨɨɫɬɢɬɨɦ, ɧɨ ɡɚɬɨ ɭ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɪɟɡɤɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ. Ɉɧɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɞɚɠɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ, ɱɟɦ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɬɠɢɝɚ, ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɨɬɩɭɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɬɠɢɝɚ. ɋɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɟ ɌɈ (ɡɚɤɚɥɤɚ + ɜɵɫɨɤɢɣ ɨɬɩɭɫɤ) ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɬɚɥɢ. ɇɨɪɦɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ: ɧɚɝɪɟɜ ɜɵɲɟ Ⱥɋ3 ɢ Ⱥɋm (ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɟ ɪɟɞɤɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ), ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɫɩɨɤɨɣɧɨɦ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɟ. ɉɪɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢɡɦɟɥɶɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɟɪɧɨ, ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɢ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɞɨɷɜɬɟɤɬɨɢɞɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɥɟɣ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɡɚɦɟɧɹɟɬ ɨɬɠɢɝ. Ⱦɥɹ ɡɚɷɜɬɟɤɬɨɢɞɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɥɟɣ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɭɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɢɬɧɨɣ ɫɟɬɤɢ ɩɨ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚɦ ɡɺɪɟɧ ɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɟɣ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɡɚɤɚɥɤɨɣ. ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɌɈ. Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ ɢ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ. ɉɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɌɈ ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɨɤ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɫɧɹɬɢɹ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɥɢɬɶɹ, ɫɜɚɪɤɢ, ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɟɦ, ɯɨɥɨɞɧɵɦ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɬ. ɩ. ɉɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɬɠɢɝ, ɧɨɪɦɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ, ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɟ (ɡɚɤɚɥɤɚ ɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɣ ɨɬɩɭɫɤ). Ɉɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɌɈ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ ɜɵɛɢɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɦɚɪɤɢ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɢ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ. Ⱦɥɹ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɥɟɣ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɡɚɤɚɥɤɭ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɢɥɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɦ ɨɬɩɭɫɤɨɦ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɢ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɥɟɣ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɡɚɤɚɥɤɚ ɫ ɧɢɡɤɢɦ ɨɬɩɭɫɤɨɦ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɢɡɧɨɫɨɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɢ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɭɞɚɪɧɚɹ ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɢɡɤɢɦɢ. 21 2.3. ɏɢɦɢɤɨ-ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɐɟɥɶ ɯɢɦɢɤɨ-ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ: ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɣ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɣ ɨɫɨɛɵɦɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ. Ɍɚɤɢɦɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɫɬɶ, ɢɡɧɨɫɨɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶ, ɠɚɪɨɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ, ɨɤɚɥɢɧɨ- ɢɥɢ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶ. ɇɚɝɪɟɬɵɟ ɞɟɬɚɥɢ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɸɬ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ ɫɪɟɞɵ, ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɣ ɧɚɫɵɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ: ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɨɦ, ɚɡɨɬɨɦ, ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɟɦ, ɯɪɨɦɨɦ, ɤɪɟɦɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɬ. ɞ. Ⱦɢɮɮɭɡɢɹ ɥɭɱɲɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɟɬ, ɟɫɥɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɯɢɦɢɤɨ-ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɚɬɨɦɚɪɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ. ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɜ ɬɪɢ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ: ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ (ɪɚɫɩɚɞ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɚɬɨɦɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ) + ɚɞɫɨɪɛɰɢɹ (ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɫ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɪɟɲɟɬɤɭ) + ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɹ (ɩɪɨɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɝɥɭɛɶ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ). ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɚɬɨɦ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɜ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɪɟɲɟɬɤɭ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɢɥɢ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ. ɐɟɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɹ – ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ ɢɡ ɦɚɥɨɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɢɫɬɵɯ ɫɬɚɥɟɣ (ɋ  0,25 %) ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɨɦ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɡɚɤɚɥɤɢ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɢ ɜɹɡɤɨɣ ɫɟɪɞɰɟɜɢɧɵ. ȼɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɟɟ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɨɦ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɪɛɸɪɢɡɚɬɨɪɨɦ. ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɬɜɺɪɞɵɟ, ɠɢɞɤɢɟ ɢ ɝɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɤɚɪɛɸɪɢɡɚɬɨɪɵ. Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɩɪɢ ɜɫɟɯ ɜɢɞɚɯ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ t = 900 … 950 qɋ. ɉɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɨɣ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɵ ɧɚɭɝɥɟɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɨɬ 2 ɞɨ 7 ɱɚɫɨɜ. Ɍɨɥɳɢɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ ɫ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɋ = 0,8 … 1,1 % ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬ 0,2 … 3 ɦɦ. ɉɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɧɚ ɢɫɬɢɪɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɭɞɚɪɧɭɸ ɢɥɢ ɡɧɚɤɨɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɭɸ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɭ. ɐɟɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɹ ɜ ɬɜɺɪɞɨɦ ɤɚɪɛɸɪɢɡɚɬɨɪɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɣ ɭɝɨɥɶ, ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɪɟɦɨɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ. Ⱦɟɬɚɥɢ ɭɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɹɳɢɤɢ ɢ ɡɚɫɵɩɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɦ ɭɝɥɺɦ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɞɥɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɨɛɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɚɬɨɦɚɪɧɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ, ɜɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɞɨ 25 % BaCO3 ɢɥɢ Na2 CO3. Ƚɚɡɨɜɚɹ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɫɟɪɢɣɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ. Ʉɚɪɛɸɪɢɡɚɬɨɪɨɦ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɢ ɞɪ. ɝɚɡɵ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞ. Ⱦɟɬɚɥɢ ɩɨɦɟɳɚɸɬ ɜ ɤɚɦɟɪɵ ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ 900 ... 930 qɋ, ɱɟɪɟɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɨɩɭɫɤɚɸɬ ɝɚɡ: CH4 o 2H2 + C (ɚɬɨɦɚɪɧɵɣ), 2CO o CO2 + C (ɚɬɨɦɚɪɧɵɣ). ɀɢɞɤɢɦ ɤɚɪɛɸɪɢɡɚɬɨɪɨɦ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜɵ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɫɨɥɟɣ Na2 CO3 (75 %) ɢ SiC (10 %), NaCl (15 %). Ƚɚɡɨɜɚɹ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɦɟɥɤɢɯ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ ɫ ɦɚɥɨɣ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɨɣ ɧɚɭɝɥɟɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ 0,3…0,5 ɦɦ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɥɸɛɨɝɨ ɜɢɞɚ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ ɞɟɥɚɸɬ ɡɚɤɚɥɤɭ ɢ ɧɢɡɤɢɣ ɨɬɩɭɫɤ ɫ t = 150 ... 170 qɋ, HɋR = 60 ... 64. Ⱥɡɨɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ – ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɢɹ ɚɡɨɬɨɦ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ 22 ɬɜɟɪɞɨɫɬɢ, ɢɡɧɨɫɨɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ. Ⱥɡɨɬɢɪɭɸɬ ɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɬɚɥɢ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟ Al, Ti, W, V, Mo ɢɥɢ Cr, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ: 35ɏɆɘȺ, 40XHMA, 18XȽɌ. Ⱦɥɹ ɚɡɨɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɝɟɪɦɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɟɱɢ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɞɚɸɬ ɚɦɦɢɚɤ (t = 500 …600 qɋ). ɉɪɢ ɪɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɚɦɦɢɚɤɚ (2NH3 o 2N (ɚɬɨɦɚɪɧɵɣ) + 3H2) ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɧɢɬɪɢɞɵ (AlN, MoN, Fe4N). ȼɪɟɦɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ W = 24 ... 60 ɱɚɫɨɜ. Ɍɨɥɳɢɧɚ ɫɥɨɹ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 0,25 ... 0,75 ɦɦ. HCR d 70, ɬɜɟɪɞɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɨ 400 ... 600 qɋ. Ɂɚɦɟɬɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɚɡɨɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɡɚɤɚɥɤɚ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ. Ɂɚɤɚɥɤɚ + ɜɵɫɨɤɢɣ ɨɬɩɭɫɤ (ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɟ) ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɚɡɨɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɬɟɪɦɨɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɞɥɹ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɨɛɴɺɦɨɜ ɞɟɬɚɥɢ. ɉɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɚɡɨɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɟɣ: ɧɢɠɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ, ɧɟ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɚɹ ɡɚɤɚɥɤɚ, ɬɜɟɪɞɨɫɬɶ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɲɟ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɜɺɪɞɨɫɬɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɢ ɢ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɭɫɬɚɥɨɫɬɢ. ɇɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ – ɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ. ɒɢɪɨɤɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ ɢɡ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɢ ɱɭɝɭɧɚ. ɂɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɜɢɞɵ ɯɢɦɢɤɨ-ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɧɚɫɵɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɨɦ ɢ ɚɡɨɬɨɦ. Ʉ ɧɢɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɧɢɬɪɨɰɟɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɹ ɢ ɰɢɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ. ɇɢɬɪɨɰɟɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɹ – ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɣ ɚɦɦɢɚɤ ɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɝɚɡ. ɐɢɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ – ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɰɢɚɧɢɫɬɵɯ ɫɨɥɹɯ ɩɪɢ t = 820 ɢ 950 qɋ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɧɢɬɪɨɰɟɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɰɢɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɡɚɤɚɥɤɚ ɢ ɧɢɡɤɢɣ ɨɬɩɭɫɤ. ɌȿɆȺ 3. ɄɅȺɋɋɂɎɂɄȺɐɂə, ɆȺɊɄɂɊɈȼɄȺ ɂ ɉɊɂɆȿɇȿɇɂȿ ɆȿɌȺɅɅɈȼ ɂ ɋɉɅȺȼɈȼ 3.1. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɢ ɠɟɥɟɡɨɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɢɫɬɵɯ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ ɍɝɥɟɪɨɞ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɫɬɶ, ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ, ɭɩɪɭɝɨɫɬɶ, ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ, ɩɪɢ ɋ ! 0,8 % ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɯɪɭɩɤɨɫɬɶ ɫɬɚɥɢ. Ʉɪɟɦɧɢɣ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɫɬɶ, ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ, ɭɩɪɭɝɨɫɬɶ, ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬ ɫɤɥɨɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɤ ɯɥɚɞɧɨɥɨɦɤɨɫɬɢ-ɯɪɭɩɤɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢ ɧɢɡɤɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɝɪɚɮɢɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɱɭɝɭɧɚ. ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɦɚɪɤɢ ɱɭɝɭɧɚ ɟɝɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ 0,5 ɞɨ 4,5 %. ȼ ɨɛɵɱɧɵɯ ɧɟɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɥɹɯ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ Si = 0,35...0,4 %. Ɇɚɪɝɚɧɟɰ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɫɬɶ, ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ, ɭɩɪɭɝɨɫɬɶ, ɢɡɧɨɫɨɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶ, ɩɪɨɤɚɥɢɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɸ ɫɟɪɵ, ɩɪɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɢ ! 1,5 % ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɬɚɥɢ, ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɫɤɥɨɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɤ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɜɭ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɟ. ȼ ɱɭɝɭɧɟ Mn ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɝɪɚɮɢɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɝɞɟ ɟɝɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɨɬ 0,4 ɞɨ 1,3 %. ȼ ɨɛɵɱɧɵɯ ɧɟɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɥɹɯ Mn = 0,5 ... 0,8 %. ɋɟɪɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɣ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɶɸ. ɉɪɢɞɚɟɬ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɤɪɚɫɧɨɥɨɦɤɨɫɬɶ, ɬ. ɟ. ɯɪɭɩɤɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɟ ɞɨ a 900 qɋ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ 23 ɥɟɝɤɨɩɥɚɜɤɨɣ ɷɜɬɟɤɬɢɤɢ FeS + Fe ɩɨ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚɦ ɡɟɪɟɧ. S ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨɬɛɟɥɢɜɚɧɢɸ ɱɭɝɭɧɚ, ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬ ɟɝɨ ɠɢɞɤɨɬɟɤɭɱɟɫɬɶ ɢ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ. ȼ ɱɭɝɭɧɟ ɟɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨ 0,12 %. ȼ ɫɬɚɥɹɯ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ S < 0,05 %, ɚ ɜ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ < 0,03 %. Ɏɨɫɮɨɪ ɜ ɫɬɚɥɹɯ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɣ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɶɸ, ɬ. ɤ. ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɯɥɚɞɧɨɥɨɦɤɨɫɬɢ, ɬ. ɟ. ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɭɞɚɪɧɨɣ ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢ ɧɢɡɤɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ. ȼ ɫɬɚɥɹɯ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ P < 0,05 %, ɚ ɜ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ < 0,03 %. ȼ ɱɭɝɭɧɚɯ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɮɨɫɮɨɪɚ ɦɚɥɨ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ Ɋ ɭɥɭɱɲɚɟɬ ɠɢɞɤɨɬɟɤɭɱɟɫɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɢ ɞɨ 0,8 %, ɧɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɯɪɭɩɤɨɫɬɶ ɨɬɥɢɜɤɢ (ɯɥɚɞɧɨɥɨɦɤɨɫɬɶ). Ⱥɡɨɬ, ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞ, ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞ – ɭɯɭɞɲɚɸɬ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɹ ɨɤɫɢɞɵ ɢ ɧɢɬɪɢɞɵ FeO, SiO2, Al2O3, Fe4N. Ɉɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɝɚɡɨɜɵɟ ɩɭɡɵɪɢ ɢ ɩɭɫɬɨɬɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ. 3.2. Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɫɬɚɥɟɣ ɉɨ ɯɢɦɫɨɫɬɚɜɭ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɢɫɬɵɟ ɢ ɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ. ɉɨ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɸ: ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ, ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ (ɫ ɨɫɨɛɵɦɢ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɢ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ: ɧɟɪɠɚɜɟɸɳɢɟ, ɠɚɪɨɫɬɨɣɤɢɟ, ɠɚɪɨɩɪɨɱɧɵɟ, ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɛɵɫɬɪɨɪɟɠɭɳɢɟ ɢ ɞɪ.). ɋɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɜ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɥɹɯ ɞɨ 0,7 %, ɜ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɜɵɲɟ 0,7 %. ɉɨ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɭ: x ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ (ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɢɫɬɵɟ) – S  0,06 %, Ɋ  0,07 %; x ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ – S ɢ P  0,055 %; x ɜɵɫɨɤɨɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ S ɢ P  0,035 % (ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɦɚɪɤɢ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɛɭɤɜɚ Ⱥ); x ɨɫɨɛɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ – S  0,015 %, P  0,025 % (ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɦɚɪɤɢ – ɒ). ɇɢɡɤɨɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɢɫɬɵɟ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɪɚɫɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ: Ʉɉ – ɤɢɩɹɳɚɹ, ɉɋ – ɩɨɥɭɫɩɨɤɨɣɧɚɹ, ɋɉ – ɫɩɨɤɨɣɧɚɹ. ɉɪɢ ɋ ! 0,2 % – ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɩɨɤɨɣɧɚɹ. 3.3. Ʉɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɢɫɬɵɟ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɗɬɢ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ ɦɚɲɢɧ. ɋɬɚɥɢ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ: ɋɬ. 0, ɋɬ. 1, ɋɬ. 2, ɋɬ. 3, ɋɬ. 4, ɋɬ. 5, ɋɬ 6. ɐɢɮɪɚ ɜ ɦɚɪɤɟ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɧɨɦɟɪɭ ɩɨ ɤɚɬɚɥɨɝɭ. ɋɬɚɥɢ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɬɪɢ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ: Ⱥ – ɪɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ, Ȼ – ɪɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ, ȼ – ɪɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ. Ƚɪɭɩɩɚ Ⱥ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɟ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ. Ƚɪɭɩɩɚ Ȼ – ɞɥɹ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɪɦɨɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ. Ƚɪɭɩɩɚ ȼ – ɞɥɹ ɫɜɚɪɢɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ. ɑɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɩɨ ɤɚɬɚɥɨɝɭ, ɬɟɦ ɜɵɲɟ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɧɵɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɜɵɲɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ. ɋɬɚɥɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɰɢɮɪɵ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɸ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɜ ɫɨɬɵɯ ɞɨɥɹɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɚ: x ɧɢɡɤɨɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɢɫɬɵɟ – 08, 08Ʉɉ, 10, 10Ʉɉ – ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɲɬɚɦɩɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ (ɥɢɫɬɨɜɚɹ ɲɬɚɦɩɨɜɤɚ) ɢ ɫɜɚɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ (ɋ = 0,08…0,1 %); x ɧɢɡɤɨɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɢɫɬɵɟ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɢɪɭɟɦɵɟ – 15, 20, 25 (ɋ = 0,08…0,1 %); 24 x cɪɟɞɧɟɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɢɫɬɵɟ – 30, 35, 40, 45, 50 (ɋ = 0,30…0,5 %) – ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɬɟɪɦɨɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɞɥɹ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ ɦɚɲɢɧ; x ɜɵɫɨɤɨɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɢɫɬɵɟ – 60, 65, 70 ɢ ɫ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɵɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ ɦɚɪɝɚɧɰɚ – 45Ƚ, 45Ƚ2 – ɩɨɫɥɟ ɌɈ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɬɜɟɪɞɨɫɬɶɸ, ɭɩɪɭɝɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɢɡɧɨɫɨɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶɸ (ɩɪɭɠɢɧɵ, ɪɟɫɫɨɪɵ, ɪɟɠɭɳɢɟ ɛɵɬɨɜɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɵ). 3.4. ɂɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɢɫɬɵɟ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɉɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚ. Ɋɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɢɫɬɵɟ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɍ7 , ɍ8, ɍ9, ɍ10, ɍ11, ɍ12, ɍ13 ɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ – ɍ7Ⱥ , ɍ8Ⱥ, ɍ9Ⱥ, ɍ10Ⱥ, ɍ11Ⱥ, ɍ12Ⱥ, ɍ13Ⱥ . ɍ7Ⱥ, ... ɍ13Ⱥ. ɐɢɮɪɚ ɜ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɜ ɞɟɫɹɬɵɯ ɞɨɥɹɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɚ, ɬ. ɟ. ɜ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɍ13 ɋ = 1,3 %. Ʌɟɝɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɞɚɧɢɹ ɨɫɨɛɵɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ Ȼɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɥɟɝɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ (Cr, Mo, W, V, Ti, Mn) ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɫ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɨɦ ɤɚɪɛɢɞɵ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɫɬɶɸ. ȼɫɟ ɤɚɪɛɢɞɨɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɢ Si ɩɨɜɵɲɚɸɬ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ, ɭɩɪɭɝɨɫɬɶ, ɬɜɟɪɞɨɫɬɶ, ɢɡɧɨɫɨɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶ, ɤɪɚɫɧɨɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶ, ɧɨ ɫɧɢɠɚɸɬ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɫɜɚɪɢɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ. Ni, Co, Al, Cu – ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɵ ɜ ɮɟɪɪɢɬɟ ɢ ɚɭɫɬɟɧɢɬɟ. W, Mo – ɩɨɜɵɲɚɸɬ ɪɟɠɭɳɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ ɢ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɭɸ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶ. ȼɫɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ, ɤɪɨɦɟ Mn, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɢɡɦɟɥɶɱɟɧɢɸ ɡɟɪɧɚ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ – ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ. ȼɫɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɋɨ, ɩɨɜɵɲɚɸɬ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɭ ɩɪɨɤɚɥɢɜɚɧɢɹ. Ni ɢ ɋɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɸɬ ɢ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ, ɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ. Cr, Al, Ni ɩɨɜɵɲɚɸɬ ɠɚɪɨ- ɢ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɭɸ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶ. ɉɪɢ Cr ! 12,5 % ɫɬɚɥɶ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɧɟɪɠɚɜɟɸɳɟɣ. Ni ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ, ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɹ. Si ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɭɸ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ (ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɬɚɥɢ). ɉɪɢ Si ! 15 ... 20 % ɫɬɚɥɶ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɭɩɨɪɧɨɣ. Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 1 Ɉɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɜ ɦɚɪɤɚɯ ɫɬɚɥɟɣ ɏɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ Mn Si ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɋɢɦɜɨɥ ɜ Ƚ ɋ ɦɚɪɤɚɯ ɫɬɚɥɟɣ Cr Ni Mo Co W V Ti Al Cu B Zr Nb N P ɏ ɇ ȼ Ɏ Ɍ ɘ Ɋ ɐ Ⱥ ɉ Ɇ Ʉ Ⱦ Ȼ ɉɟɪɜɵɟ ɰɢɮɪɵ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɜ ɫɨɬɵɯ ɞɨɥɹɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɚ. ɐɢɮɪɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɛɭɤɜɵ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɚɯ. ȿɫɥɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɛɭɤɜɵ ɰɢɮɪɚ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ, ɬɨ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ 1 %. Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɱɧɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɭɡɧɚɬɶ ɜ ɫɩɪɚɜɨɱɧɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ. 3.5. Ʉɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɬɚɥɢ 20ɏ, 12ɏ2ɇ4Ⱥ – ɰɟɦɟɧɬɢɪɭɟɦɵɟ ɧɢɡɤɨɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɢɫɬɵɟ; 25 40ɏɇ, 30ɏȽɋȺ – ɭɥɭɱɲɚɟɦɵɟ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɢɫɬɵɟ; 65Ƚ, 55ɋ2, 50ɏɎȺ – ɪɟɫɫɨɪɧɨ-ɩɪɭɠɢɧɧɵɟ; ɒɏ15 – ɲɚɪɢɤɨɩɨɞɲɢɩɧɢɤɨɜɵɟ (Cr = 0,15 %); 110Ƚ13Ʌ – ɢɡɧɨɫɨɫɬɨɣɤɢɟ (ɋ = 1,1 %, Ɇn = 13 %, Ʌ – ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɥɢɬɟɣɧɚɹ). 3.6. ɂɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɬɚɥɢ 9ɏɋ, ɏȼȽ – ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɠɭɳɟɝɨ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚ ɞɥɹ ɧɢɡɤɢɯ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɟɣ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ (ɋ = 0,9 % ɢ 1 % ɫɨɨɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ). ɏ12Ɇ, 5ɏȼ2ɋ – ɞɥɹ ɲɬɚɦɩɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨɣ ɲɬɚɦɩɨɜɤɟ. 5ɏɇɆ, 3ɏ2ȼ8Ɏ, 40ɏɋɆɎ, 7ɏ3 – ɞɥɹ ɲɬɚɦɩɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɣ ɲɬɚɦɩɨɜɤɟ. Ɋ9, Ɋ18 – ɛɵɫɬɪɨɪɟɠɭɳɢɟ ɫɬɚɥɢ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɫ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦɢ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ (ɰɢɮɪɵ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɜɨɥɶɮɪɚɦɚ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɚɯ). 3.7. ɋɬɚɥɢ ɢ ɫɩɥɚɜɵ ɫ ɨɫɨɛɵɦɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɉɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɦɚɪɨɤ ɢ ɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ: x ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɨɫɬɨɣɤɢɟ (ɧɟɪɠɚɜɟɸɳɢɟ): 12ɏ13, 40ɏ13 (ɯɢɪɭɪɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬ), 12ɏ18ɇ9 ɢ 12ɏ17 (ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ, ɩɢɳɟɜɚɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ); x ɠɚɪɨɫɬɨɣɤɢɟ (ɨɤɚɥɢɧɨɫɬɨɣɤɢɟ): 40ɏ9ɋ2 (ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɨ t = 550 ... 900 qɋ, 36ɏ18ɇ25ɋ2 – ɞɨ 1100 qɋ); x ɠɚɪɨɩɪɨɱɧɵɟ (ɞɟɬɚɥɢ, ɜ ɬ. ɱ. ɥɨɩɚɬɤɢ ɬɭɪɛɢɧ ɢ ɩɚɪɨɫɢɥɨɜɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ); x ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ (ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɟ ɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɟ), ɫɩɥɚɜɵ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ (ɏ20ɇ80 – ɧɢɯɪɨɦ), ɫ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɦ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɹ (ɞɥɹ ɜɚɤɭɭɦ-ɩɥɨɬɧɵɯ ɫɩɚɟɜ, ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɫ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɨɣ ɢ ɫɬɟɤɥɨɦ ɩɪɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ), ɫ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɭɩɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɢ ɬ. ɞ. ɋɬɚɥɢ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ, ɥɢɬɟɣɧɵɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɯɭɠɟ, ɱɟɦ ɭ ɱɭɝɭɧɨɜ. 3.8. ɑɭɝɭɧɵ ɇɚ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɟ ɮɚɡɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ Fe – Fe3C (ɪɢɫ. 2.1) ɛɵɥɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɵ ɱɭɝɭɧɵ, ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞ ɜɯɨɞɢɥ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɬɜɺɪɞɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ (ɰɟɦɟɧɬɢɬɚ). Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɱɭɝɭɧɵ ɜ ɦɟɫɬɟ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɛɥɟɫɬɹɳɢɣ ɛɟɥɵɣ ɢɡɥɨɦ. ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɨɧɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɢ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɛɟɥɵɣ ɱɭɝɭɧ. ȼ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɛɟɥɵɣ ɱɭɝɭɧ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɭɫɤɨɪɟɧɧɨɦ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɢ ɡɚɥɢɜɤɟ ɜ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɢ ɧɢɡɤɨɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɢ ɤɪɟɦɧɢɹ. Ⱦɟɬɚɥɢ ɫɨ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɣ ɛɟɥɨɝɨ ɱɭɝɭɧɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ, ɬ. ɤ. ɧɟ ɩɨɞɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɟɦ, ɇȼ = 400 … 500. ɉɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɱɭɝɭɧɵ ɫ ɨɬɛɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɞɥɹ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɢɫɬɢɪɚɧɢɟ (ɲɚɪɵ ɦɟɥɶɧɢɰ, ɩɪɨɤɚɬɧɵɟ ɜɚɥɤɢ ɢ ɬ. ɩ.): ɜɟɪɯɧɢɣ ɫɥɨɣ – ɛɟɥɵɣ ɱɭɝɭɧ, ɫɟɪɞɰɟɜɢɧɚ – ɫɟɪɵɣ ɱɭɝɭɧ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɬɥɢɜɨɤ ɢɡ ɛɟɥɨɝɨ ɱɭɝɭɧɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɟɞɟɥɚ ɩɭɬɺɦ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɠɢɝɚ ɜ ɤɨɜɤɢɣ ɱɭɝɭɧ. Ɉɛ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɟɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɫɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɧɢɠɟ. ȼ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɜɢɞɚɯ ɱɭɝɭɧɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɝɪɚɮɢɬɚ ɢ ɢɯ ɢɡɥɨɦ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɟɪɵɣ ɰɜɟɬ. Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɫɟɪɵɣ, ɤɨɜɤɢɣ ɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɩɪɨɱɧɵɣ ɱɭɝɭɧɵ. Ɉɧɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɫɨ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɣ ɫɬɚɥɢ (ɮɟɪɪɢɬɧɨɣ, ɩɟɪɥɢɬɧɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɮɟɪɪɢɬɨ-ɩɟɪɥɢɬɧɨɣ), ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɣ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɝɪɚɮɢɬɚ. 26 ɋɟɪɵɟ ɱɭɝɭɧɵ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɩɪɢ ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɢ Si ! 1,5 %. ɍɝɥɟɪɨɞ ɤɨɚɝɭɥɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɱɚɬɨɝɨ ɝɪɚɮɢɬɚ (ɪɢɫ. 3.2). Ɇɚɪɤɢɪɨɜɤɚ: ɋɑ15 (Vɜ ! 150 Ɇɉɚ), ɋɑ18 ɢ ɬ. ɞ. (ɜɫɟɝɨ 11 ɦɚɪɨɤ ɩɨ ȽɈɋɌ). ɋɟɪɵɣ ɱɭɝɭɧ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɫɠɚɬɢɟ, ɧɟɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɟɧ ɤ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɬɨɪɚɦ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ, ɝɚɫɢɬ ɜɢɛɪɚɰɢɢ, ɢɦɟɟɬ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɚɧɬɢɮɪɢɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɯɨɪɨɲɭɸ ɠɢɞɤɨɬɟɤɭɱɟɫɬɶ, ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɟɦ, ɢɦɟɟɬ ɦɚɥɭɸ ɭɫɚɞɤɭ 0,9 … 1,3 %, Vɜ = 150 ... 350 Ɇɉɚ, G = 2 ... 6 %. Ʉɨɜɤɢɣ ɱɭɝɭɧ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɢɡ ɛɟɥɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɝɪɚɮɢɬɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɨɬɠɢɝɚ, ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɢɬ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɯɥɨɩɶɟɜɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɝɪɚɮɢɬɚ (ɪɢɫ. 3.1, ɛ, ɜ). Ɇɚɪɤɢɪɨɜɤɚ: Ʉɑ37-12 (Vɜ ! 370 Ɇɉɚ; G ! 12 %), Ʉɑ60-3 (ɜɫɟɝɨ 11 ɦɚɪɨɤ ɩɨ ȽɈɋɌ, Vɜ = 350 ... 500 Ɇɉɚ, G = 4... 12 %.). ɂɡɧɨɫɨɫɬɨɣɤɢɣ, ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɭɞɚɪɧɵɦ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚɦ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɟɦ. ȼɵɫɨɤɨɩɪɨɱɧɵɣ (ɦɨɞɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ) ɱɭɝɭɧ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɩɪɢɫɚɞɤɢ ɜ ɤɨɜɲ ɫ ɠɢɞɤɢɦ ɱɭɝɭɧɨɦ ɦɚɝɧɢɹ, ɰɟɪɢɹ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɲɚɪɨɜɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɝɪɚɮɢɬɚ, ɩɨɜɵɲɚɸɬɫɹ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ: ɢɡɧɨɫɨ-, ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɨ-, ɠɚɪɨ- ɢ ɯɥɚɞɨɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶ. Vɜ = 350 ... 1000 Ɇɉɚ, G = 2 ... 6 %. ɉɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ (ɤɨɥɟɧɱɚɬɵɟ ɜɚɥɵ, ɩɨɪɲɧɢ ɢ ɞɪ). Ɇɚɪɤɢɪɨɜɤɚ: ȼɑ 45-5 (Vȼ ! 450 Ɇɉɚ; G ! 5 %) (ɜɫɟɝɨ 10 ɦɚɪɨɤ ɩɨ ȽɈɋɌ). 1 2 1 2 3 4 3 ɚ ɛ ɜ Ɋɢɫ. 3.1. Ɇɢɤɪɨɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɛɟɥɨɝɨ (ɚ) ɢ ɤɨɜɤɨɝɨ (ɛ, ɜ) ɱɭɝɭɧɨɜ 2 1 1 2 3 ɚ 3 2 ɛ ɜ Ɋɢɫ. 3.2. Ɇɢɤɪɨɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɫɟɪɨɝɨ ɱɭɝɭɧɚ: ɚ – ɮɟɪɪɢɬɧɨɝɨ; ɛ – ɩɟɪɥɢɬɨ-ɮɟɪɪɢɬɧɨɝɨ; ɜ – ɩɟɪɥɢɬɧɨɝɨ; 1 – ɮɟɪɪɢɬ, 2 – ɝɪɚɮɢɬ, 3  ɩɟɪɥɢɬ ɑɭɝɭɧɵ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɯɨɪɨɲɢɟ ɥɢɬɟɣɧɵɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ, ɧɨ ɧɟɩɪɢɝɨɞɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɩɥɨɯɨ ɫɜɚɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ. 27 3.9. ɐɜɟɬɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɵ ɢ ɫɩɥɚɜɵ (ɩɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɢ ɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ) Ⱥɥɸɦɢɧɢɣ – ɥɟɝɤɢɣ ɦɟɬɚɥɥ, U = 2700 ɤɝ/ɦ3, tɩɥ = 658 qɋ, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɪɨɤɚɬɤɢ ɢ ɨɬɠɢɝɚ Vɜ = 58 Ɇɉɚ, G = 40 %. ȼɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ, ɧɟɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ, ɯɨɪɨɲɚɹ ɫɜɚɪɢɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ, ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶ, ɧɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɟ ɧɟ ɨɤɢɫɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɨɤɫɢɞɧɨɣ ɩɥɟɧɤɢ, ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨ- ɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɫɬɶ. Ⱦɟɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɦɵɟ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟ ɭɩɪɨɱɧɹɟɦɵɟ ɫɩɥɚɜɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ Al-Mn(AɆɰ), Al-Mg(ȺɆɝ). Ⱦɟɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɦɵɟ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɭɩɪɨɱɧɹɟɦɵɟ ɫɩɥɚɜɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ Al-Cu-Mg: ɞɭɪɚɥɸɦɢɧɵ Ⱦ16 … Ⱦ18 ɢ ɫɢɥɭɦɢɧɵ ȺɄ6 … ȺɄ8, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɌɈ – ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ. Ʌɢɬɟɣɧɵɟ ɫɩɥɚɜɵ ɫ 10 … 13 % Si – ȺɅ2, ȺɅ4, ȺɅ9 – ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ. ɋɩɥɚɜɵ ɫ ɦɟɞɶɸ ɢ ɦɚɪɝɚɧɰɟɦ ȺɅ7, ȺɅ19 ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ. ɋɩɥɚɜɵ ɫ ɦɚɝɧɢɟɦ Mg = 9,5 … 11,5 %, ȺɅ8, ȺɅ13 ɢɦɟɸɬ ɯɨɪɨɲɭɸ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɭɸ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶ. Ⱥɥɸɦɢɧɢɣ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɩɟɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɟɜɵɯ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ (ɋȺɋ) ɢ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɟɜɵɯ ɩɭɞɪ (ɋȺɉ), ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶɸ, ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɪɢɫɬɨɫɬɶɸ. Ɇɚɝɧɢɣ – ɥɟɝɤɢɣ ɦɟɬɚɥɥ, U = 1740 ɤɝ/ɦ3, tɩɥ = 651 qɋ, ɧɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɟ ɨɤɢɫɥɹɟɬɫɹ, ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɫɜɚɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɟɦ, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɪɨɤɚɬɤɢ ɢ ɨɬɠɢɝɚ Vɜ = 180 Ɇɉɚ; G = 15 %. Ⱦɟɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɦɵɟ ɧɟɭɩɪɨɱɧɹɟɦɵɟ ɌɈ ɫɩɥɚɜɵ – ɆȺ2, ɆȺ8. ȼɵɫɨɤɨɩɪɨɱɧɵɟ, ɭɩɪɨɱɧɹɟɦɵɟ ɌɈ – ɆȺ5. ɀɚɪɨɩɪɨɱɧɵɟ ɫ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɚɦɢ ɰɢɪɤɨɧɢɹ, ɧɢɤɟɥɹ ɢ ɞɪ. ɥɢɬɟɣɧɵɟ ɫɩɥɚɜɵ ɆɅ6, ɆɅ3 ɢɦɟɸɬ ɧɟɜɵɫɨɤɢɣ ɦɨɞɭɥɶ ɭɩɪɭɝɨɫɬɢ (ȿ = 4300 Ɇɉɚ) ɢ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɯɨɪɨɲɢɟ ɞɟɦɩɮɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ (ɝɚɫɹɬ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ), ɧɨ ɧɢɡɤɭɸ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɭɸ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɨɬɥɢɜɤɢ ɨɤɫɢɞɢɪɭɸɬ, ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɸɬ ɥɚɤɨɦ ɢ ɬ. ɞ. Ɇɚɝɧɢɣ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɟɧ ɤ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɭ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɪɚɫɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɥɚɜɤɟ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɢ ɰɜɟɬɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ, ɩɪɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɬɪɭɞɧɨ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ (Ti, V, ɰɢɪɤɨɧɢɹ, ɭɪɚɧɚ ɢ ɞɪ.), ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɩɪɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɞɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɱɭɝɭɧɚ. ȼ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ Mg ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɟɡɜɨɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ (ɫɩɢɪɬɚ, ɚɧɢɥɢɧɚ ɢ ɞɪ.), ɜ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɦ ɜɢɞɟ ɢ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɥɟɧɬɵ ɝɨɪɢɬ ɨɫɥɟɩɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɛɟɥɵɦ ɩɥɚɦɟɧɟɦ (ɮɨɬɨɜɫɩɵɲɤɚ, ɩɢɪɨɬɟɯɧɢɤɚ, ɪɚɤɟɬɵ ɢ ɡɚɠɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɛɨɦɛɵ). ɋɩɥɚɜɵ ɦɚɝɧɢɹ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɚɸɬ ɜɢɛɪɚɰɢɢ, ɧɟɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵ, ɧɟ ɞɚɸɬ ɢɫɤɪɵ ɩɪɢ ɬɪɟɧɢɢ ɢ ɭɞɚɪɚɯ. ɍɞɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɠɟɫɬɤɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɢɡɝɢɛɟ ɢ ɤɪɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɭ ɧɢɯ ɧɚ 20 % ɜɵɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɭ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɟɜɵɯ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ ɢ ɧɚ 50 %, ɱɟɦ ɭ ɫɬɚɥɢ, ɭɞɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɜɢɛɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ 100 ɪɚɡ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɭ ɞɭɪɚɥɸɦɢɧɚ ɢ ɜ 20 ɪɚɡ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɭ ɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɥɢ. ɋɬɪɭɠɤɚ ɢ ɩɵɥɶ ɦɚɝɧɢɹ ɜɡɪɵɜɨɨɩɚɫɧɵ. Ɇɟɞɶ: U = 8900 ɤɝ/ɦ3, tɩɥ = 1083 qɋ, ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɬɟɩɥɨ- ɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɫɬɶ, ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ, ɯɨɪɨɲɚɹ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶ, ɠɢɞɤɨɬɟɤɭɱɟɫɬɶ, ɤɨɜɤɨɫɬɶ, 28 ɫɜɚɪɢɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ. ɑɢɫɬɚɹ ɦɟɞɶ: Vȼ = 250 ... 270 Ɇɉɚ, G = 40 ... 50 %. ɉɪɢɦɟɫɢ ɭɯɭɞɲɚɸɬ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɦɟɞɢ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɫɟɪɚ ɢ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ Cu2S ɢ Cu2O. Ʌɚɬɭɧɢ – ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɥɟɝɢɪɭɸɳɢɣ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬ – ɰɢɧɤ. Ʌɚɬɭɧɢ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɦɵɟ – Ʌ96, Ʌ59. Ʌɢɬɟɣɧɵɟ ɥɚɬɭɧɢ – ɅȺɀɆɰ 66-6-3-2. ɍɤɚɡɚɧ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɦɟɞɢ ɢ ɞɪ. ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɨɟ – ɰɢɧɤ. Ȼɪɨɧɡɵ – ɫɩɥɚɜɵ ɦɟɞɢ ɫ ɨɥɨɜɨɦ (4 … 33 %), ɫɜɢɧɰɨɦ (ɞɨ 30 %), Al (5 … 11 %), Si (4 … 5 %), ɫɭɪɶɦɨɣ ɢ ɮɨɫɮɨɪɨɦ. ɂɦɟɸɬ ɜɵɫɨɤɭɸ ɚɧɬɢɮɪɢɤɰɢɨɧɧɨɫɬɶ (ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɢɫɬɢɪɚɧɢɹ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɧɢɡɤɨɝɨ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ ɬɪɟɧɢɹ), ɦɚɥɭɸ ɭɫɚɞɤɭ, ɯɨɪɨɲɭɸ ɠɢɞɤɨɬɟɤɭɱɟɫɬɶ, ɜɵɫɨɤɭɸ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶ. Ʌɢɬɟɣɧɵɟ ɨɥɨɜɹɧɢɫɬɵɟ ɛɪɨɧɡɵ – Ȼɪ.Ɉɐɋ5-5-5 ɢ ɛɟɡɨɥɨɜɹɧɢɫɬɵɟ – Ȼɪ.Ⱥɀɇ10-4-4 (ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɟɜɵɟ), Ȼɪ. Ȼ2 (ɛɟɪɢɥɥɢɟɜɚɹ – ɞɥɹ ɩɪɭɠɢɧ), Ȼɪ. ɋ30 (ɫɜɢɧɰɨɜɢɫɬɚɹ – ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɲɢɩɧɢɤɨɜ). Ⱦɟɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɦɵɟ ɛɪɨɧɡɵ – Ȼɪ. Ⱥɀ9-4. Ɇɟɞɧɨɧɢɤɟɥɟɜɵɟ ɫɩɥɚɜɵ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɦɟɥɶɯɢɨɪ, ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɚɧ. Ɍɢɬɚɧ: U = 4500 ɤɝ/ɦ3, tɩɥ .= 1672 qɋ, ɧɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɟ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɨ ɫɬɨɟɤ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɨɤɫɢɞɧɨɣ ɩɥɟɧɤɢ TiO2, ɥɟɝɤɢɣ, ɩɪɨɱɧɵɣ, ɬɭɝɨɩɥɚɜɤɢɣ, ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨɦ ɢ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɢ ɫɜɚɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɧɨ ɩɥɨɯɨ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɟɦ (ɜɹɡɨɤ). ɑɟɦ ɱɢɳɟ ɩɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɹɦ, ɬɟɦ ɧɢɠɟ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɜɵɲɟ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ. ɋɩɥɚɜɵ ȼɌ4, ȼɌ18 ɢ ɞɪ. ɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ, ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ Al, ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟ ɭɩɪɨɱɧɹɸɬɫɹ, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɈɆȾ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɸɬ ɨɬɠɢɝɭ, Vȼ = 650 ... 880 Ɇɉɚ; G = 15 ... 40 %. ȼɌ6, ȼɌ14 ɢ ɞɪ. ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ Al, W, Mo, ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɡɚɤɚɥɤɢ ɢ ɫɬɚɪɟɧɢɹ: Vȼ = 800 ... 1150 Ɇɉɚ; G = 8 ... 15 %. Ɍɢɬɚɧɨɜɵɟ ɫɩɥɚɜɵ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɚɜɢɚɰɢɢ, ɫɭɞɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɢ, ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɟ, ɩɢɳɟɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜ ɤɪɢɨɝɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɟ (ɚɦɦɢɚɱɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɵ, ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ, ɟɦɤɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɠɢɞɤɢɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ). ɉɨɞɲɢɩɧɢɤɨɜɵɟ ɫɩɥɚɜɵ ɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ (ɚɧɬɢɮɪɢɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ). Ʉ ɷɬɢɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚɦ ɩɪɟɞɴɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɹɞ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɧɚɢɥɭɱɲɢɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɨɪ ɩɨɞɲɢɩɧɢɤɨɜ ɫɤɨɥɶɠɟɧɢɹ: ɧɢɡɤɢɣ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɬɪɟɧɢɹ, ɯɨɪɨɲɚɹ ɩɪɢɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ, ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɶ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɫɦɚɡɤɭ, ɦɚɥɚɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɤ «ɫɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɧɢɸ», ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɢ. ȼ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɩɥɚɜɵ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɥɟɝɤɨɩɥɚɜɤɢɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ Sn, Pb, Zn, Al (ɛɚɛɛɢɬɵ), ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɛɪɨɧɡɵ ɢ ɚɧɬɢɮɪɢɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɱɭɝɭɧɵ. Ȼɚɛɛɢɬɵ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɣ (ɦɹɝɤɚɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɚ ɫ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɦɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹɦɢ), ɱɬɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɛɵɫɬɪɭɸ ɩɪɢɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ, ɜɵɫɨɤɭɸ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɹɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɢɡɧɨɫɭ ɢ ɫɟɬɶ ɦɢɤɪɨɫɤɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɚɧɚɥɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɫɦɚɡɤɢ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɛɚɛɛɢɬɵ ɨɥɨɜɹɧɧɨ-ɫɭɪɶɦɹɧɢɫɬɵɟ Ȼ83 ɢ Ȼ89. Ɉɫɧɨɜɚ – ɨɥɨɜɨ, 7,25 … 10 % Sb ɢ 2,5 … 6,5 % Cu, tɩɥ. = 380 ɢ 342 qɋ. Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɬɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɲɢɩɧɢɤɨɜɵɯ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ f = 0,005 … 0,009. 29 ɊȺɁȾȿɅ II. ɅɂɌȿɃɇɈȿ ɉɊɈɂɁȼɈȾɋɌȼɈ ɌȿɆȺ 4. ɋɍɓɇɈɋɌɖ ɅɂɌɖə. ɅɂɌɖȿ ȼ ɊȺɁɈȼɕȿ ɉȿɋɑȺɇɈ-ȽɅɂɇɂɋɌɕȿ ɎɈɊɆɕ (ɉȽɎ) 4.1. Ʌɢɬɶɟ Ʌɢɬɶɟ – ɷɬɨ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɡɚɥɢɜɤɢ ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɫ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɟɝɨ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ. Ɏɨɪɦɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɵɦɢ (ɪɢɫ. 4.1), ɨɞɧɨɪɚɡɨɜɵɦɢ ɢɡ ɩɟɫɱɚɧɨ-ɝɥɢɧɢɫɬɵɯ ɫɦɟɫɟɣ ɢɥɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɪɚɡɨɜɵɦɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ. Ɉɞɧɨɪɚɡɨɜɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɭɯɢɦɢ (ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɫɭɲɤɚ ɜ ɫɭɲɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɟɱɚɯ ɢɥɢ ɮɚɤɟɥɨɦ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɝɨɪɟɥɤɢ) ɢɥɢ ɫɵɪɵɦɢ (ɫɭɲɤɚ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ). ɇɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ: x ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɶ ɨɬɥɢɜɤɢ ɧɟɩɥɨɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɟɪɯɭ; x ɭɫɤɨɪɟɧɧɨɟ ɢ ɧɟɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɟ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɨɬɥɢɜɤɢ (ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵ ɨɬɛɟɥ ɱɭɝɭɧɚ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɬɪɟɳɢɧ, ɤɨɪɨɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɬɥɢɜɨɤ); x ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɧɚɹ ɜɵɫɨɬɚ ɨɬɥɢɜɤɢ, ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɢɪɭɸɳɚɹ ɭɫɚɞɨɱɧɭɸ ɪɚɤɨɜɢɧɭ ɢ ɞɪ. ɞɟɮɟɤɬɵ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɨɬɥɢɜɤɢ; x ɩɪɢ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɡɚɥɢɜɤɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɡɟɦɥɹɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɬɹɠɟɥɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɟɣ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ; x ɧɟ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɟɣ. 9 5 9 3 8 7 4 4 6 2 11 1 10 ɚ) 10 ɛ) Ɋɢɫ. 4.1. ɋɯɟɦɵ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɣ (ɚ) ɢ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɨɣ( ɛ) ɮɨɪɦɨɜɤɢ: 1 – ɩɨɞɞɨɧ, 2 – ɧɢɠɧɹɹ ɨɩɨɤɚ, 3 – ɜɟɪɯɧɹɹ ɨɩɨɤɚ, 4 – ɨɬɥɢɜɤɚ, 5 – ɜɵɩɨɪɵ ɞɥɹ ɨɬɜɨɞɚ ɝɚɡɚ, 6 – ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɜɨɞɚ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ, 7 – ɫɬɨɹɤ ɫ ɥɢɬɟɣɧɨɣ ɱɚɲɟɣ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɡɚɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɬɚɥɥ, 8 – ɫɬɟɪɠɟɧɶ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɨɬɥɢɜɤɟ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɹ, 9 – ɭɫɚɞɨɱɧɵɟ ɪɚɤɨɜɢɧɵ, 10 – ɭɩɥɨɬɧɺɧɧɚɹ ɩɟɫɱɚɧɨ-ɝɥɢɧɢɫɬɚɹ ɫɦɟɫɶ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɭ ȼ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɢɞɟɬ ɩɨɞ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɬɨɥɛɚ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɫɬɨɹɤɟ ɢ ɜɵɩɨɪɚɯ, ɱɬɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɭɩɥɨɬɧɟɧɢɸ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ. Ⱦɥɹ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɭɫɚɞɤɭ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɞɥɹ ɫɬɚɥɟɣ, ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɺɦɤɨɫɬɢ, ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɟɜɨɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɭ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɨɬɥɢɜɤɢ. Ʉɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɜ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɺɦɤɨɫɬɹɯ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɸɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɭɫɚɞɨɱɧɵɯ ɪɚɤɨɜɢɧ ɧɟ ɜ ɬɟɥɟ ɨɬɥɢɜɤɢ, ɚ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɷɬɢɯ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɺɦɤɨɫɬɟɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɛɵɥɹɦɢ. ɉɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɢɯ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɜɵɝɨɞɟ ɧɢɤɚɤɨɝɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ, ɬ. ɤ. 30 ɡɚɥɢɜɤɚ ɠɢɞɤɨɝɨ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɬɪɚɬ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɬɥɢɜɤɚɯ ɜɟɫ ɩɪɢɛɵɥɟɣ, ɜɵɩɨɪɨɜ, ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɫɬɨɹɤɚ ɫ ɥɢɬɟɣɧɨɣ ɱɚɲɟɣ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɪɚɜɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɜɟɫɭ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦɨɣ ɨɬɥɢɜɤɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɱɭɝɭɧɨɜ, ɥɢɬɟɣɧɵɯ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ ɢɡ ɰɜɟɬɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɯɨɪɨɲɢɦɢ ɥɢɬɟɣɧɵɦɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ, ɩɪɢɛɵɥɢ ɧɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɜɟɫ ɥɢɬɧɢɤɨɜɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 10…30 % ɨɬ ɜɟɫɚ ɨɬɥɢɜɤɢ. Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɥɢɜɤɢ ɜ ɪɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɉȽɎ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ: x ȼɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɟɜɵɯ ɹɳɢɤɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɥɭɠɚɬ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɮɨɪɦ ɢ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɟɣ. Ɇɨɞɟɥɢ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɬ ɢɡ ɞɜɭɯ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ (ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɢ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ), ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɟ ɢ ɧɢɠɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɭɮɨɪɦɵ. ɋɬɟɪɠɧɢ ɫɥɭɠɚɬ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɣ ɜ ɨɬɥɢɜɤɚɯ ɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɫɥɨɠɧɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ. x ɉɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɮɨɪɦɨɜɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ, ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɫɨɤ, ɝɥɢɧɚ ɢ ɜɨɞɚ. x ɂɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɭɮɨɪɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɛɢɜɤɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɨɜɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɜ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɹɳɢɤɢ ɛɟɡ ɞɧɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɩɨɤɚɦɢ. ȼɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɹɹ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɮɨɪɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɹɦɢ. x ɉɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɟɜɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɩɟɫɤɚ ɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɪɟɩɢɬɟɥɟɣ. ɂɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɟɣ ɩɭɬɺɦ ɧɚɛɢɜɤɢ ɜ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɟɜɵɟ ɹɳɢɤɢ ɢ ɫɭɲɤɚ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɟɣ ɜ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɭɲɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɟɱɚɯ. x ɋɛɨɪɤɚ ɥɢɬɟɣɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ, ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɜ ɧɢɠɧɸɸ ɩɨɥɭɮɨɪɦɭ ɭɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɢ. Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɧɢɠɧɹɹ ɨɩɨɤɚ ɧɚɤɪɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ, ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ, ɢɫɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɮɨɪɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɪɭɝ ɞɪɭɝɚ. ɉɨɥɭɮɨɪɦɵ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɫɤɪɟɩɥɹɸɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɶ ɜɫɩɥɵɬɢɟ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɩɨɥɭɮɨɪɦɵ ɩɨɞ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɝɢɞɪɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ. x ɉɥɚɜɤɚ ɫɩɥɚɜɚ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɦɚɪɤɢ ɜ ɩɥɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɟɱɚɯ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɱɭɝɭɧɚ ɢ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɭɝɨɜɵɟ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɞɭɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɱɢ, ɚ ɞɥɹ ɰɜɟɬɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɩɟɱɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ. x Ɂɚɥɢɜɤɚ ɮɨɪɦ, ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ, ɜɵɛɢɜɤɚ ɨɬɥɢɜɨɤ ɢɡ ɮɨɪɦ. ɍɞɚɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɡ ɨɬɥɢɜɨɤ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɟɣ. x Ɉɛɪɭɛɤɚ ɥɢɬɟɣɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ (ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɩɪɢɛɵɥɟɣ, ɫɬɨɹɤɨɜ) ɢ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɚ ɨɬɥɢɜɨɤ ɨɬ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɟɜɲɟɣ ɮɨɪɦɨɜɨɱɧɨɣ ɢ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɟɜɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ. x Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɨɬɥɢɜɨɤ. 4.2. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɢ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɮɨɪɦɨɜɨɱɧɵɦ ɫɦɟɫɹɦ Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɢ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɮɨɪɦɨɜɨɱɧɵɦ ɫɦɟɫɹɦ: ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ, ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ, ɝɚɡɨɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ, ɨɝɧɟɭɩɨɪɧɨɫɬɶ, ɬɟɩɥɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɫɬɶ, ɩɨɞɚɬɥɢɜɨɫɬɶ, ɞɨɥɝɨɜɟɱɧɨɫɬɶ. ɉɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ 2,9 ... 15,7 Ɇɇ/ɦ2 ɞɥɹ ɫɵɪɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ, 49 …196 Ɇɇ/ɦ2 – ɞɥɹ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɟɣ. Ⱦɥɹ ɫɵɪɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ «ɬɨɳɢɟ» ɫɦɟɫɢ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟ ɝɥɢɧɵ 8 – 10 %, ɞɥɹ ɫɭɯɢɯ – «ɠɢɪɧɵɟ», ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɝɥɢɧɵ ɞɨ 20 %, ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɨɟ – ɩɟɫɨɤ. 31 Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɮɨɪɦɨɜɨɱɧɵɯ ɫɦɟɫɟɣ: ɞɥɹ ɱɭɝɭɧɧɨɝɨ, ɫɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɰɜɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɥɢɬɶɹ; ɞɥɹ ɫɵɪɵɯ ɢ ɫɭɯɢɯ ɮɨɪɦ; ɨɛɥɢɰɨɜɨɱɧɵɟ, ɧɚɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɟɞɢɧɵɟ. Ⱦɥɹ ɪɭɱɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɨɜɤɢ (ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɨɬɥɢɜɨɤ) ɜɵɝɨɞɧɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɧɟ ɟɞɢɧɭɸ ɫɦɟɫɶ, ɚ ɞɜɟ ɫɦɟɫɢ (ɨɛɥɢɰɨɜɨɱɧɭɸ ɢ ɧɚɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ). Ɉɛɥɢɰɨɜɨɱɧɚɹ ɫɦɟɫɶ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɫɜɟɠɢɯ ɮɨɪɦɨɜɨɱɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ (ɩɟɫɤɚ ɢ ɝɥɢɧɵ), ɚ ɧɚɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ – ɢɡ ɦɧɨɝɨɤɪɚɬɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɢɡɦɟɥɶɱɚɸɬ ɢ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɹɸɬ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɜɵɛɢɜɤɢ ɮɨɪɦ. Ⱦɥɹ ɦɚɲɢɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɨɜɤɢ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɢɡɝɨɬɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɨɜɨɱɧɵɯ ɦɚɲɢɧɚɯ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɟɞɢɧɚɹ ɫɦɟɫɶ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɜɵɛɢɜɤɢ ɮɨɪɦ ɜ ɫɬɚɪɭɸ ɫɦɟɫɶ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ 7 – 15 % ɫɜɟɠɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ, ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɨɟ – ɝɨɪɟɥɚɹ ɡɟɦɥɹ. Ɉɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɮɨɪɦɨɜɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ 5 %. ȼɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɨɜɨɱɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ: x ɋɜɹɡɭɸɳɢɟ: ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ (ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɣ ɩɟɤ, ɫɭɥɶɮɢɬɧɨ-ɫɩɢɪɬɨɜɚɹ ɛɚɪɞɚ, ɫɢɧɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɦɨɥɵ) ɢ ɧɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ (ɠɢɞɤɨɟ ɫɬɟɤɥɨ, ɰɟɦɟɧɬ). x ɉɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɪɢɝɚɪɧɵɟ (ɩɵɥɟɜɢɞɧɵɣ ɤɜɚɪɰ, ɤɚɦɟɧɧɨɭɝɨɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɵɥɶ). x ȼɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɩɨɞɚɬɥɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɮɨɪɦ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɜɵɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɡɚɥɢɜɤɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ (ɨɩɢɥɤɢ, ɤɚɦɟɧɧɨɭɝɨɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɵɥɶ). x ȼɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɵ: ɡɚɦɚɡɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɦɨɧɬɚ ɮɨɪɦ ɢ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɟɣ, ɤɥɟɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɤɥɟɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɟɣ, ɤɪɚɫɤɢ, ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɳɚɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɢɝɚɪ ɮɨɪɦ ɢ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɟɣ, ɩɪɢɩɵɥɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɸɬ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɟɣ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɥɢɩɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɧɢɦ ɮɨɪɦɨɜɨɱɧɵɯ ɢ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɟɜɵɯ ɫɦɟɫɟɣ ɢ ɞɪ. ɋɬɟɪɠɧɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɬ ɜ ɬɹɠɟɥɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ, ɬ. ɤ. ɨɤɪɭɠɟɧɵ ɠɢɞɤɢɦ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɦ ɫɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɨɧɢ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɠɟɧɵ ɢɡɝɢɛɧɵɦ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚɦ, ɩɨɬɨɦɭ ɱɬɨ ɨɩɢɪɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚ ɫɜɨɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɜɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɡɧɚɤɚɦɢ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɤ ɧɢɦ ɩɪɟɞɴɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɉɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ, ɫɬɟɪɠɧɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɬɶ ɥɟɝɤɨɣ ɜɵɛɢɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɶɸ, ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɩɨɞɚɬɥɢɜɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɨɬɥɢɜɤɢ, ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɝɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɟɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶɸ. Ⱦɥɹ ɢɯ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɫɜɟɠɢɣ ɩɟɫɨɤ ɢ ɤɪɟɩɢɬɟɥɢ, ɜɢɞɵ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɵ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ. 2. Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 2 ɋɬɟɪɠɧɟɜɵɟ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɩɟɫɤɚ ɋɜɹɡɭɸɳɢɟ Ƚɥɢɧɚ, ɩɟɤ, ɛɚɪɞɚ ɋɢɧɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɦɨɥɵ ɀɢɞɤɨɟ ɫɬɟɤɥɨ ɋɩɨɫɨɛ ɫɭɲɤɢ Ɍɟɩɥɨɜɚɹ ɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɟɱɚɯ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ t = 500 ... 600 qɋ Ɍɟɩɥɨɜɚɹ ɜ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɫɧɚɫɬɤɟ ɩɪɢ t = 200 ... 300q ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ 3 ... 120 ɫ ɢɥɢ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨɬɜɟɪɞɟɸɳɢɟ. ɏɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ: ɩɪɨɞɭɜɤɨɣ ɋɈ2 ɫ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ 0,1 ... 0,3 Ɇɉɚ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ 1 ... 10 ɦɢɧ. Ɂɚɬɜɟɪɞɟɜɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ: Na2O . SiO2. H2O + CO2 = Na2CO3 + SiO2(ɝɟɥɶ) + H2O ɉɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɮɨɪɦɨɜɨɱɧɵɯ ɢ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɟɜɵɯ ɫɦɟɫɟɣ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ. ɋɜɟɠɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɭɲɤɟ, ɪɚɡɦɨɥɭ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɟɢɜɚɧɢɸ. Ƚɨɪɟɥɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɨɜɨɱɧɚɹ ɫɦɟɫɶ ɪɚɡɦɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɚɥɤɚɯ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɨɣ ɫɟɩɚɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɟɢɜɚɧɢɸ. Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɫɦɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɜɟɠɟɣ ɢ ɝɨɪɟɥɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɟɣ ɢ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɦɟɫɢɬɟɥɹɯ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɛɟɝɭɧɚɦɢ. ɉɟɪɟɞ ɮɨɪɦɨɜɤɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɶ ɯɪɚɧɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɛɭɧɤɟɪɚɯ. Ⱦɥɹ ɪɚɡɪɵɯɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɧɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɞɟɡɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɬɨɪɚɯ ɢ ɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɚɯ. 32 4.3. Ɏɨɪɦɨɜɤɚ Ɏɨɪɦɨɜɤɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɢɥɢ ɞɟɪɟɜɹɧɧɵɦ ɦɨɞɟɥɹɦ. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɣ ɨɬɥɢɜɤɢ (ɪɢɫ. 4. 2, ɚ) ɩɪɢɜɟɞɺɧ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɞɟɪɟɜɹɧɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ (ɪɢɫ. 4.2, ɜ), ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɟɣ ɢɡ ɞɜɭɯ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧ, ɩɪɢɡɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɵɜɚɬɶ ɞɜɟ ɩɨɥɭɮɨɪɦɵ. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɪɭɱɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɨɜɤɢ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 4.3. ɇɚɛɢɜɤɚ ɮɨɪɦɨɜɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɪɭɱɧɵɦɢ ɬɪɚɦɛɨɜɤɚɦɢ. ɉɪɢ ɮɨɪɦɨɜɤɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɨɬɥɢɜɨɤ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɪɭɱɧɵɟ ɩɧɟɜɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɬɪɚɦɛɨɜɤɢ. 1 21 3 ȼ 4 L ɇ ɚ ɛ 7 ɜ 8 6 5 7 8 9 ɝ Ɋɢɫ. 4.2. ɉɪɢɦɟɪ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɨɬɥɢɜɤɢ: ɚ – ɞɟɬɚɥɶ; ɛ – ɷɫɤɢɡ ɱɟɪɬɟɠɚ ɨɬɥɢɜɤɢ ɫɨ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɟɦ; ɜ – ɦɨɞɟɥɶ; ɝ – ɞɟɪɟɜɹɧɧɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɜ ɪɚɡɪɟɡɟ; 1, 5 – ɩɪɢɩɭɫɤ ɧɚ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ, 2, 6 – ɮɨɪɦɨɜɨɱɧɵɟ ɭɤɥɨɧɵ, 3 – ɫɬɟɪɠɟɧɶ, 4 – ɡɧɚɤɨɜɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɹ, 7, 8 – ɜɟɪɯɧɹɹ ɢ ɧɢɠɧɹɹ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ, 9 – ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɲɬɵɪɢ 78 9 10 5 6 4 3 12 11 ɚ ɛ 12 13 ɜ ɝ Ɋɢɫ. 4.3. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɥɢɬɟɣɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɴɟɦɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ: ɚ – ɮɨɪɦɨɜɤɚ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɨɩɨɤɢ; ɛ – ɮɨɪɦɨɜɤɚ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɨɩɨɤɢ; ɜ – ɫɨɛɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɭɮɨɪɦɵ ɫ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɟɦ; ɝ – ɫɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɝɨɬɨɜɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɜ ɩɟɪɩɟɧɞɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɢ. 1 – ɫɬɟɪɠɟɧɶ, 2 – ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ, ɤɭɞɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɡɚɥɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɦɟɬɚɥɥ, 3 – ɨɩɨɤɚ, 4 – ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɤɚ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ, 5 – ɧɢɠɧɹɹ ɩɨɥɭɮɨɪɦɚ, 6 – ɩɨɞɨɩɨɱɧɚɹ ɩɥɢɬɚ, 7 – ɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɲɬɵɪɢ, 8 – ɜɟɪɯɧɹɹ ɨɩɨɤɚ, 9 – ɜɟɪɯɧɹɹ ɩɨɥɭɮɨɪɦɚ, 10 – ɦɨɞɟɥɶ, 11, 12 – ɥɢɬɧɢɤɨɜɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ, 13 – ɫɤɨɛɵ, ɫɤɪɟɩɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɩɨɥɭɮɨɪɦɵ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɡɚɥɢɜɤɨɣ 33 ɍɩɥɨɬɧɟɧɢɟ ɮɨɪɦɨɜɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɩɪɢ ɦɚɲɢɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɨɜɤɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ, ɜɫɬɪɹɯɢɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɢɥɢ ɦɟɬɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɩɟɫɤɨɦɟɬɚ (ɪɢɫ. 4.4). 5 4 5 4 1 2 3 6 3 3 2 2 1 1 ɚ ɛ ɜ Ɋɢɫ. 4.4. ɋɯɟɦɵ ɭɩɥɨɬɧɟɧɢɹ ɥɢɬɟɣɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɩɪɢ ɦɚɲɢɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɨɜɤɟ: ɚ – ɜɟɪɯɧɟɟ ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɚɧɢɟ; ɛ – ɭɩɥɨɬɧɟɧɢɟ ɜɫɬɪɹɯɢɜɚɧɢɟɦ; ɜ – ɭɩɥɨɬɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɫɤɨɦɟɬɨɦ; ɜ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɚ: 1 – ɫɬɨɥ ɦɚɲɢɧɵ, 2 – ɦɨɞɟɥɶ, 3 – ɨɩɨɤɚ, 4 – ɧɚɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɪɚɦɤɚ, 5 – ɩɪɟɫɫ, 6 – ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɚɹ ɤɨɥɨɞɤɚ; ɜ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɛ: 1 – ɫɬɚɧɢɧɚ, 2 – ɜɫɬɪɹɯɢɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɩɨɪɲɟɧɶ, 3 – ɫɬɨɥ, 4 – ɦɨɞɟɥɶ, 5 – ɨɩɨɤɚ; ɜ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɜ: 1 – ɜɪɚɳɚɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɤɨɜɲ, 2 – ɦɟɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɝɨɥɨɜɤɚ, 3 – ɪɨɬɨɪ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɂɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɟɣ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜɪɭɱɧɭɸ ɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɩɟɫɤɨɞɭɜɧɵɯ, ɩɟɫɤɨɫɬɪɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɚɲɢɧɚɯ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɮɨɪɦɨɜɤɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɫɭɲɤɚ, ɨɬɞɟɥɤɚ ɢ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɚ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɟɣ. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɥɢɜɨɤ ɛɟɡ ɭɫɚɞɨɱɧɵɯ ɪɚɤɨɜɢɧ ɢ ɩɨɪɢɫɬɨɫɬɢ ɫɬɪɟɦɹɬɫɹ ɢɡɝɨɬɚɜɥɢɜɚɬɶ ɨɬɥɢɜɤɢ ɫ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɨɣ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ, ɛɟɡ ɪɟɡɤɢɯ ɭɬɨɥɳɟɧɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɦɢ ɭɡɥɚɦɢ. ȼ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɭɡɥɚɯ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɸɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɱɬɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɭɫɚɞɨɱɧɵɯ ɪɚɤɨɜɢɧ ɢ ɦɢɤɪɨɪɵɯɥɨɬ. ɌȿɆȺ 5. ɉɅȺȼɄȺ ɑɍȽɍɇȺ ɂ ɋɌȺɅɂ 5.1. Ʌɢɬɟɣɧɵɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ Ʌɢɬɟɣɧɵɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɠɢɞɤɨɬɟɤɭɱɟɫɬɶɸ, ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɨɣ ɭɫɚɞɤɢ (ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ), ɫɤɥɨɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɤ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɝɨɪɹɱɢɯ ɢ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɵɯ ɬɪɟɳɢɧ, ɝɚɡɨɧɚɫɵɳɚɟɦɨɫɬɶɸ, ɫɤɥɨɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɤ ɥɢɤɜɚɰɢɢ (ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɸ ɨɬɥɢɜɤɢ ɩɪɢ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ). ɑɭɝɭɧɵ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɧɢɡɤɭɸ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɦɚɥɭɸ ɭɫɚɞɤɭ, ɜɵɫɨɤɭɸ ɠɢɞɤɨɬɟɤɭɱɟɫɬɶ. ɗɬɨ ɫɚɦɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɟ ɢ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ ɫɚɦɵɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɥɢɬɟɣɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ. ɉɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ 80 % ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚɟɦɵɯ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɬɥɢɜɨɤ ɢɡɝɨɬɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɢɡ ɱɭɝɭɧɚ, ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɡɚɥɢɜɤɨɣ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɜ ɡɟɦɥɹɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ. Ʌɢɬɧɢɤɨɜɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɥɢɜɨɤ ɢɡ ɫɟɪɨɝɨ ɱɭɝɭɧɚ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɧɟ 34 ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɩɪɢɛɵɥɟɣ, ɚ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɥɢɜɨɤ ɢɡ ɤɨɜɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɩɪɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɛɵɥɢ. ɋɬɚɥɶ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɱɭɝɭɧɨɦ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɭɸ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɜ ɞɜɚ ɪɚɡɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɭɫɚɞɤɭ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɨɧɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɢɡɤɭɸ ɠɢɞɤɨɬɟɤɭɱɟɫɬɶ. ɉɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɬɥɢɜɤɢ ɢɡ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɥɨɠɧɟɟ ɢ ɞɨɪɨɠɟ, ɱɟɦ ɢɡ ɱɭɝɭɧɚ, ɬ. ɤ. ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɭɫɚɞɨɱɧɵɯ ɪɚɤɨɜɢɧ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɥɢɬɧɢɤɨɜɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɦɚɫɫɢɜɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɛɵɥɢ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɥɢɬɶɹ ɜɨ ɜɥɚɠɧɵɟ ɉȽɎ. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɬɨɧɤɨɫɬɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɬɥɢɜɨɤ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɨɜɨɟ ɥɢɬɶɺ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɢɡɝɨɬɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɫɦɟɫɢ, ɩɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɭ ɛɥɢɡɤɨɣ ɤ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɟɜɵɦ ɫɦɟɫɹɦ. Ⱦɥɹ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɬɥɢɜɨɤ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɫɭɯɢɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ. Ⱦɥɹ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɝɚɪɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɮɨɪɦɨɜɨɱɧɵɟ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɨɝɧɟɭɩɨɪɧɨɫɬɶɸ. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɝɨɪɹɱɢɯ ɬɪɟɳɢɧ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɢ, ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɪɟɡɤɨ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɢɯ ɜɵɫɨɤɭɸ ɩɨɞɚɬɥɢɜɨɫɬɶ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɧɟɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɢɫɬɵɯ ɫɬɚɥɟɣ ɜ ɨɫɨɛɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɢɡɝɨɬɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɨɬɥɢɜɤɢ ɢɡ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɨɫɬɨɣɤɢɯ, ɨɤɚɥɢɧɨɫɬɨɣɤɢɯ, ɠɚɪɨɩɪɨɱɧɵɯ ɢ ɞɪ. ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɥɟɣ. Ɉɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɬɥɢɜɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɪɨɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɬɠɢɝɭ ɞɥɹ ɫɧɹɬɢɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ. Ⱥɥɸɦɢɧɢɟɜɵɟ ɢ ɦɚɝɧɢɟɜɵɟ ɫɩɥɚɜɵ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɧɢɡɤɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɜɵɫɨɤɭɸ ɠɢɞɤɨɬɟɤɭɱɟɫɬɶ ɢ ɦɚɥɭɸ ɭɫɚɞɤɭ. ɉɟɪɟɞ ɪɚɡɥɢɜɤɨɣ ɢɯ ɪɚɮɢɧɢɪɭɸɬ (ɨɱɢɳɚɸɬ) ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɞɨɛɚɜɨɤ AlCl, ZnCl. 70…80 % ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɟɜɵɯ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ ɥɶɸɬ ɜ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɤɨɤɢɥɢ. Ɂɚɥɢɜɤɚ ɜ ɤɨɤɢɥɶ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɫɚɦɨɬɺɤɨɦ. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɥɢɜɨɤ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯ ɯɨɪɨɲɢɣ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɣ ɜɢɞ ɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɥɢɬɶɺ ɩɨɞ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɟɫɫ-ɮɨɪɦɵ. ɇɚɢɥɭɱɲɢɦɢ ɥɢɬɟɣɧɵɦɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɫɩɥɚɜɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ Al-Si, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɢɥɭɦɢɧɵ (ȺɅ2, ȺɅ4, ȺɅ9). Ɇɚɝɧɢɟɜɵɟ ɫɩɥɚɜɵ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɯɭɞɲɢɟ ɥɢɬɟɣɧɵɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ, ɱɟɦ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɟɜɵɟ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɨɧɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɚɦɨɜɨɡɝɨɪɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɥɚɜɤɟ ɢ ɡɚɥɢɜɤɟ, ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɚɸɬ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞ. ɉɥɚɜɤɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɢɝɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɢɧɞɭɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɟɱɚɯ ɩɨɞ ɫɥɨɟɦ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɮɥɸɫɚ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɟ ɡɚɳɢɬɧɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ. ɉɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ 40 % ɨɬɥɢɜɨɤ ɢɡ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ ɢɡɝɨɬɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɤɨɤɢɥɹɯ. Ʌɭɱɲɢɟ ɥɢɬɟɣɧɵɟ ɫɩɥɚɜɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ Mg + Al + Zr ɦɚɪɨɤ ɆɅ5, ɆɅ6. ɂɡ ɦɟɞɧɵɯ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ ɧɚɢɥɭɱɲɢɦɢ ɥɢɬɟɣɧɵɦɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɨɥɨɜɹɧɢɫɬɵɟ ɛɪɨɧɡɵ. Ȼɟɡɨɥɨɜɹɧɢɫɬɵɟ ɛɪɨɧɡɵ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɭɫɚɞɤɭ. Ʌɚɬɭɧɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɠɢɞɤɨɬɟɤɭɱɟɫɬɶ, ɜɵɫɨɤɭɸ ɭɫɚɞɤɭ. Ɇɟɞɧɵɟ ɫɩɥɚɜɵ ɫɤɥɨɧɧɵ ɤ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɸ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɨɦ ɢɡ ɩɟɱɢ ɢɯ ɪɚɫɤɢɫɥɹɸɬ ɮɨɫɮɨɪɢɫɬɨɣ ɛɪɨɧɡɨɣ. ɉɪɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɜɤɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɚ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɹ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ. ɗɬɢ ɫɩɥɚɜɵ ɫɤɥɨɧɧɵ ɤ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɭɫɚɞɨɱɧɵɯ ɪɚɤɨɜɢɧ, ɩɨɪɢɫɬɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɬɪɟɳɢɧ. ɉɥɚɜɤɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɟ, ɧɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɥɭɱɲɟɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɥɚɜɤɟ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɟ ɡɚɳɢɬɧɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɜɚɤɭɭɦɟ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɨɬɥɢɜɨɤ (| 80 %) ɢɡɝɨɬɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɪɚɡɨɜɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ. 35 Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 3 Ʌɢɬɟɣɧɵɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ ɋɩɥɚɜɵ ɑɭɝɭɧ ɫɟɪɵɣ ɑɭɝɭɧ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɩɪɨɱɧɵɣ ɑɭɝɭɧ ɤɨɜɤɢɣ ɋɬɚɥɢ, ɋ = 0,12...0,6 % Ⱥɥɸɦɢɧɢɟɜɵɟ ɫɩɥɚɜɵ ɋɢɥɭɦɢɧɵ Ɇɚɝɧɢɟɜɵɟ ɫɩɥɚɜɵ Ȼɪɨɧɡɚ ɨɥɨɜɹɧɢɫɬɚɹ Ȼɪɨɧɡɚ ɛɟɡ ɨɥɨɜɚ Ʌɚɬɭɧɶ tɩɥ., qɋ 1100...1200 1100...1200 1100...1200 1500...1600 660 660 660 1100 1100 1100 ɍɫɚɞɤɚ, % 0,9...1,3 ɞɨ 1,7 ɞɨ 1,7 1,8...2,5 0,8...1,45 0,8...1,1 1,0...1,6 1,4...1,6 1,6...2,4 1,6...2,2 ɀɢɞɤɨɬɟɤɭɱɟɫɬɶ ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɧɢɡɤɚɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ 5.2. ɂɫɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɞɥɹ ɩɥɚɜɤɢ ɋɨɫɬɚɜ ɲɢɯɬɵ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɢ ɱɭɝɭɧɚ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɜɵɩɥɚɜɤɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɯ ɩɥɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɟɱɟɣ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚ. ɒɢɯɬɚ ɞɥɹ ɰɜɟɬɧɵɯ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ: ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɵɟ ɢ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɵɟ (ɩɟɪɟɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ) ɦɟɬɚɥɥɵ ɢ ɫɩɥɚɜɵ, ɥɢɝɚɬɭɪɵ (ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɩɥɚɜɵ ɢɡ ɞɜɭɯ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ), ɮɥɸɫɵ (ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɯɥɨɪɢɫɬɵɟ ɢ ɮɬɨɪɢɫɬɵɟ ɫɨɥɢ ɳɟɥɨɱɧɵɯ ɢ ɳɟɥɨɱɧɨɡɟɦɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ). Ⱦɥɹ ɪɚɫɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɬɚɥɟɣ ɢ ɱɭɝɭɧɨɜ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɮɟɪɪɨɫɩɥɚɜɵ: ɮɟɪɪɨɫɢɥɢɰɢɣ Si = 13 … 92 % + Mn  3 % ɢ ɮɟɪɪɨɦɚɪɝɚɧɟɰ Mn = 70 … 75 % + + Si  2 %. Ⱦɥɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɥɟɝɤɨɩɥɚɜɤɨɝɨ ɲɥɚɤɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɨɬ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɮɢɡɢɤɨ-ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɸ ɜɪɟɞɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɮɥɸɫɵ. ɉɨ ɜɢɞɭ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɜ ɲɥɚɤɟ, ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɤɢɫɥɵɟ ɮɥɸɫɵ (SiO2,P2O5) ɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ (CaO, MgO, FeO). Ⱦɥɹ ɫɬɚɥɟɣ ɢ ɱɭɝɭɧɨɜ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ SiO2 ɢ CaO, MgO. ɉɪɢɱɺɦ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ CaO, MgO ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɬɶ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɪɟɞɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɟɪɚ ɢ ɮɨɫɮɨɪ. Ɍɨɩɥɢɜɨ ɞɥɹ ɩɥɚɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɟɱɟɣ: ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɝɚɡ, ɋɇ4, ɋ2ɇ6, ɤɨɤɫ, ɦɚɡɭɬ. Ɉɝɧɟɭɩɨɪɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ. ȼɢɞɵ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɯ ɨɝɧɟɭɩɨɪɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ ɨɬ ɜɢɞɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ. ɉɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɤɢɫɥɵɯ ɮɥɸɫɨɜ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɤɢɫɥɵɟ ɨɝɧɟɭɩɨɪɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ: ɤɜɚɪɰɟɜɵɣ ɩɟɫɨɤ, ɞɢɧɚɫɨɜɵɣ ɤɢɪɩɢɱ (| 95 % SiO2), ɨɝɧɟɭɩɨɪɧɨɫɬɶ (Ɉɍ) | 1700 qɋ. ɉɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɮɥɸɫɨɜ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ: ɦɚɝɧɟɡɢɬɨɜɵɟ, ɦɚɝɧɟɡɢɬɨɯɪɨɦɢɬɨɜɵɟ (MgO, CaO, Cr2O3), Ɉɍ | 2000 qɋ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɝɧɟɭɩɨɪɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ: ɯɪɨɦɨɦɚɝɧɟɡɢɬɨɜɵɟ, ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɥɢɧɨɡɟɦɢɫɬɵɟ (Al2O3), ɲɚɦɨɬɧɵɟ (50 ... 60 % SiO2 + 30...40 % Al2O3), ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɢɫɬɵɟ (ɋ ɞɨ 92 %), Ɉɍ = 1700 ... 2000 qɋ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ: ɨɝɧɟɭɩɨɪɧɨɫɬɶ, ɬɟɪɦɨɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶ, ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶ, ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ. 5.3. ɉɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɱɭɝɭɧɚ ɜ ɞɨɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɟɱɢ ɂɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɱɭɝɭɧɚ, ɹɜɥɹɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɫɵɪɶɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɩɥɚɜɤɢ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɦɚɪɨɤ ɥɢɬɟɣɧɨɝɨ ɱɭɝɭɧɚ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɞɨɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɟɱɢ (ɪɢɫ. 5.1). Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɦ, ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɱɭɝɭɧ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɠɟɥɟɡɧɚɹ ɪɭɞɚ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɚɹ ɢɡ ɨɤɫɢɞɨɜ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ ɪɚɡɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ (Feo, Fe2O3, 36 Fe3O4). ɉɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɨɣ ɱɭɝɭɧɚ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɤɫɢɞɨɜ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚɦɢ ɧɟɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɤɫɚ (CO, ɋ – ɚɬɨɦɚɪɧɵɣ). Ɋɚɫɯɨɞ ɤɨɤɫɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 2 … 15 % ɨɬ ɜɟɫɚ ɲɢɯɬɵ. Ɋɢɫ. 5.1. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɞɨɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɟɱɢ ɲɚɯɬɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ: 1 – ɡɚɫɵɩɧɨɣ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬ, 2 – ɝɚɡɨɨɬɜɨɞ, 3 – ɨɝɧɟɭɩɨɪɧɵɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ, 4 – ɮɭɪɦɚ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ, 5 – ɥɟɬɤɚ ɞɥɹ ɫɤɚɱɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɲɥɚɤɚ, 6 – ɥɟɬɤɚ ɞɥɹ ɫɥɢɜɚ ɱɭɝɭɧɚ ɒɢɯɬɚ ɞɥɹ ɞɨɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɟɱɢ: ɠɟɥɟɡɧɵɟ ɪɭɞɵ, ɬɨɩɥɢɜɨ (ɤɨɤɫ) ɢ ɮɥɸɫ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɹɤ. ɑɟɪɟɡ ɮɭɪɦɵ ɩɨɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɨ-ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɧɚɹ ɫɦɟɫɶ, ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɬɚɹ ɞɨ 450 ... 550 qɋ. Ⱦɥɹ ɭɫɤɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɝɚɡ ɢ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞ. ɒɥɚɤ, ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɮɥɸɫɚ (CaO), ɡɚɳɢɳɚɟɬ ɤɚɩɥɢ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ ɨɬ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɜɚɟɦɵɦ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɦ. Ɉɧɢ ɫɬɟɤɚɸɬ ɜ ɝɨɪɧ ɩɨ ɤɭɫɤɚɦ ɲɢɯɬɵ, ɧɚɫɵɳɚɹɫɶ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɨɦ ɢ ɜɪɟɞɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɹɦɢ. ɂɡ ɝɨɪɧɚ ɱɭɝɭɧ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɜɫɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɥɺɬɤɢ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɫɥɢɜɚ ɱɭɝɭɧɚ ɥɺɬɤɚ ɡɚɛɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɝɧɟɭɩɨɪɧɵɦ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɨɦ ɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɟɬɫɹ. ɇɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɚɹ ɜɵɩɥɚɜɤɚ ɱɭɝɭɧɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɦɟɫɹɰɟɜ, ɬ. ɤ. ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɨɣ ɫɜɟɪɯɭ ɪɭɞɵ, ɤɨɤɫɚ ɢ ɮɥɸɫɚ. Ⱦɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɦɨɧɬɚ ɨɝɧɟɭɩɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɩɟɱɢ (ɮɭɬɟɪɨɜɤɢ). Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɥɢɬɟɣɧɵɯ ɱɭɝɭɧɨɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɦɚɪɨɤ (ɫɟɪɨɝɨ, ɤɨɜɤɨɝɨ, ɜɵɫɨɤɨɩɪɨɱɧɨɝɨ) ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɞɭɝɨɜɵɟ ɢ ɢɧɞɭɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɱɢ ɨɛɴɟɦɨɦ ɨɬ 1 ɞɨ 60 ɬɨɧɧ. ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɜɵɩɥɚɜɤɢ ɱɭɝɭɧɚ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢ, ɬ. ɟ. ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɱɚɥɨ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ ɲɢɯɬɵ, ɢ ɤɨɧɟɰ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɩɟɱɶ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɱɭɝɭɧɚ ɢ ɲɥɚɤɚ. ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɲɢɯɬɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɱɭɝɭɧ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɜ ɞɨɦɧɚɯ, ɢ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɬ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɥɢɬɟɣɧɨɝɨ 37 ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ (ɥɢɬɧɢɤɢ, ɩɪɢɛɵɥɢ, ɛɪɚɤ), ɱɭɝɭɧɧɵɣ ɢ ɫɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɥɨɦ, ɫɬɪɭɠɤɚ ɜ ɛɪɢɤɟɬɚɯ. ȼ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɤɢɫɥɵɟ ɮɥɸɫɵ ( SiO2). 5.4. ɉɥɚɜɤɚ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɉɥɚɜɤɚ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɧɚ ɦɚɲɢɧɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɚɜɨɞɚɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɟɱɚɯ (ɞɭɝɨɜɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɞɭɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ), ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɶ ɜɵɫɨɤɭɸ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ, ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɠɟɥɚɟɦɭɸ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɭ (ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ, ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ, ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɢ ɜ ɪɟɞɤɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɜɚɤɭɭɦ). ȼɵɩɥɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɬɚɥɶ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ, ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɢɥɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɢɫɬɵɟ ɫɬɚɥɢ. ɉɪɢ ɨɫɨɛɵɯ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɜɵɩɥɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɧɢɡɤɨ-, ɫɪɟɞɧɟ- ɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɬɚɥɢ. Ʉɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ ɜɪɟɞɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ (ɫɟɪɵ ɢ ɮɨɫɮɨɪɚ). ɍɦɟɧɶɲɢɬɶ ɢɯ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɲɥɚɤɚɯ, ɬ. ɟ. ɲɥɚɤɚɯ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ. ɇɚɩɨɦɧɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɟɱɢ ɫ ɮɭɬɟɪɨɜɤɨɣ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɟɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ. Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɩɟɱɢ ɢ ɩɥɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ. ɉɥɚɜɤɚ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɞɭɝɨɜɨɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɟɱɢ Ⱦɭɝɨɜɚɹ ɩɥɚɜɢɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɟɱɶ (ɪɢɫ. 5.2): ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɥɚɜɤɢ Wɩɥ = 4 …8 ɱɚɫ., ɭɝɚɪ 5…8 % ɨɬ ɜɟɫɚ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɲɢɯɬɵ, ɪɚɛɨɱɟɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ Uɪɚɛ. = 160 … 600 ȼ., ɬɨɤ I = 1 … 10 ɤȺ, ɺɦɤɨɫɬɶ ɩɟɱɟɣ 0,5 ... 400 ɬ. 7 8 6 5 4 9 3 2 1 10 12 11 Ɋɢɫ. 5.2. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɞɭɝɨɜɨɣ ɩɥɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɟɱɢ: 1 – ɞɧɢɳɟ, 2 – ɫɥɢɜɧɨɣ ɧɨɫɨɤ, 3 – ɲɢɯɬɚ, 4 – ɤɨɠɭɯ ɫɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ, 5 – ɨɝɧɟɭɩɨɪɧɵɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ, 6 – ɫɜɨɞ ɫɴɟɦɧɵɣ, 7 – ɝɢɛɤɢɟ ɤɚɛɟɥɢ, 8 – ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɟɥɢ, 9 – ɝɪɚɮɢɬɨɜɵɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɵ, 10 – ɪɚɛɨɱɟɟ ɨɤɧɨ, 11 – ɩɨɜɨɪɨɬɧɵɣ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ, 12 – ɩɨɞɢɧɚ ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɥɚɜɤɢ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɞɜɚ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ: ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ (ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɤɢɩɟɧɢɟ) ɢ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ (ɪɚɮɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ). 1. Ɉɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ. Ƚɥɚɜɧɚɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ – ɞɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɞɨ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɩɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɸ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɜɵɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɯɢɦɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɩɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɭ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɲɢɯɬɵ ɨɩɭɫɤɚɸɬɫɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɵ ɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɬɨɤ. Ɋɚɫɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɲɢɯɬɵ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɨɞ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɞɭɝɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɪɹɞɚ. Ⱦɭɝɚ ɝɨɪɢɬ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɚ38 ɦɢ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɞɚɺɬɫɹ ɬɪɺɯɮɚɡɧɵɣ ɬɨɤ, ɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɦ. ɇɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɦ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɭɝɨɜɵɯ ɩɟɱɟɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɢɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɜ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɜ ɡɨɧɟ ɝɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɞɭɝɢ. Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɡɨɧɟ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɜɞɜɨɟ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ. ɗɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɸ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ (ɭɝɚɪɭ), ɩɪɢɱɺɦ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɤɫɢɞɨɜ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ ɬɟɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɛɭɪɨɝɨ ɞɵɦɚ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɸ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɜ ɠɢɞɤɨɦ ɫɩɥɚɜɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ, ɧɨ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɧɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɟ. Ɉɤɢɫɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɠɟɥɟɡɨ, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɢ. FeO ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɦ ɢ ɲɥɚɤɨɦ, ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɹɫɶ ɜ ɧɢɯ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, FeO ɢɝɪɚɟɬ ɪɨɥɶ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɬɱɢɤɚ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ: 2Fe + O2 = 2FeO + Q, Mn + FeO = MnO + Fe + Q, Si + 2FeO = SiO2 + 2Fe + Q. ȼ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɩɪɢ t ! 1400 qɋ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɟ ɋ. ɉɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɩɥɚɜɤɢ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɱɭɝɭɧɚ (ɩɟɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢ (ɢɥɢ) ɥɢɬɟɣɧɨɝɨ), ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ. Ⱦɥɹ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɡɥɢɲɧɟɝɨ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɪɭɞɭ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɭɸ ɨɤɫɢɞɵ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɟ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɩɨ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɋ + FeO = Fe + COn - Q (ɷɧɞɨɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ). Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɭɝɚɪɧɵɣ ɝɚɡ, ɬɨ ɜɧɟɲɧɟ ɷɬɨ ɜɵɝɥɹɞɢɬ, ɤɚɤ ɤɢɩɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɚɥɢ. ɏɨɬɹ ɫɬɚɥɶ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɟɺ ɤɢɩɟɧɢɹ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɲɥɚɤɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɪɟɞɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ (P, S). Ⱦɟɮɨɫɮɨɪɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɨ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ 2P + 5FeO + 4CaO = (CaO)4P2O5 + 5Fe + Q – . ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɮɨɫɮɨɪɚ, ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɹɫɶ, ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɦ ɢ ɲɥɚɤɨɦ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɞɜɭɯ, ɬɪɟɯ ɫɤɚɱɢɜɚɧɢɣ ɲɥɚɤɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ Ɋ  0,015 %. ȼ ɷɬɨɬ ɠɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɞɟɫɭɥɶɮɚɰɢɸ. ɇɚɜɨɞɹɬ «ɛɟɥɵɣ» ɲɥɚɤ ɋɚɈ + ɋ (ɤɨɤɫ ɢɥɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɛɨɣ) + ɋɚF2 (ɩɥɚɜɢɤɨɜɵɣ ɲɩɚɬ) ɜ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɢ 12:1:2. FeS + CaO + C = CaS + Fe + COn - Q. ɋɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɞɟɫɭɥɶɮɚɰɢɢ ɞɨ 75 ... 80 %. 2. ȼɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ. ɐɟɥɶ: ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ Fe ɢɡ FeO. Ɉɤɫɢɞɵ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ ɩɪɢ ɡɚɬɜɟɪɞɟɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɜɵɩɚɞɚɸɬ ɢɡ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɢ ɪɟɡɤɨ ɭɯɭɞɲɚɸɬ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɧɵɟ ɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɫɬɚɥɢ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɤɫɢɞɨɜ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɚɠɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ. Ɋɚɫɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɬ ɮɟɪɪɨɫɩɥɚɜɚɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɜɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɠɢɞɤɢɣ ɦɟɬɚɥɥ ɢ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɫ ɧɢɦ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɝɪɭɠɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɲɬɚɧɝɟ ɜ ɲɥɚɤ. ɉɟɪɜɵɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɫɚɠɞɚɸɳɢɦ, ɜɬɨɪɨɣ – ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɨɧɧɵɦ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɛɵɫɬɪɵɦ ɢ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɞɟɲɺɜɵɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ ɪɚɫɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɫɚɠɞɚɸɳɢɣ, ɧɨ ɩɪɢ ɟɝɨ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɭɯɭɞɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɭɞɚɪɧɚɹ ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɶ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ. ɗɬɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɤɫɢɞɨɜ ɜ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɟ ɡɚ ɫɱɺɬ ɦɧɨɝɨɤɪɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɟɪɟɩɥɚɜɟ ɥɢɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɢ ɥɢɬɟɣɧɨɝɨ ɛɪɚɤɚ. Ɋɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɫɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɢ: FeO + Mn = MnO + Fe, 2FeO + Si = SiO2 + 2Fe, 3FeO + 2Al = Al2O3 + 3Fe. 39 ɉɪɢ ɨɫɚɠɞɚɸɳɟɦ ɪɚɫɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɢ ɨɤɫɢɞɵ Mn, Si, Al ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɜɫɩɥɵɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɲɥɚɤ. Ɉɫɬɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɠɢɞɤɨɦ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɟ ɨɤɫɢɞɵ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɦɟɧɶɲɭɸ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ FeO, ɬ. ɤ. ɜ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɫɧɢɠɚɸɬ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɭɞɚɪɧɭɸ ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɶ, ɧɨ ɩɪɢ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɜɢɞɚ ɪɚɫɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɭɯɭɞɲɟɧɢɟ ɜɹɡɤɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ. ɉɪɢ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɨɧɧɨɦ ɪɚɫɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɢ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɲɥɚɤɟ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ ɇɟɪɧɫɬɚ (ɫɦ. ɧɢɠɟ) ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ FeO ɜ ɠɢɞɤɨɦ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɟ. ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɪɚɫɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɤɢɩɹɳɢɟ, ɩɨɥɭɫɩɨɤɨɣɧɵɟ ɢ ɫɩɨɤɨɣɧɵɟ ɫɬɚɥɢ. ɋɚɦɵɣ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɢɣ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɭ ɤɢɩɹɳɢɯ ɫɬɚɥɟɣ. ɉɪɢ ɢɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɦɚɪɝɚɧɟɰ. Ɍɚɤ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɧɢɡɤɨɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɢɫɬɵɟ ɫɬɚɥɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɦɚɥɨɝɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɤɪɟɦɧɢɹ. ɉɪɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɜɤɟ ɨɧɢ ɤɢɩɹɬ ɜ ɢɡɥɨɠɧɢɰɟ. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɥɟɣ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɬ ɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ. Ɏɟɪɪɨɫɩɥɚɜɵ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟ Ni, Co, Mo, Cu, ɧɟ ɨɤɢɫɥɹɸɬɫɹ, ɬ. ɤ. ɢɦɟɸɬ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɟ ɫɪɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɫ O2, ɱɟɦ Fe. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɢɯ ɜɜɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɟ. Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ Si, Mn, Al, Cr, V, Ti ɜɜɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɩɟɱɶ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɪɚɫɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɪɚɡɥɢɜɤɨɣ ɜ ɤɨɜɲ. ɂɧɞɭɤɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɬɢɝɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɥɚɜɢɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɟɱɶ (ɪɢɫ. 5.3) ȼ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɩɟɱɚɯ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɵɩɥɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɫɬɚɥɶ ɫ ɧɢɡɤɢɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ, ɬ. ɤ. ɧɟɬ ɧɚɭɝɥɟɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɝɪɚɮɢɬɨɜɵɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɨɜ. ɉɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɭɝɨɜɵɦɢ ɩɟɱɚɦɢ, ɦɟɬɚɥɥ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɜ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɧɚɫɵɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɝɚɡɚɦɢ. ȼ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɟɱɢ ɫ ɤɢɫɥɨɣ ɮɭɬɟɪɨɜɤɨɣ. ɇɚɝɪɟɜ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɢɧɞɭɤɬɨɪ ɩɟɱɢ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɣ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɟɦɭɸ ɤɚɬɭɲɤɭ, ɧɚɜɨɞɢɬ ɬɨɤɢ ɢɧɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɜ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɟ ɲɢɯɬɵ ɢɥɢ ɠɢɞɤɨɦ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɟ. ɑɚɫɬɨɬɚ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɤɚ ɜ ɢɧɞɭɤɬɨɪɟ M = 500 ... 2500 1/ɫ. ȼ ɢɧɞɭɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɟɱɚɯ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɡɨɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɜɚ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɭɝɚɪ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɭɝɨɜɵɯ ɩɟɱɚɯ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɟ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɨɟ ɩɨɥɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɸ ɠɢɞɤɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɦɭ ɜɵɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɧɢɸ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɠɢɞɤɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ. ȼɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɜɚɧɧɵ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɬɭɝɨɩɥɚɜɤɢɦɢ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɧɢɡɤɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɲɥɚɤɚ ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɹɟɬ ɪɚɫɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɪɚɮɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɲɥɚɤ. ɒɢɯɬɨɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɥɨɦ, ɜɨɡɜɪɚɬ ɥɢɬɟɣɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ, ɛɪɢɤɟɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɠɤɚ. Ⱦɥɹ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɜ ɠɢɞɤɨɦ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɟ, ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɟɝɨ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɟɣ ɜ ɲɢɯɬɟ, ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɠɟɥɟɡɧɚɹ ɪɭɞɚ, ɨɤɚɥɢɧɚ (FeO). Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɤɫɢɞɨɜ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɪɚɫɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɢ. Ɏɥɸɫɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɲɥɚɤɚ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ. ɒɥɚɤɢ ɫɥɭɠɚɬ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɨɬ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɪɟɞɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ. Ⱦɥɹ ɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɥɟɝɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɢ (ɮɟɪɪɨɫɩɥɚɜɵ ɢ ɥɢɝɚɬɭɪɵ). ɐɟɥɶ ɩɥɚɜɤɢ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɞɥɹ ɨɬɥɢɜɨɤ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ, ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɩɨ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɭ ɢ ɥɟɝɢɪɭɸɳɢɦ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ, ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɜɪɟɞɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ S, Ɋ ɢ ɝɚɡɨɜ. S ɢ P ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɤɢɫɥɵɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ Ɋ2Ɉ5, FeS, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɩɥɚɜɤɢ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɨɤɢɫɥɚɦɢ ɲɥɚɤɚ, ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɶɸ CaO. 40 Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɞɥɹ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ S ɢ Ɋ ɧɭɠɟɧ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɣ ɲɥɚɤ, ɚ ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɩɟɱɶ, ɬ. ɟ. ɫ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɮɭɬɟɪɨɜɤɨɣ. 1 2 3 4 Ɋɢɫ. 5.3 ɋɯɟɦɚ ɢɧɞɭɤɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɬɢɝɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɥɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɟɱɢ: 1 – ɦɟɬɚɥɥ, 2 – ɤɪɵɲɤɚ ɩɟɱɢ, 3 – ɢɧɞɭɤɬɨɪ, 4 – ɬɢɝɟɥɶ ȼ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɩɟɱɚɯ ɩɥɚɜɤɭ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɜɟɞɭɬ ɧɚ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɢɫɬɨɣ ɲɢɯɬɟ: ɫɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɥɨɦ 90 %, ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɛɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɤɫ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɭɝɥɟɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɢ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɶ (2–3 %). Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɣ ɲɥɚɤ: CaO 40 … 45 %, SiO2 20 … 25 %, FeO 10 … 15 %. ȼ ɤɢɫɥɨɣ ɩɟɱɢ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɟ S ɢ P ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɧɭɠɧɚ ɱɢɫɬɚɹ ɩɨ S ɢ P ɲɢɯɬɚ, ɲɥɚɤ ɤɢɫɥɵɣ (55 – 58 % SiO2), ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɟ, ɤɪɟɦɧɟɡɟɦ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɟɬ FeO ɜ FeOuSiO2: FeO + SiO2 o FeO u SiO2. ȼ ɤɢɫɥɵɯ ɩɟɱɚɯ ɩɥɚɜɤɭ ɜɟɞɭɬ ɧɚ ɲɢɯɬɟ ɢɡ ɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɛɟɡ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ (ɩɟɪɟɩɥɚɜ). ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɥɚɜɤɢ ɛɚɡɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɡɚɤɨɧɚɯ: Ɂɚɤɨɧ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɦɚɫɫ: ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɪɟɚɝɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ. Ɂɚɤɨɧ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɇɟɪɧɫɬɚ: ɟɫɥɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɞɜɭɯ ɫɨɩɪɢɤɚɫɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ, ɧɨ ɧɟɫɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɹɯ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɦɟɬɚɥɥ ɢ ɲɥɚɤ, ɬɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɢɦɢ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɞɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ – ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɵ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɥɹ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ. ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɢɡɦɟɧɹɹ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɲɥɚɤɚ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ ɜ ɲɥɚɤɟ ɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɟ. ɉɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɤɚɱɢɜɚɹ ɲɥɚɤ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɭɞɚɥɹɬɶ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɢ ɢɡ ɠɢɞɤɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ. ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩ Ʌɟ ɒɚɬɟɥɶɟ: ɜɫɹɤɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɚɹɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ, ɫɬɪɟɦɢɬɫɹ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɬɶ ɷɬɨ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɟ. ɉɪɢ ɥɸɛɨɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɢɡɜɧɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ (ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ, ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ) ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ, ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɸ. ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɢɡɦɟɧɹɹ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ, ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɦɵɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ ɜ ɧɭɠɧɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ. ɋɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɫɬɚɥɢ ȼɚɤɭɭɦɧɚɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ (ɞɟɝɚɡɚɰɢɹ) ɫɬɚɥɢ ɜ ɤɨɜɲɟ. Ɋɚɡɪɟɠɟɧɢɟ ɞɨ Ɋ = 0,267 … 0,667 ɤɉɚ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɸ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɜɫɟɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɺɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɟ ɝɚɡɨɜ. Ɋɚɡɥɢɜɤɚ ɜ ɢɧɟɪɬɧɨɣ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɟ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬ ɨɤɢɫɥɹɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ. 41 ȼɵɞɟɪɠɤɚ ɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɜɤɚ ɩɨɞ ɫɥɨɟɦ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɲɥɚɤɚ: 53 … 55 % ɋɚɈ; 43 … 45 % Al2O3;  3 % SiO2;  1 % FeO. Ɉɧɚ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɟ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɪɟɞɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ. 5.5. ɇɨɜɵɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ (ɩɟɪɟɩɥɚɜɚ) ɫɬɚɥɢ 1. ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɲɥɚɤɨɜɵɣ ɩɟɪɟɩɥɚɜ (ɪɢɫ. 5.4) ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɨɞ ɫɥɨɟɦ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɤɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɳɟɝɨ ɮɥɸɫɚ (ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɩɥɚɜɢɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɲɩɚɬɚ ɋɚF2), ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɜɚɧɧɵ ɞɨ 2000 qɋ. ȿɦɤɨɫɬɶ ɩɟɱɢ ɞɨ 110 ɬ. ɏɨɪɨɲɨ ɭɞɚɥɹɸɬɫɹ S (| ɜ 2 ɪɚɡɚ), ɧɟɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ, ɝɚɡɵ. Ɉɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ, ɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɦɟɥɤɨɡɟɪɧɢɫɬɨɫɬɶ ɫɥɢɬɤɚ. Ɍɨɤ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɣ (ɨɬ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪɚ). 2. ȼɚɤɭɭɦɧɨ-ɞɭɝɨɜɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɩɥɚɜ (ɪɢɫ.5.5). ȿɦɤɨɫɬɶ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɟɱɟɣ ɞɨ 50 ɬ. Ɉɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɢɥɭɱɲɚɹ ɞɟɝɚɡɚɰɢɹ ɫɩɥɚɜɚ. ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɥɚɡɦɟɧɧɨ-ɞɭɝɨɜɚɹ ɩɥɚɜɤɚ. ɉɥɚɡɦɨɬɪɨɧɵ – t = 10000 ... 30000 qɋ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɫɠɚɬɢɹ ɞɭɝɢ ɢɧɟɪɬɧɵɦ ɝɚɡɨɦ (ɧɢɡɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɚɹ ɩɥɚɡɦɚ). Ƚɚɡɵ: ɚɡɨɬ, ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞ, ɚɪɝɨɧ, ɝɟɥɢɣ, ɜɨɡɞɭɯ ɢ ɢɯ ɫɦɟɫɢ. Ⱦɭɝɭ ɡɚɠɢɝɚɸɬ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɨɫɰɢɥɥɹɬɨɪɚ – ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɱɚɫɬɨɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɤɚ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ – ɞɥɹ ɡɚɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ ɞɭɝɢ ɛɟɡ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɦɵɤɚɧɢɹ. ɉɥɚɡɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɹ – ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɣ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ ɬɟɩɥɚ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɜ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚ ɢ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɭ ɩɪɨɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɬɟɩɥɨɜɚɹ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɚ. ɉɥɚɡɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɞɭɝɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɭɸ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ. 3. ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨ-ɥɭɱɟɜɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɩɥɚɜ ɜ ɜɚɤɭɭɦɟ, t = 5000 ... 6000 qɋ, ɤɢɧɠɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ 20:1. ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɚɹ ɩɭɲɤɚ: ɷɦɢɫɫɢɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɨɜ ɫ ɧɚɝɪɟɬɨɝɨ ɤɚɬɨɞɚ, ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɭɱɨɤ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɨɜ, ɭɫɤɨɪɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɞ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ U = 20... 150 ɤȼ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɚɬɨɞɨɦ ɢ ɚɧɨɞɨɦ, ɮɨɤɭɫɢɪɨɜɤɚ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɦɢ ɥɢɧɡɚɦɢ ɢ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɹɸɳɟɣ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ. 1 2 1 3 2 3 4 5 6 4 5 6 7 8 7 Ɋɢɫ. 5.4. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɲɥɚɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɩɥɚɜɚ: 1 – ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞ, 2 – ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɬɨɪ, 3 – ɫɥɨɣ ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɲɥɚɤɚ, 4 – ɤɚɩɥɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ, 5 – ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɜɚɧɧɚ, 6 – ɫɥɢɬɨɤ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ, 7 – ɩɨɞɞɨɧ Ɋɢɫ. 5.5. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɜɚɤɭɭɦɧɨɣ ɞɭɝɨɜɨɣ ɩɟɱɢ ɫ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɭɟɦɵɦ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɨɦ: 1 – ɜɚɤɭɭɦɧɚɹ ɤɚɦɟɪɚ, 2 – ɫɤɨɥɶɡɹɳɟɟ ɜɚɤɭɭɦɧɨɟ ɭɩɥɨɬɧɟɧɢɟ, 3 – ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɟɥɶ, 4 – ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞ, 5 – ɜɚɧɧɚ ɠɢɞɤɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ, 6 – ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɬɨɪ, 7 – ɫɥɢɬɨɤ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ, 8 – ɩɨɞɞɨɧ 42 4. Ʌɚɡɟɪɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɟɩɥɚɜ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɜɚɧɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ t  6000 qɋ. Ⱦɢɚɦɟɬɪ ɩɹɬɧɚ | 0,01 ɦɦ. Ʌɚɡɟɪɧɵɣ ɥɭɱ – ɜɵɧɭɠɞɟɧɧɨɟ ɦɨɧɨɯɪɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ, O = 0,1 … 1000 ɦɤɦ. Ɍɜɟɪɞɨɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɥɚɡɟɪɵ (ɪɚɛɨɱɟɟ ɬɟɥɨ – ɪɭɛɢɧ, ɫɬɟɤɥɨ ɫ ɧɢɨɞɢɦɨɦ ɢ ɞɪ.). Ƚɚɡɨɜɵɟ ɥɚɡɟɪɵ – ɪɚɛɨɱɟɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɋɈ2. Ɋɚɡɥɢɜɤɚ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɧɚ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɭɪɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɜɨɞɚɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɱɭɝɭɧɧɵɟ ɢɡɥɨɠɧɢɰɵ ɢɥɢ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɵ, ɦɚɲɢɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɝɨ ɥɢɬɶɹ ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɨɤ (ɆɇɅɁ) – ɪɢɫ. 5.6. ɋɥɢɬɤɢ ɫ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɵɦ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɵɦ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɟɦ – ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɟɞɟɥɤɢ ɧɚ ɫɨɪɬɨɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɤɚɬ, ɫ ɩɪɹɦɨɭɝɨɥɶɧɵɦ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɟɦ h / b = 1,5 ... 3,0 – ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɤɚɬɚ ɥɢɫɬɚ; ɤɪɭɝɥɵɟ – ɞɥɹ ɬɪɭɛ ɢ ɤɨɥɟɫ. Ɇɚɫɫɚ ɫɥɢɬɤɨɜ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ 0,2 ... 25 ɬ. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɤɨɜɨɤ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɵɟ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ (ɪɢɫ. 5.6, ɞ), ɦɚɫɫɨɣ ɞɨ 300 ɬ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ. ɋɥɢɬɤɢ ɢɡ ɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɦɚɫɫɨɣ 0,5 ... 7 ɬ. ɍɝɥɟɪɨɞɢɫɬɭɸ ɫɬɚɥɶ ɪɚɡɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɫɜɟɪɯɭ, ɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ – ɫɧɢɡɭ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɫɢɮɨɧ. Ʉɭɡɧɟɱɧɵɟ ɫɥɢɬɤɢ ɡɚɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɫɜɟɪɯɭ. ȼɟɪɯɧɹɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɫɥɢɬɤɚ (ɡɚɭɠɟɧɧɚɹ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 5.6, ɚ, ɛ, ɜ) ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɛɵɥɶɸ. ȼ ɧɟɣ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɭɫɚɞɨɱɧɚɹ ɪɚɤɨɜɢɧɚ ɢ ɦɢɤɪɨɪɵɯɥɨɬɵ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɨɣ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɧɚ ɨɬɪɟɡɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɭɸ ɩɟɪɟɩɥɚɜɤɭ. 1 1 1 1 3 2 2 3 3 2 2 4 5 3 654 ɚ ɛ ɝ ɜ ɞ Ɋɢɫ. 5.6. Ɋɚɡɥɢɜɤɚ ɫɬɚɥɢ: ɜ ɢɡɥɨɠɧɢɰɵ: ɚ, ɛ – ɪɚɡɥɢɜɤɚ ɫɜɟɪɯɭ: 1 – ɫɬɚɥɟɪɚɡɥɢɜɨɱɧɵɣ ɤɨɜɲ, 2 – ɢɡɥɨɠɧɢɰɵ, 3 – ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ; ɜ – ɪɚɡɥɢɜɤɚ ɫɢɮɨɧɨɦ: 1 – ɤɨɜɲ, 2 – ɢɡɥɨɠɧɢɰɵ, 3 – ɰɟɧɬɪɨɜɨɣ ɥɢɬɧɢɤ, 4 – ɤɚɧɚɥɵ, 5 – ɫɬɚɥɶ, 6 – ɩɨɞɞɨɧ; ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɚɹ: ɝ – ɫɯɟɦɚ ɥɢɬɶɹ: 1 – ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɩɪɢɟɦɧɢɤ, 2 – ɝɪɚɮɢɬɨɜɚɹ ɧɚɫɚɞɤɚ, 3 – ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɬɨɪ, 4 – ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ, 5 – ɬɹɧɭɳɟɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ; ɞ – ɨɛɪɚɡɰɵ ɨɬɥɢɜɨɤ ȼ ɫɥɢɬɤɚɯ, ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦɵɯ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɣ ɪɚɡɥɢɜɤɨɣ ɧɟɬ ɩɪɢɛɵɥɶɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ. Ɉɧɢ ɩɨ ɜɫɟɣ ɞɥɢɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɟ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɦɟɥɤɨɡɟɪɧɢɫɬɭɸ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜɵɯɨɞ ɝɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɵɫɨɤ (96 ... 98 %). 43 ɌȿɆȺ 6. ɋɉȿɐɂȺɅɖɇɕȿ ɋɉɈɋɈȻɕ ɅɂɌɖə 6.1. Ʌɢɬɶɟ ɜ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɨɜɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɋɯɟɦɚ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 6.1. Ɏɨɪɦɨɜɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɶɸ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɤɜɚɪɰɟɜɵɣ ɩɟɫɨɤ ɢ ɬɟɪɦɨɪɟɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɫɦɨɥɵ (4 ... 7 % ɩɭɥɶɜɟɪɛɚɤɟɥɢɬɚ ɢɥɢ ɤɚɪɛɚɦɢɞɚ). Ɇɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɥɢɬɵ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɟ ɢɡ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɤɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɨ 200 ... 250 qɋ. ɇɚ ɧɢɯ ɧɚɫɵɩɚɸɬ ɮɨɪɦɨɜɨɱɧɭɸ ɫɦɟɫɶ. ɉɪɢ ɜɵɞɟɪɠɤɟ 10 ... 30 ɫɟɤ. ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɭɬɜɟɪɞɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɨɣ 5...20 ɦɦ. ɇɟɡɚɬɜɟɪɞɟɜɲɚɹ ɫɦɟɫɶ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɜɨɪɨɬɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɥɢɬɵ ɧɚ 180° ɫɫɵɩɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɛɭɧɤɟɪ. Ɉɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɬɜɟɪɞɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɩɟɱɢ ɩɪɢ t = 300 ... 350 qɋ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ 1 … 1,5 ɦɢɧ. ɉɟɪɟɞ ɡɚɥɢɜɤɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɢ ɧɢɠɧɢɯ ɩɨɥɭɮɨɪɦ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɡɚɮɨɪɦɨɜɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɩɨɤɚɯ ɫ ɡɚɫɵɩɤɨɣ ɢɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɪɨɛɶɸ ɢɥɢ ɤɜɚɪɰɟɜɵɦ ɩɟɫɤɨɦ. Ɇɚɫɫɚ ɨɬɥɢɜɨɤ – 0,25 ... 100 ɤɝ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɥɢɬɶɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɫɟɪɢɣɧɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ, ɬ. ɤ. ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɩɨɞɞɚɺɬɫɹ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ. Ɇɟɬɨɞ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɥɭɱɲɢɟ, ɱɟɦ ɩɪɢ ɥɢɬɶɟ ɜ ɉȽɎ. Ɍɨɥɳɢɧɚ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɨɬɥɢɜɤɢ 3…15 ɦɦ, ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɛɪɚɤɚ ɜ 1,5 ... 2 ɪɚɡɚ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɥɢɬɶɺɦ ɜ ɉȽɎ ɮɨɪɦɵ. ɇɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ: ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɫɦɨɥɹɧɵɯ ɫɦɟɫɟɣ. 3 4 5 8 1 7 6 ɚ 5 9 2 ɜ ɛ Ɋɢɫ. 6.1. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɨɜɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ: ɚ – ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ; ɛ – ɫɴɟɦ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ; ɜ – ɫɛɨɪɤɚ ɮɨɪɦɵ; 1,2 – ɬɨɥɤɚɬɟɥɢ, 3 – ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɨɬɥɢɜɤɢ, 4 – ɩɟɫɱɚɧɨ-ɫɦɨɥɹɧɚɹ ɫɦɟɫɶ, 5 – ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ, 6 – ɫɬɟɪɠɟɧɶ, 7 – ɫɨɛɪɚɧɧɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ, 8 – ɥɢɬɧɢɤɨɜɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ, 9 – ɩɟɫɨɤ ɢɥɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɞɪɨɛɶ 6.2. Ʌɢɬɶɟ ɩɨ ɜɵɩɥɚɜɥɹɟɦɵɦ ɦɨɞɟɥɹɦ ɋɭɳɧɨɫɬɶ: ɥɢɬɶɟ ɜ ɧɟɪɚɡɴɟɦɧɭɸ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɨɜɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɠɢɞɤɢɯ ɮɨɪɦɨɜɨɱɧɵɯ ɫɦɟɫɟɣ ɩɨ ɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɧɟɪɚɡɴɟɦɧɨɣ ɪɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɜɵɩɥɚɜɥɹɟɦɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɢɡ ɥɟɝɤɨɩɥɚɜɤɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ (ɜɨɫɤ, ɫɬɟɚɪɢɧ ɢ ɞɪ.). Ɇɨɞɟɥɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɟɫɫ-ɮɨɪɦ, ɢɡɝɨɬɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɨɬɥɢɜɤɢ (ɪɢɫ. 6.2, ɚ). ɋɨɛɢɪɚɸɬ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɩɚɣɤɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ ɢ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɥɢɬɧɢɤɨɜɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ (ɪɢɫ. 6.2, ɛ, ɜ). Ɇɚɤɚɸɬ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ 44 ɜ ɫɭɫɩɟɧɡɢɸ, ɡɚɬɟɦ ɫɥɨɣ ɨɛɫɵɩɚɸɬ ɫɭɯɢɦ ɩɟɫɤɨɦ (ɪɢɫ. 6.2, ɝ, ɞ). ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɬ ɩɨɞɫɭɲɤɭ. Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɚɡ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɸɬ ɧɚɧɟɫɟɧɢɟ ɫɥɨɺɜ. Ɉɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɭɲɤɚ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɧɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɟ 2 ... 2,5 ɱɚɫɚ. ɋɭɫɩɟɧɡɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɠɢɞɤɨɝɨ ɫɬɟɤɥɚ ɢɥɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɷɬɢɥɫɢɥɢɤɚɬɚ, ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɩɵɥɟɜɢɞɧɵɦɢ ɤɜɚɪɰɟɦ, ɦɚɝɧɟɡɢɬɨɦ, ɲɚɦɨɬɨɦ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɫɭɲɤɢ ɢɡ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɟɤ ɜɵɩɥɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɞɟɬɚɥɢ ɢ ɥɢɬɧɢɤɨɜɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ (ɪɢɫ. 6.2, ɟ). ȼɵɩɥɚɜɤɭ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɬ ɩɚɪɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɢɞɚɧɢɹ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɤɚɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɜ ɩɟɱɢ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ 900 ... 950 qɋ (ɪɢɫ. 6.2, ɠ). ɉɟɪɟɞ ɡɚɥɢɜɤɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ ɡɚɫɵɩɚɸɬ ɩɟɫɤɨɦ ɜ ɨɩɨɤɟ (ɤɨɧɬɟɣɧɟɪɟ) (ɪɢɫ. 6.2, ɡ). ɗɬɨɬ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɫɟɪɢɣɧɨɦ ɢ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ. Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧ ɢ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧ. Ɉɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɱɢɫɬɨɬɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ. ɗɬɢɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɶ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɨɬɥɢɜɤɢ. ɋɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɨɬɥɢɜɤɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɟɣ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɥɟɝɤɨɩɥɚɜɤɢɯ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ. ɉɪɢɩɭɫɤɢ ɧɚ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ – 0,2 ... 0,7 ɦɦ. Ɍɨɥɳɢɧɚ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɨɬɥɢɜɤɢ – 1 ... 3 ɦɦ. ɇɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ: ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɬɪɭɞɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ. Ɂɚɦɟɬɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɫɤɭɥɶɩɬɭɪɵ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɷɬɢɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ, ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɢɡɝɨɬɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɜ ɩɪɟɫɫ-ɮɨɪɦɟ, ɚ ɜɪɭɱɧɭɸ. 1 4 5 2 3 ɚ ɛ 6 7 ɜ ɝ ɞ 11 12 13 14 8 9 15 16 10 ɟ ɠ ɡ Ɋɢɫ. 6.2. ɉɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɥɢɬɶɹ ɩɨ ɜɵɩɥɚɜɥɹɟɦɵɦ ɦɨɞɟɥɹɦ: 1 – ɩɪɟɫɫ-ɮɨɪɦɚ, 2 – ɦɨɞɟɥɶ, 3 – ɦɨɞɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɛɥɨɤ, 4 – ɟɦɤɨɫɬɶ, 5 – ɤɟɪɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɭɫɩɟɧɡɢɹ, 6 – ɨɩɨɤɚ, 7 – ɤɜɚɪɰɟɜɵɣ ɩɟɫɨɤ, 8 – ɛɚɤ, 9 – ɝɨɪɹɱɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ, 10 – ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɶ, 11 – ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɟɱɶ, 12 – ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ, 13 – ɠɚɪɨɫɬɨɣɤɚɹ ɨɩɨɤɚ, 14 – ɩɟɫɨɤ, 15 – ɤɨɜɲ,16 – ɠɢɞɤɢɣ ɦɟɬɚɥɥ 6.3. Ʌɢɬɶɟ ɜ ɤɨɤɢɥɶ (ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ) ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɤɢɥɟɣ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɱɭɝɭɧɵ ɋɑ20, ɋɑ25, ȼɑ42-12. ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɬɚɥɢ 10 ɢ 20, 15ɏɆɅ. Ʌɢɬɶɺ ɜ ɤɨɤɢɥɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɥɢɜɨɤ ɢɡ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɹ ɢ ɦɚɝɧɢɹ. Ⱦɥɹ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ ɥɢɬɶɺ ɜ ɤɨɤɢɥɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɪɟɞɤɨ, ɬ. ɤ. ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɤɢɥɟɣ ɩɪɢ ɡɚɥɢɜɤɟ ɢɯ ɫɬɚɥɶɸ ɢɥɢ ɱɭɝɭɧɨɦ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɦɚɥɚ. 45 Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɤɨɤɢɥɹ, ɟɝɨ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚ ɞɨ 150 ... 200 qɋ, ɫɦɚɡɤɢ ɢ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɤɢɥɹ ɨɝɧɟɭɩɨɪɧɵɦ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɨɦ 0,3 ... 0,8 ɦɦ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɭɫɩɟɧɡɢɢ. ɉɪɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɜ ɤɨɤɢɥɶ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɢ, ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɟɝɨ ɫɛɨɪɤɚ ɢ ɫɦɵɤɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ. Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɤɨɤɢɥɶ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ 150 ... 350 qɋ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɡɚɥɢɜɤɚ, ɜɵɞɟɪɠɤɚ, ɪɚɫɤɪɵɬɢɟ, ɜɵɛɢɜɤɚ ɢɡ ɨɬɥɢɜɨɤ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɟɣ (ɩɟɫɱɚɧɵɯ). Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɤɨɤɢɥɢ ɫ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɢ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɪɚɡɴɟɦɨɦ. ɂɧɨɝɞɚ ɤɨɤɢɥɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢɥɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɨɛɥɢɰɨɜɵɜɚɸɬ ɨɝɧɟɭɩɨɪɧɵɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɢɯ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɨɛɥɟɝɱɟɧɢɹ Ⱦɨɫɬɨɢɧɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɪɟɦɨɧɬɚ.ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ ɢ ɧɢɡɤɚɹ ɲɟɪɨɯɨɜɚɬɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɨɬɥɢɜɨɤ. ɇɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ: ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɤɢɥɹ, ɧɢɡɤɚɹ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɨɬɥɢɜɨɤ ɢɡ ɱɭɝɭɧɚ ɢ ɫɬɚɥɢ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɬɟɩɥɨɺɦɤɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɤɢɥɹ, ɬɪɭɞɧɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɬɨɧɤɨɫɬɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɟɬɚɥɢ. 2 5 3 6 ɪ 7 ɪ 1 4 ɚ ɪ ɪ 8 ɛ ɪ ɪɪ ɪ ɝ ɜ ɪ ɪ ɪ ɞ Ɋɢɫ. 6.3. ɉɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɥɢɜɤɢ ɜ ɤɨɤɢɥɟ: 1 – ɩɨɞɞɨɧ, 2, 3 – ɞɜɟ ɩɨɥɭɮɨɪɦɵ, 4 – ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɬɟɪɠɟɧɶ, 5 – ɩɭɥɶɜɟɪɢɡɚɬɨɪ, 6 – ɩɟɫɱɚɧɵɣ ɫɬɟɪɠɟɧɶ, 7 – ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜ, 8 – ɨɬɥɢɜɤɚ 6.4. ɐɟɧɬɪɨɛɟɠɧɨɟ ɥɢɬɶɟ Ɂɚɥɢɜɤɚ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜɨ ɜɪɚɳɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɮɨɪɦɵ. Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɥɢɬɶɺ ɜɨ ɜɪɚɳɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɫ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɫɹɦɢ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ. ɐɟɧɬɪɨɛɟɠɧɵɣ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɥɢɬɶɹ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɶ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɟ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɹ ɜ ɨɬɥɢɜɤɚɯ ɛɟɡ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɟɣ, ɬ. ɤ. ɦɟɬɚɥɥ ɩɨɞ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɛɟɠɧɵɯ ɫɢɥ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɬɶ ɝɪɚɜɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ, ɨɬɛɪɚɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɵɦ ɫɬɟɧɤɚɦ ɮɨɪɦɵ. ɉɪɢ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɢ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɫ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɫɶɸ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɞɥɢɧɧɵɟ ɨɬɥɢɜɤɢ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɷɬɨɬ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɱɭɝɭɧɧɵɯ ɬɪɭɛ (D = 50 ... 1500 ɦɦ ɢ ɞɥɢɧɨɣ 4 ... 5 ɦ). ɑɚɫɬɨɬɚ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɛɢɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɭ ɬɪɭɛɵ ɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ 150 ... 1200 ɨɛ/ɦɢɧ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɰɟɧɬɪɨɛɟɠɧɵɟ ɫɢɥɵ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬ ɤ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɸ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɥɟɝɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ (ɲɥɚɤɚ, ɨɤɫɢɞɨɜ, ɝɚɡɨɜɵɯ ɩɭɡɵɪɟɣ) ɧɚ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɸɸ ɩɨɜɟɪɯ46 ɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɬɥɢɜɤɢ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɷɬɨɬ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɶ ɨɬɥɢɜɤɢ ɫ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ. ȿɝɨ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɥɢɬɶɹ ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɨɤ, ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɡɭɛɱɚɬɵɯ ɤɨɥɺɫ, ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɫ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɫɶɸ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ. Ⱦɨɫɬɨɢɧɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ, ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɶ ɞɜɭɯɫɥɨɣɧɵɟ ɞɟɬɚɥɢ. ɇɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɢɡɤɨɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ. 1 5 6 2 4 7 8 ɚ 3 2 3 2 1 4 1 6 ɛ 5 4 3 ɜ Ɋɢɫ. 6.4. ɋɯɟɦɵ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɥɢɜɨɤ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɛɟɠɧɵɦ ɥɢɬɶɟɦ: ɚ: 1 – ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶ, 2 – ɢɡɥɨɠɧɢɰɚ, 3 – ɠɟɥɨɛ, 4 – ɤɨɜɲ, 5 – ɨɬɥɢɜɤɢ, 6 – ɤɨɠɭɯ, 7 – ɨɩɨɪɧɵɟ ɪɨɥɢɤɢ, 8 – ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɨɜɵɣ ɫɬɟɪɠɟɧɶ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɧɰɚ ɬɪɭɛɵ; ɛ: 1 – ɲɩɢɧɞɟɥɶ, 2 – ɥɢɬɟɣɧɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ, 3 – ɨɬɥɢɜɤɚ, 4 – ɪɚɡɥɢɜɨɱɧɵɣ ɤɨɜɲ; ɜ: 1, 6 – ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɤɢ ɤɨɤɢɥɹ, 2 – ɫɬɟɪɠɟɧɶ, 3 – ɫɬɨɥ ɦɚɲɢɧɵ, 4 – ɫɬɟɪɠɟɧɶ, 5 – ɲɩɢɧɞɟɥɶ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɛɟɠɧɨɣ ɦɚɲɢɧɵ 6.5. Ʌɢɬɶɟ ɩɨɞ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɨɬɥɢɜɨɤ, ɤ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɴɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɥɢɬɶɺ ɩɨɞ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ (10 ... 40 Ɇɉɚ) ɜ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɫɫ-ɮɨɪɦɵ. Ɉɧɢ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɨɛɵɱɧɵɯ ɤɨɤɢɥɟɣ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ. ɉɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɷɬɢɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɦɚɥɨɣ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ, ɬ. ɤ. ɨɧ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɶ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɹ ɦɚɥɨɝɨ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɚ ɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɬɨɱɧɭɸ ɪɟɡɶɛɭ. Ʌɢɬɶɺ ɩɨɞ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɦɟɥɤɢɯ ɨɬɥɢɜɨɤ ɢɡ Mg ɢ Zn, ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ ɫ ɦɚɫɫɨɣ ɦɟɧɟɟ 45 ɤɝ (ɤɨɪɩɭɫɚ ɢ ɤɪɵɲɤɢ ɤɚɪɛɸɪɚɬɨɪɨɜ, ɬɨɩɥɢɜɧɵɯ ɧɚɫɨɫɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɟɣ). Ɇɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɚ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨ 0,8 ɦɦ. ɗɬɨɬ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ ɢɡ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɚɫɫ. Ɂɚɦɟɬɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɥɟɝɤɨɩɥɚɜɤɢɯ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ ɩɪɢ ɥɢɬɶɟ ɩɨ ɜɵɩɥɚɜɥɹɟɦɵɦ ɦɨɞɟɥɹɦ. ɇɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨ ɫɩɥɚɜɚɦ ɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɟɫɫ-ɮɨɪɦ ɢ ɦɚɲɢɧ ɞɥɹ ɥɢɬɶɹ ɩɨɞ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ. ɊȺɁȾȿɅ III. ɈȻɊȺȻɈɌɄȺ ɆȿɌȺɅɅɈȼ ȾȺȼɅȿɇɂȿɆ (ɈɆȾ) 47 ɌȿɆȺ 7. ɋɍɓɇɈɋɌɖ ɈȻɊȺȻɈɌɄɂ ɆȿɌȺɅɅɈȼ ȾȺȼɅȿɇɂȿɆ. ɇȺȽɊȿȼ ɆȿɌȺɅɅȺ ɉɈȾ ɈɆȾ Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɭɸ ɢ ɝɨɪɹɱɭɸ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ. ȼ ɨɛɨɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɞɜɢɝɨɜ ɚɬɨɦɨɜ ɩɨ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɹɦ ɫɤɨɥɶɠɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɡɺɪɧɚɯ ɩɨɥɢɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ. 7.1. ɏɨɥɨɞɧɚɹ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɉɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɫɞɜɢɝɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɞɟɮɟɤɬɨɜ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ – ɞɢɫɥɨɤɚɰɢɣ, ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɹɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɫɞɜɢɝɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɣ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɬɶ ɜɫɺ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ, ɬ. ɤ. ɦɟɬɚɥɥ ɭɩɪɨɱɧɹɟɬɫɹ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɡɚɩɚɫ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ. ɗɬɨ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɤɥɟɩɨɦ. ɉɪɢ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɥɢɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɚ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɭɩɨɪɹɞɨɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɢɫɥɨɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɡɟɪɧɚ ɞɪɨɛɹɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɛɥɨɤɢ ɢ ɜɵɬɹɝɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ. ɂɦɟɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɢ ɢ ɝɚɡɨɜɵɟ ɩɭɡɵɪɶɤɢ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɸɬ ɜɵɬɹɧɭɬɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɜ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɢɫɬɚɹ ɦɢɤɪɨɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ (ɪɢɫ. 7.1, ɚ). ɂɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɩɪɨɱɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɢɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɜ 1,5 ... 2 ɪɚɡɚ ɜɵɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɭ ɦɨɧɨɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɚ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɡɺɪɟɧ ɫ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɤɨɣ. Ʉɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɩɨɞɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɩɥɚɜɵ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɤɨɦɧɚɬɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɨɞɧɨɮɚɡɧɭɸ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɭɸ ɢɡ ɬɜɺɪɞɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ, ɢɥɢ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɬɜɺɪɞɵɯ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɣ, ɹɜɥɹɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɹɸɬ ɦɚɥɨɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɢɫɬɵɟ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɫ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɦɟɧɟɟ 0,25 %, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɞɧɨɮɚɡɧɵɟ ɥɚɬɭɧɢ ɢ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɟɜɵɟ ɫɩɥɚɜɵ. ɉɪɢ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɛɟɡ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ ɢ ɥɭɱɲɟɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɩɥɨɬɶ ɞɨ ɭɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɟɦ, ɧɨ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɚ, ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɜɟɥɢɤɨ, ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬɫɹ ɦɚɲɢɧɵ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ. ɗɬɨɬ ɜɢɞ ɈɆȾ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ. ɒɢɪɨɤɨɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɲɥɚ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɚɹ ɥɢɫɬɨɜɚɹ ɲɬɚɦɩɨɜɤɚ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɧɵɯ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ ɥɟɝɤɨɜɵɯ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɟɣ ɢ ɤɚɛɢɧ ɝɪɭɡɨɜɨɝɨ ɚɜɬɨɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ. ɉɪɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɬɨɥɫɬɨɫɬɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɣ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɨɬɠɢɝɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ. 7.2. Ƚɨɪɹɱɚɹ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɉɪɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɟ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨɞɟɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɞɨ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ (ɞɥɹ ɱɢɫɬɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ – ɜɵɲɟ 0,4 ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ) ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɪɟɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɜ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɰɟɧɬɪɵ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɪɚɫɬɭɬ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɧɵɟ ɢ ɪɚɜɧɨɨɫɧɵɟ ɡɟɪɧɚ, ɚ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɭɩɪɨɱɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ. Ɍɚɤɚɹ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɟɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɨɬɠɢɝɨɦ. ɑɟɦ ɜɵɲɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚ, ɬɟɦ ɜɵɲɟ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ 48 ɪɟɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ (Vɪɟɤɪ). ɉɪɢ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɬɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɭɩɪɨɱɧɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɡɭɩɪɨɱɧɟɧɢɹ (ɪɟɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ) ɫɨɜɦɟɳɚɸɬɫɹ. ɉɪɢ t t 0,7 Ɍ ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɭɫɩɟɜɚɟɬ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɣɬɢ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɨɛɴɟɦɟ ɬɟɥɚ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɭ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɫɫɟ ɢɥɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɭɞɚɪɚɦɢ ɦɨɥɨɬɚ, ɭɩɪɨɱɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ (ɪɢɫ. 7.1, ɛ). Ɍɚɤɚɹ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɣ. ɚ ɛ Ɋɢɫ. 7.1. ɋɯɟɦɵ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɦɢɤɪɨɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɩɪɢ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ: ɚ – ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨɣ; ɛ – ɝɨɪɹɱɟɣ Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɣ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɺɬɫɹ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɢɫɬɚɹ ɦɢɤɪɨɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ, ɬ. ɤ. ɲɥɚɤɨɜɵɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɝɚɡɨɜɵɟ ɩɭɡɵɪɢ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɸɬ ɜɵɬɹɧɭɬɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɜ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ. ȿɫɥɢ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɢɫɬɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ, ɬɨ ɭɫɬɚɥɨɫɬɧɭɸ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɧɭɬɨɝɨ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɜɵɫɢɬɶ ɧɚ 20 ... 30 %, ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟɦ. ɗɬɨɬ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɤɚɬɤɟ ɜ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɡɭɛɶɟɜ ɡɭɛɱɚɬɵɯ ɤɨɥɺɫ. ɋɥɢɬɤɢ, ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦɵɟ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɩɥɚɜɤɟ ɫɬɚɥɢ, ɢɦɟɸɬ ɤɪɚɣɧɟ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɭɸ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ (ɪɢɫ. 1.5). ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɣ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɭɥɭɱɲɚɟɬɫɹ: ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɟ ɩɭɫɬɨɬɵ ɢ ɪɵɯɥɨɬɵ ɡɚɜɚɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ, ɦɟɬɚɥɥ ɭɩɥɨɬɧɹɟɬɫɹ, ɞɟɧɞɪɢɬɵ ɢɡɦɟɥɶɱɚɸɬɫɹ, ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ. ɉɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ 80 % ɜɵɩɥɚɜɥɹɟɦɨɣ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦ ɜɢɞɚɦ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɨɤ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ. ɉɪɢ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɣ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɢɠɟ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɭɫɚɞɤɢ, ɨɤɚɥɢɧɵ ɢ ɨɛɟɡɭɝɥɟɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ. ɇɨ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɧɢɡɤɨɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬɫɹ ɦɚɲɢɧɵ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɣ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ. Ƚɨɪɹɱɚɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɚɥɨɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɵɯ ɢ ɬɪɭɞɧɨɞɟɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ. ɂɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɦɢɤɪɨɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɩɪɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɦ. ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 7.1. ɉɪɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɟ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɞɨ a 1200 qɋ ɟɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ a10 ɪɚɡ, ɚ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ 3 ... 4 ɪɚɡɚ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɚ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɪɟɡɤɨɝɨ ɭɯɭɞɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɜɚ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɠɨɝɚ. ɉɟɪɟɝɪɟɜ – ɷɬɨ ɱɪɟɡɦɟɪɧɵɣ ɪɨɫɬ ɡɟɪɟɧ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɟ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɭɯɭɞɲɟɧɢɸ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ. Ɂɚɦɟɬɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɜɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɭɫɬɪɚɧɢɬɶ ɬɟɪɦɨɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɨɣ (ɧɨɪɦɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ). 49 ɉɟɪɟɠɨɝ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚɦ ɡɟɪɟɧ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹɦ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɢɦɢ. ɉɟɪɟɠɨɝ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɢɫɩɪɚɜɢɦɵɦ ɛɪɚɤɨɦ. Ɇɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɟɦɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɚ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ. Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥ ɈɆȾ ɞɥɹ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɢɫɬɵɯ ɫɬɚɥɟɣ ɧɚ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɨ-ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞ ɫɦ. ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 7.2, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ. 4. Ɋɢɫ. 7.2. ɂɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɵ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚ ɩɪɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 4 Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥ ɈɆȾ ɋɩɥɚɜ ɢ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɜ % Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ,qɋ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɤɨɧɰɚ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɋɬɚɥɶ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɢɫɬɚɹ: ɋ d 0,3 ɋ = 0,3 ... 0,5 ɋɬɚɥɶ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ Ⱥɥɸɦɢɧɢɟɜɵɟ ɫɩɥɚɜɵ Ⱦ1 (ɞɸɪɚɥɶ), ɋɢɥɭɦɢɧɵ ȺɄ2, ȺɄ4, ȺɄ5, ȺɄ6 Ɇɟɞɧɵɟ ɫɩɥɚɜɵ Ȼɪ. Ⱥɀ Ɇɰ 10-3-1,5; Ȼɪ. Ⱥɀɇ 10-4-4 Ʌ 59 Ɍɢɬɚɧɨɜɵɣ ɫɩɥɚɜ ȼɌ 8 1200 ... 1150 1150 ... 1100 1150 ... 1100 470 ... 490 800 ... 850 800 ... 850 850 ... 875 350 ... 380 850 700 750 1100 600 900 ɉɪɢ ɧɟɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɦ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɟ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɜ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɟ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɬɪɟɳɢɧ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɟɦɚɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚ (ɢ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɩɥɚɜɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɨɣ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ. ɉɟɪɟɩɚɞ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ ɩɨ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɸ ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ ɛɨɥɟɟ 100 qɋ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɟ ɫɥɢɬɤɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɸɬ ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɞɨɥɝɨ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫɥɢɬɨɤ 40 ɬ ɝɪɟɸɬ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ 24 ɱɚɫɨɜ. ɑɟɦ ɜɵɲɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɧɨɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɥɟɝɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɞɨɛɚɜɨɤ, ɬɟɦ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɧɢɠɟ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɫɬɶ. ɉɪɢ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɨɦ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɥɢɬɶɺɦ, ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɧɭɬɵɯ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ. ɇɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚ ɞɨ | 750 qɋ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɟɧ, ɬ. ɤ. ɢɦɟɧɧɨ 50 ɨɧ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɰɟɥɨɫɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ. ȼɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɟ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɚ, ɬ. ɤ. ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɧɢɡɤɚ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɟ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɨɤɨɥɨ 2/3 ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚ. ɉɪɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ ɧɚɝɪɟɜ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɟɫɬɢ ɫ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ. ɇɚɝɪɟɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɤɚɦɟɪɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɟɱɚɯ. ɇɚɝɪɟɜ ɜ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɨɦ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɟɡɭɝɥɟɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ. Ⱦɥɹ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɨɛɟɡɭɝɥɟɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɤɚɥɢɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɠɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɟɫɬɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜ ɫ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɨɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ ɥɢɛɨ ɜ ɡɚɳɢɬɧɨɣ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɟ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɜɚɤɭɭɦɟ. Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɦɚɹ ɩɟɱɶɸ, ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɩɟɱɢ, ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ ɬɟɩɥɨɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɨɤ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɭ ɩɟɱɢ. ɉɪɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɚɝɪɟɜɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ 8 ... 10 ɪɚɡ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɨɦ ɝɚɡɨɜɵɦ ɩɥɚɦɟɧɟɦ, ɭɝɚɪ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ 4 ... 5 ɪɚɡ (ɞɨ 0,5 %). Ɋɚɫɯɨɞ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ a 500 ɤɜɬ.ɱɚɫ/ɤɝ. ɌȿɆȺ 8. ɉɈɅɍɑȿɇɂȿ ɆȺɒɂɇɈɋɌɊɈɂɌȿɅɖɇɕɏ ɉɊɈɎɂɅȿɃ 8.1. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɟɣ Ɏɨɪɦɭ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɤɚɬɚ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɟɦ. ɋɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɮɨɪɦ ɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɟɣ, ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦɵɯ ɩɪɨɤɚɬɤɨɣ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɫɨɪɬɚɦɟɧɬɨɦ. ɋɨɪɬɚɦɟɧɬ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ: ɫɨɪɬɨɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɤɚɬ, ɥɢɫɬɨɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɤɚɬ, ɬɪɭɛɵ ɢ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ. ɋɨɪɬɨɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɤɚɬ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɣ (ɤɪɭɝ, ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬ, ɲɟɫɬɢɝɪɚɧɧɢɤ ɢ ɞɪ.) ɢ ɮɚɫɨɧɧɵɣ (ɭɝɨɥɤɢ, ɬɚɜɪɵ, ɞɜɭɬɚɜɪɵ, ɪɟɥɶɫɵ ɢ ɞɪ.). 8.2. ɉɪɨɤɚɬɤɚ ɉɪɨɤɚɬɤɚ – ɷɬɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɈɆȾ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɞɚɜɥɢɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɟɝɨ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɜɪɚɳɚɸɳɢɦɢɫɹ ɜɚɥɤɚɦɢ ɩɪɨɤɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɧɚ. ɉɪɨɤɚɬɤɟ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨ 90 % ɫɬɚɥɢ, ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ. Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɭɸ, ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɭɸ ɢ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨ-ɜɢɧɬɨɜɭɸ ɩɪɨɤɚɬɤɢ. ɋɯɟɦɵ ɩɪɨɤɚɬɤɢ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 8.1. ɚ ɛ ɜ ɝ Ɋɢɫ. 8.1. ɋɯɟɦɵ ɩɪɨɤɚɬɤɢ: ɚ ɢ ɛ – ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɚɹ; ɜ – ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɚɹ; ɝ – ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨ-ɜɢɧɬɨɜɚɹ; 1 – ɜɚɥɤɢ, 2 – ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ ɉɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɤɚɬɤɟ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨ 80 % ɩɪɨɤɚɬɚ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɜɚɥɤɢ ɜɪɚɳɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ. Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɜɵɬɹɠɤɢ O = Ⱥn-1/Ⱥn = 51 1,1 ... 2,0 ɡɚ ɨɞɢɧ ɩɪɨɯɨɞ, ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɤɚɬɤɢ ɞɨ 50 ɦ/ɫɟɤ. ȼɚɥɤɢ ɛɵɜɚɸɬ ɝɥɚɞɤɢɦɢ (ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɤɚɬɤɟ ɥɢɫɬɚ) ɢɥɢ ɫ ɮɢɝɭɪɧɵɦɢ ɜɵɪɟɡɚɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɪɬɚɦɟɧɬɚ. ȼɵɪɟɡɵ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɪɭɱɶɹɦɢ. ɉɚɪɚ ɜɵɪɟɡɨɜ ɜ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɦ ɢ ɧɢɠɧɟɦ ɜɚɥɤɚɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɤɚɥɢɛɪ. ɉɚɪɚ ɜɚɥɤɨɜ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɤɚɥɢɛɪɨɜ. ɉɪɢ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɤɚɬɤɟ ɜɚɥɤɢ ɜɪɚɳɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ, ɚ ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ ɜɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɨɫɢ ɜɚɥɤɨɜ ɢ ɨɛɠɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɟɣ. ɉɪɢ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨ-ɜɢɧɬɨɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɤɚɬɤɟ ɜɚɥɤɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɩɨɞ ɭɝɥɨɦ ɞɪɭɝ ɤ ɞɪɭɝɭ ɢ ɜɪɚɳɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɹ ɜɪɚɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ. ɉɪɨɤɚɬɧɵɟ ɫɬɚɧɵ ɩɨ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɨ- ɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɤɥɟɬɶɟɜɵɟ. Ɋɚɛɨɱɢɟ ɤɥɟɬɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɬɶ ɢɡ ɞɜɭɯ ɜɚɥɤɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɛɵɬɶ ɦɧɨɝɨɜɚɥɤɨɜɵɦɢ. ɉɪɨɤɚɬɧɵɟ ɫɬɚɧɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɸ: x Ɉɛɠɢɦɧɵɟ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɬ ɫɨ ɫɥɢɬɤɚɦɢ ɦɚɫɫɨɣ ɞɨ 15 ɬ ɢɥɢ ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɤɚɦɢ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɝɨ ɥɢɬɶɹ. ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɬ ɫɥɢɬɤɢ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ – ɛɥɸɦɵ (ɨɬ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɚ 150 ɞɨ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɚ 450) ɢɥɢ ɩɪɹɦɨɭɝɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ – ɫɥɹɛɵ (ɫ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚɦɢ 350 u 2300 ɦɦ). x Ɂɚɝɨɬɨɜɨɱɧɵɟ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɛɥɸɦɵ ɩɪɨɤɚɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɝɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚ. x ɋɨɪɬɨɜɵɟ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɬ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɟ ɢ ɮɚɫɨɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɢ ɢɡ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɨɤ. x ɉɪɨɜɨɥɨɱɧɵɟ. x Ʉɚɥɢɛɪɨɜɨɱɧɵɟ (ɯɨɥɨɞɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɤɚɬɤɚ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɟɣ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ). x Ʌɢɫɬɨɩɪɨɤɚɬɧɵɟ (ɝɨɪɹɱɚɹ ɩɪɨɤɚɬɤɚ ɫɥɹɛɨɜ ɢ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɤɚɬɤɚ ɥɢɫɬɚ ɞɨ 0,15 ɢ ɥɟɧɬɵ ɞɨ 0,015 ɦɦ). x Ɍɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɤɚɬɧɵɟ (ɝɨɪɹɱɟɤɚɬɚɧɵɟ ɛɟɫɲɨɜɧɵɟ ɞɢɦɟɬɪɨɦ 25 ... 600 ɢ ɫɜɚɪɧɵɟ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ 10 ... 2500 ɩɪɢ G ɞɨ 0,5 ɦɦ). x Ɋɟɥɶɫɨɛɚɥɨɱɧɵɟ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɢɡ ɛɥɸɦɨɜ ɢɡɝɨɬɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɪɟɥɶɫɵ, ɞɜɭɬɚɜɪɵ ɢ ɲɜɟɥɥɟɪɚ. x ɋɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ: ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɝɧɭɬɵɯ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɟɣ, ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɤɚɬɚ, ɮɚɫɨɧɧɨɝɨ (ɞɥɹ ɨɛɨɞɚ ɤɨɥɟɫɚ ɩɨɞ ɡɚɜɢɜɤɭ ɢ ɫɜɚɪɤɭ, ɛɚɲɦɚɤɢ ɬɪɚɤɬɨɪɚ, ɧɚɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɢ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɥɶɫ). Ɉɬɞɟɥɨɱɧɵɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɪɨɤɚɬɤɢ: ɪɟɡɤɚ, ɞɟɤɚɩɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ (ɨɬɠɢɝ ɢɥɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ + ɬɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ 10 ... 25 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ H2SO4 ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɩɪɢ t = 30...60 qɋ + ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ, ɩɪɨɦɵɜɤɚ ɢ ɫɭɲɤɚ), ɩɪɚɜɤɚ, ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɯ ɞɟɮɟɤɬɨɜ, ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ, ɦɚɪɤɢɪɨɜɤɚ. Ɉɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ, ɫɨɜɦɟɳɚɸɳɢɯ ɥɢɬɶɺ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɛɟɫɫɥɢɬɤɨɜɚɹ ɩɪɨɤɚɬɤɚ (ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɟ ɥɢɬɶɟ + ɩɪɨɤɚɬɤɚ). 8.3. ȼɨɥɨɱɟɧɢɟ ȼɨɥɨɱɟɧɢɟ – ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨɣ ɈɆȾ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɵɣ ɦɟɬɚɥɥ ɩɪɨɬɹɝɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɤɚɥɢɛɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɥɨɤɟ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ (ɪɢɫ. 8.2). ɋɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɥɨɱɟɧɢɹ V = 20...26 ɦ/ɫɟɤ 52 ɞɥɹ ɦɟɥɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɟɣ, V = 2...6 ɦ/ɫɟɤ ɞɥɹ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ. Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɢ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɨɬɠɢɝ, ɬɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ, ɜɨɥɨɱɟɧɢɟ, ɨɬɞɟɥɤɭ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ. 2 1 ɚ ɛ Ɋɢɫ. 8.2. ɋɯɟɦɵ ɜɨɥɨɱɟɧɢɹ: ɚ – ɩɪɭɬɤɚ; ɛ – ɬɪɭɛɵ; 1 – ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɟ ɜɨɥɨɤɢ, 2 – ɩɪɭɬɨɤ ȼɨɥɨɱɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɬɚɧɵ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ ɬɹɧɭɳɟɝɨ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɞɟɥɹɬ ɧɚ ɛɚɪɚɛɚɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɫ ɩɪɹɦɨɥɢɧɟɣɧɵɦ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɨɜɨɥɨɤɢ. ɇɚ ɛɚɪɚɛɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɧɚɯ ɩɪɨɜɨɥɨɤɚ ɧɚɦɚɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɪɚɳɚɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɬɹɧɭɳɢɣ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬ. ȼɨɥɨɱɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɬɚɧɵ ɫ ɩɪɹɦɨɥɢɧɟɣɧɵɦ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ (ɰɟɩɧɵɟ, ɪɟɟɱɧɵɟ, ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ) ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɞɥɹ ɜɨɥɨɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɭɬɤɨɜ (ˆ > 8 ɦɦ) ɢ ɬɪɭɛ. ȼɨɥɨɤɢ (ɮɢɥɶɟɪɵ) ɢɡɝɨɬɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɢɡ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɥɢ, ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɤɟɪɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ (ɬɜɟɪɞɵɯ) ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ, ɞɥɹ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɬɨɧɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɜɨɥɨɤɢ  0,9 ɦɦ – ɢɡ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɥɦɚɡɚ. ȼɨɥɨɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɩɪɨɜɨɥɨɤɭ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ 7 ... 0,002 ɦɦ (ɫɬɚɥɶɧɚɹ, ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ 1,0 … 1,6 ɢɦɟɟɬ ɞɨɩɭɫɤ 0,02 ɦɦ), ɬɪɭɛɵ: ɨɬ ɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɞɨ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɚ 200 ɦɦ, ɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɭɬɤɢ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ 8 … 150 ɦɦ, ɮɚɫɨɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɢ. 8.4. ɉɪɟɫɫɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɉɪɟɫɫɨɜɚɧɢɟ – ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ ɩɭɬɺɦ ɜɵɞɚɜɥɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɜ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɤɨɧɬɟɣɧɟɪɟ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɨɞɧɨ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɣ ɫ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶɸ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɣ, ɱɟɦ ɭ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ (ɪɢɫ. 8.3). Ɇɟɬɚɥɥ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɵɦ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ. Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɞɜɚ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɚɧɢɹ: ɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɵɣ. ɉɪɢ ɩɪɹɦɨɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɢ ɩɥɭɧɠɟɪɚ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɸɬ, ɚ ɩɪɢ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɦ ɧɟ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɸɬ. Ɉɛɪɚɬɧɵɣ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɝɨ ɭɫɢɥɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɉɪɟɫH ɫɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɧɚ ɝɢɞɪɨɩɪɟɫɫɚɯ. ɋɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ = Ⱥ0 /Ⱥ1 = 10 ... 50. ɋɚɦɵɟ ɧɟɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɟ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɛɟɡ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɺɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɦɢɤɪɨɬɪɟɳɢɧɵ ɡɚɥɟɱɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɞ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɜɫɟɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɟɝɨ ɧɟɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɫɠɚɬɢɹ. Ɍɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɵɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɤɚɬɤɟ. ȼ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɰɜɟɬɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɵ, ɪɟɠɟ  ɫɬɚɥɢ. Ɇɟɬɨɞ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɶ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɮɚɫɨɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɢ ɢ ɬɪɭɛɵ. ɇɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɚɧɢɹ: ɩɪɟɫɫ-ɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ ɞɨ 40 % ɦɚɫɫɵ ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬɫɹ ɦɨɳɧɵɟ ɢ ɞɨɪɨɝɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɟ ɦɚɲɢɧɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶ 53 ɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɷɬɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɨɫɧɚɫɬɤɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɧɭɸ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶ. 1 2 1 3 456 ɚ 2 34 5 6 ɛ 1 2 34 5 6 7 I II III ɜ Ɋɢɫ. 8.3. ɋɯɟɦɵ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɚɧɢɹ: ɚ – ɩɪɹɦɨɝɨ; ɛ – ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɝɨ; ɜ – ɫɨɜɦɟɳɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫ ɩɪɨɲɢɜɤɨɣ (I – ɧɚɱɚɥɨ ɩɪɨɲɢɜɤɢ; II – ɤɨɧɟɰ ɩɪɨɲɢɜɤɢ; III – ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɚɧɢɟ); ɚ: 1 – ɩɭɚɧɫɨɧ, 2 – ɤɨɧɬɟɣɧɟɪ ɩɪɟɫɫɚ, 3 – ɩɪɟɫɫ-ɲɚɣɛɚ, 4 – ɧɚɝɪɟɬɚɹ ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ, 5 – ɦɚɬɪɢɰɚ, 6 – ɦɚɬɪɢɰɟɞɟɪɠɚɬɟɥɶ; ɛ: 1 – ɩɨɥɵɣ ɩɭɚɧɫɨɧ, 2 – ɤɨɧɬɟɣɧɟɪ, 3 – ɦɚɬɪɢɰɚ, 4 – ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ, 5 – ɡɚɝɥɭɲɤɚ, 6 – ɦɚɬɪɢɰɟɞɟɪɠɚɬɟɥɶ; ɜ: 1 – ɩɭɚɧɫɨɧ, 2 – ɢɝɥɚ, 3 – ɤɨɧɬɟɣɧɟɪ, 4 – ɩɪɟɫɫ-ɲɚɣɛɚ, 5 – ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ, 6 – ɦɚɬɪɢɰɚ, 7  ɦɚɬɪɢɰɟɞɟɪɠɚɬɟɥɶ ɌȿɆȺ 9. ɄɍɁɇȿɑɇɈ-ɉɊȿɋɋɈȼɈȿ ɉɊɈɂɁȼɈȾɋɌȼɈ 9.1. ɂɫɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɂɫɯɨɞɧɵɦɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɥɢɬɤɢ, ɛɥɸɦɵ ɢ ɫɥɹɛɵ, ɫɨɪɬɨɜɨɣ ɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɨɤɚɬ, ɬɪɭɛɵ. ɉɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɪɟɡɤɚ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɧɚ ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚɦɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɝɨɪɹɱɚɹ ɪɭɛɤɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɣ ɤɨɜɤɨɣ, ɪɟɡɤɚ ɧɚ ɩɢɥɚɯ (ɡɭɛɱɚɬɵɯ ɢ ɬɪɟɧɢɹ), ɧɚ ɩɪɟɫɫɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɟɫɫ-ɧɨɠɧɢɰɚɯ, ɜ ɬ. ɱ. ɫ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɨɦ, ɥɨɦɤɚ ɧɚ ɯɥɚɞɧɨɥɨɦɚɯ. 9.2. Ʉɭɡɧɟɱɧɨ-ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɨɟ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ Ʉ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɜɤɢ ɢ ɲɬɚɦɩɨɜɤɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬ ɤɨɜɨɱɧɵɟ ɦɨɥɨɬɵ, ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɜɨɱɧɵɟ ɦɚɲɢɧɵ ɢ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɨɜɨɱɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɫɫɵ. ɉɨ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɭ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɤɨɜɨɱɧɵɟ ɦɨɥɨɬɵ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɧɵɟ ɢ ɩɚɪɨɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɵɟ. ȼ ɩɚɪɨɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɚɪɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɫɠɚɬɵɦ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɦ. ɍɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɥɨɬɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 9.1. Ⱦɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɟ U = 0,4 … 0,9 Ɇɉɚ, ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɛɨɣɤɚ ɞɨ 9 ɦ/ɫ. Ʉɨɜɨɱɧɵɟ ɦɨɥɨɬɵ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɦɚɫɫɭ ɩɚɞɚɸɳɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ (Ɇɉɑ) ɞɨ 8 ɬ. ɇɚ ɧɢɯ ɢɡɝɨɬɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɤɨɜɤɢ ɦɚɫɫɨɣ 20 ... 350 ɤɝ. 54 ɒɬɚɦɩɨɜɨɱɧɵɟ ɦɨɥɨɬɵ ɢɦɟɸɬ Ɇɉɑ ɞɨ 25 ɬ., ɦɚɫɫɚ ɩɨɤɨɜɨɤ ɞɨ 500 ɤɝ. 2 1 12 3 11 10 4 5 9 7 6 8 Ɋɢɫ. 9.1. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɩɚɪɨɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɥɨɬɚ ɚɪɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ: 1 – ɪɚɛɨɱɢɣ ɰɢɥɢɧɞɪ, 2 – ɩɨɪɲɟɧɶ, 3 – ɲɬɨɤ, 4 – ɫɬɚɧɢɧɚ, 5 – ɛɚɛɚ, 6 – ɛɨɟɤ, 7 – ɧɚɤɨɜɚɥɶɧɹ, 8 – ɲɚɛɨɬ, 9 – ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ, 10, 12 – ɤɚɧɚɥɵ, 11 – ɩɚɪɨɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ Ʉɪɢɜɨɲɢɩɧɵɟ (ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ) ɩɪɟɫɫɵ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ: ɤɪɢɜɨɲɢɩɧɵɟ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɲɬɚɦɩɨɜɨɱɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɫɫɵ (ɄȽɒɉ) ɭɫɢɥɢɟɦ ɞɨ 160 Ɇɇ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɤɨɜɨɤ, ɦɚɫɫɨɣ ɞɨ 150 ... 200 ɤɝ; ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɤɨɜɨɱɧɵɟ ɦɚɲɢɧɵ (ȽɄɆ) ɭɫɢɥɢɟɦ ɞɨ 31,5 Ɇɇ, Dɩɨɤ. ɞɨ 315 ɦɦ; ɩɪɟɫɫɵ ɞɜɨɣɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɭɫɢɥɢɟ ɞɨ 50 Ɇɇ; ɱɟɤɚɧɨɱɧɵɟ (ɤɨɥɟɧɧɨ-ɪɵɱɚɠɧɵɟ) – ɞɨ 40 Ɇɇ. ɋɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɄȽɒɉ ɜ 3 ... 4 ɪɚɡɚ ɜɵɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɨ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɥɨɬɚ. ɋɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɥɡɭɧɚ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɦ ɯɨɞɟ d 5 ɦ/ɫ. Ƚɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɟɫɫɵ ɫ ɧɚɫɨɫɧɵɦ, ɚɤɤɭɦɭɥɹɬɨɪɧɵɦ ɢɥɢ ɦɭɥɶɬɢɩɥɢɤɚɬɨɪɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɨɦ, ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ, ɤɨɜɨɱɧɵɟ ɞɨ 100 Ɇɇ ɢ ɲɬɚɦɩɨɜɨɱɧɵɟ ɞɨ 750 Ɇɇ. Ⱦɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɟ 20 ... 30 Ɇɉɚ. ɋɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɥɡɭɧɚ d 0,3 ɦ/ɫ, ɦɚɫɫɚ ɩɨɤɨɜɨɤ ɞɨ 300 ɬ. ȼ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɤɭɡɧɟɱɧɨ-ɲɬɚɦɩɨɜɨɱɧɵɟ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɵ ɞɥɹ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨɣ ɢ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɣ ɨɛɴɟɦɧɨɣ ɜɵɫɚɞɤɢ ɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɦɚɲɢɧɵ: ɤɨɜɨɱɧɵɟ ɜɚɥɶɰɵ, ɫɬɚɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɤɚɬɤɢ ɤɨɥɟɰ ɢ ɧɚɤɚɬɤɢ ɡɭɛɶɟɜ, ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɤɨɜɨɱɧɵɟ, ɝɢɛɨɱɧɵɟ, ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɜɵɫɚɞɨɱɧɵɟ ɢ ɩɪ. Ⱦɥɹ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɬɹɠɟɥɵɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ: ɤɨɜɨɱɧɵɟ ɤɪɚɧɵ ɢ ɦɚɧɢɩɭɥɹɬɨɪɵ. 9.3. ɋɜɨɛɨɞɧɚɹ ɤɨɜɤɚ ɪɭɱɧɚɹ ɢ ɦɚɲɢɧɧɚɹ ɋɜɨɛɨɞɧɚɹ ɤɨɜɤɚ – ɷɬɨ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɞɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚ ɢɥɢ ɛɨɣɤɨɜ, ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɜ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ ɧɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ. ɗɬɨɬ ɜɢɞ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɩɪɢ ɪɟɦɨɧɬɟ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ ɢ ɜ ɦɟɥɤɨɫɟɪɢɣɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ. Ʉɨɜɤɚ ɛɵɜɚɟɬ ɪɭɱɧɨɣ ɢ ɦɚɲɢɧɧɨɣ. ɉɪɢ ɪɭɱɧɨɣ ɤɨɜɤɟ ɢɡɝɨɬɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɦɚɥɵɟ ɞɟɬɚɥɢ, ɚ ɩɪɢ ɦɚɲɢɧɧɨɣ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɜɟɫ ɞɟɬɚɥɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɯ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ. 55 Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɣ ɤɨɜɤɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 9.2. ɗɬɨ ɨɫɚɞɤɚ (ɜɵɫɚɞɤɚ), ɩɪɨɬɹɠɤɚ, ɪɚɡɝɨɧɤɚ, ɝɢɛɤɚ, ɩɪɨɲɢɜɤɚ (ɩɪɨɛɢɜɤɚ), ɪɚɫɤɚɬɤɚ, ɩɪɨɬɹɠɤɚ ɧɚ ɨɩɪɚɜɤɟ, ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɚ, ɡɚɤɪɭɱɢɜɚɧɢɟ, ɪɭɛɤɚ, ɤɭɡɧɟɱɧɚɹ ɫɜɚɪɤɚ, ɲɬɚɦɩɨɜɤɚ ɜ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɞɧɵɯ ɲɬɚɦɩɚɯ. 1 1 1 1 4 3 4 2 3 ɚ 2 2 3 ɛ 1 ɜ 2 ɝ 1 3 2 ɞ 1 2 2 ɟ 1 ɠ ɡ 1 2 3 3 ɢ 3 4 2 ɤ 1 ɥ ɦ Ɋɢɫ. 9.2. ɋɯɟɦɵ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɣ ɤɨɜɤɢ: ɚ – ɨɫɚɞɤɚ; ɛ – ɜɵɫɚɞɤɚ; ɜ – ɩɪɨɲɢɜɤɚ; ɝ – ɝɢɛɤɚ; ɞ – ɩɪɨɬɹɠɤɚ; ɟ – ɨɛɠɢɦ; ɠ – ɪɚɡɝɨɧɤɚ; ɡ, ɢ – ɩɪɨɬɹɠɤɚ ɧɚ ɨɩɪɚɜɤɟ; ɤ – ɪɭɛɤɚ; ɥ – ɫɤɪɭɱɢɜɚɧɢɟ; ɦ – ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɚ; ɚ: 1, 2 – ɛɨɣɤɢ, 3 – ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ; ɛ: 1, 2 – ɛɨɣɤɢ, 3 – ɩɨɞɤɥɚɞɨɱɧɵɟ ɤɨɥɶɰɟɜɵɟ ɩɥɢɬɵ, 4 – ɩɨɤɨɜɤɚ; ɜ: 1, 2 – ɛɨɣɤɢ, 3 – ɩɪɨɲɢɜɟɧɶ, 4 – ɩɨɤɨɜɤɚ; ɝ: 1 – ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ, 2 – ɩɨɞɤɥɚɞɨɱɧɵɟ ɨɩɨɪɵ; ɟ: 1, 2 – ɜɵɪɟɡɧɵɟ ɛɨɣɤɢ (ɨɛɠɢɦɤɢ); ɡ: 1, 2 – ɛɨɣɤɢ, 3 – ɨɩɪɚɜɤɚ; ɢ: 1 – ɛɨɟɤ, 2 – ɨɩɪɚɜɤɚ, 3 – ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ; ɤ: 1 – ɬɨɩɨɪ, 2 – ɛɨɺɤ, 3 – ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ; ɥ: 1 – ɛɨɺɤ, 3 – ɤɥɸɱ, 4 – ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ; ɦ: 1 – ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ ɉɪɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ, ɩɨɞɤɥɚɞɧɨɣ, ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɢ ɦɟɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɵ. 56 ɉɪɢ ɤɨɜɤɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɢɡ ɫɥɢɬɤɚ (ɪɢɫ. 9.3). ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɨɬɪɟɡɤɨɣ ɩɪɢɛɵɥɶɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɥɢɬɤɚ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɪɢ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɭɫɚɞɨɱɧɚɹ ɪɚɤɨɜɢɧɚ (14 ... 30 % ɨɬ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɫɥɢɬɤɚ). Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɭɞɚɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɧɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ (4 ... 7 %). ɉɨɬɟɪɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɟ (ɭɝɚɪ 2 ... 3 % ɢ 1,5 % ɩɪɢ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɟ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɟɣ). ɜ ɝ ɚ ɛ ɞ Ɋɢɫ. 9.3. ɉɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ ɤɨɜɤɢ ɩɨɥɨɝɨ ɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɚ ɢɡ ɫɥɢɬɤɚ: ɚ – ɨɬɪɭɛɤɚ ɞɨɧɧɨɣ ɢ ɩɪɢɛɵɥɶɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ; ɛ – ɨɫɚɞɤɚ, ɩɪɨɲɢɜɤɚ ɢ ɪɚɫɤɚɬɤɚ ɧɚ ɨɩɪɚɜɤɟ; ɜ – ɩɨɫɚɞɤɚ ɧɚ ɨɩɪɚɜɤɭ ɢ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɤɭ; ɝ – ɩɨɫɚɞɤɚ ɧɚ ɨɩɪɚɜɤɭ ɢ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɤɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ; ɞ – ɡɚɤɨɜɤɚ ɤɨɧɰɚ 9.4. Ɉɛɴɟɦɧɚɹ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɚɹ ɢ ɝɨɪɹɱɚɹ ɲɬɚɦɩɨɜɤɚ ɒɬɚɦɩɨɜɤɚ ɷɬɨ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɟ  ɲɬɚɦɩɟ. ɒɬɚɦɩɵ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɬ ɢɡ ɞɜɭɯ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ (ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɢ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ). Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ ɧɢɠɧɸɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɟɣ, ɚ ɜɟɪɯɧɸɸ ɩɭɚɧɫɨɧɨɦ. ɒɬɚɦɩɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɵɦɢ ɢ ɲɬɚɦɩɚɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɞɚɜɥɢɜɚɧɢɹ (ɪɢɫ. 9.4). ȼ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɯ ɲɬɚɦɩɚɯ ɢɡɥɢɲɟɤ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɜɵɞɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɛɥɨɣɧɵɟ ɤɚɧɚɜɤɢ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɹ ɡɚɭɫɟɧɟɰ. ȼ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɵɯ ɲɬɚɦɩɚɯ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɬɨɱɧɨ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɨ ɨɛɴɺɦɭ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦɨɣ ɩɨɤɨɜɤɟ. ɉɪɢ ɲɬɚɦɩɨɜɤɟ ɜ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɵɯ ɲɬɚɦɩɚɯ ɩɨɤɨɜɤɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɱɧɟɟ, ɱɟɦ ɜ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɯ, ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ, ɧɨ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬɫɹ ɦɚɲɢɧɵ ɫ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɭɫɢɥɢɟɦ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɡɚɤɪɵɬɵɟ ɲɬɚɦɩɵ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɛɵɫɬɪɟɟ ɢɡɧɚɲɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɡɚ ɫɱɺɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɧɢɯ. ȿɫɥɢ ɤɨɧɮɢɝɭɪɚɰɢɹ ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɥɨɠɧɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ, ɬɨ ɲɬɚɦɩɵ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɭɱɶɺɜ, ɬ. ɟ. ɭɝɥɭɛɥɟɧɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɺɧɧɨɦɭ ɷɬɚɩɭ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ. ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɲɬɚɦɩɨɜɤɢ ɞɚɺɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɶ ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɢɥɢ ɞɟɬɚɥɢ ɫɨ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɟɦ. ȼɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɫɟɛɟɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɲɬɚɦɩɨɜ ɲɬɚɦɩɨɜɤɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɫɟɪɢɣɧɨɦ ɢ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ. ɉɪɢ ɲɬɚɦɩɨɜɤɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢ ɜɵɞɚɜɥɢɜɚɧɢɟ (ɪɢɫ. 9.4 ɜ), ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɩɨ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɛɥɢɡɤɨ ɤ ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɚɧɢɸ. 1 57 ɚ ɛ ɜ Ɋɢɫ. 9.4. ɋɯɟɦɵ ɲɬɚɦɩɨɜɤɢ ɜ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɯ (ɚ) ɢ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɵɯ ɲɬɚɦɩɚɯ (ɛ, ɜ); ɋɯɟɦɚ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɣ ɨɛɴɟɦɧɨɣ ɲɬɚɦɩɨɜɤɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ: ɪɟɡɤɚ ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɨɤ, ɢɯ ɧɚɝɪɟɜ, ɲɬɚɦɩɨɜɤɚ, ɨɛɪɟɡɤɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɛɢɜɤɚ ɨɛɥɨɹ, ɬɟɪɦɨɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ, ɨɱɢɫɬɤɚ ɨɬ ɨɤɚɥɢɧɵ, ɤɚɥɢɛɪɨɜɤɚ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɚɹ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɤɚ, ɭɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɞɟɮɟɤɬɨɜ, ɩɪɢɟɦɨɱɧɵɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ. Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɞɚɜɥɢɜɚɧɢɹ: ɩɪɹɦɨɟ, ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɟ, ɛɨɤɨɜɨɟ, ɤɨɦɛɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ (ɪɢɫ. 9.5). ɉɪɢ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨɦ ɜɵɞɚɜɥɢɜɚɧɢɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɬɶɫɹ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ. Ɉɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɨ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ Ⱥ0 / Ⱥ1 ɦɨɠɟɬ ɞɨɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɞɨ ɫɬɚ. ɗɬɨɬ ɜɢɞ ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɦɹɝɤɢɯ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ. ɒɢɪɨɤɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɵɫɚɞɤɚ ɧɚ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨɜɵɫɚɞɨɱɧɵɯ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɚɯ: Dɡɚɝ.= 0,5 ... 40 ɦɦ., ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ 20 ... 40 ɲɬ/ɦɢɧ, ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɜɵɯɨɞɚ ɝɨɞɧɨɝɨ 0,95. Ⱦɨɫɬɨɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨɣ ɨɛɴɟɦɧɨɣ ɢ ɥɢɫɬɨɜɨɣ ɲɬɚɦɩɨɜɤɢ: x ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ (ɞɨ 40 ɬɵɫ. ɲɬɭɤ ɜ ɫɦɟɧɭ); x ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɱɢɫɬɨɬɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ; x ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɣ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɨɤ ɢ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ; x ɥɭɱɲɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɬɪɭɞɚ, ɱɟɦ ɩɪɢ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɣ. 1 2 ɚ ɛ ɜ ɝ Ɋɢɫ. 9.5. ɋɯɟɦɵ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɞɚɜɥɢɜɚɧɢɹ: ɚ – ɩɪɹɦɨɟ; ɛ – ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɟ; ɜ – ɛɨɤɨɜɨɟ; ɝ – ɤɨɦɛɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ; 1 – ɩɭɚɧɫɨɧ, 2 – ɦɚɬɪɢɰɚ 9.5. Ʌɢɫɬɨɜɚɹ ɲɬɚɦɩɨɜɤɚ Ʌɢɫɬɨɜɚɹ ɲɬɚɦɩɨɜɤɚ – ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ ɢɡ ɥɢɫɬɨɜɨɣ ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɲɬɚɦɩɚɯ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɣ ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɞɟɬɚɥɶ ɛɟɡ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɵ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ. ɉɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɦɚɥɨɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɢɫɬɵɟ ɫɬɚɥɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɩɥɚɜɵ ɦɟɞɢ ɢ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɹ, ɫɜɢɧɰɚ ɢ ɨɥɨɜɚ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɥɢɫɬɨɜ, ɥɟɧɬ, ɩɨɥɨɫ ɢ ɲɬɭɱɧɵɯ ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɨɤ (G d 10 ɦɦ). Ʌɢɫɬɨɜɚɹ ɲɬɚɦɩɨɜɤɚ ɞɟɥɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɭɸ, ɬɨɧɤɨ- ɢ ɬɨɥɫɬɨɥɢɫɬɨɜɭɸ (G ! 4), ɢ ɝɨɪɹɱɭɸ ɲɬɚɦɩɨɜɤɢ ɩɪɢ G ! 8 ... 10 ɦɦ. Ɉɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɥɢɫɬɨɜɨɣ ɲɬɚɦɩɨɜɤɢ ɞɟɥɹɬɫɹ ɧɚ: 58 o ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ: ɨɬɪɟɡɤɚ, ɜɵɪɭɛɤɚ, ɩɪɨɛɢɜɤɚ, ɡɚɱɢɫɬɤɚ; o ɮɨɪɦɨɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɳɢɟ: ɝɢɛɤɚ, ɜɵɬɹɠɤɚ, ɨɬɛɨɪɬɨɜɤɚ, ɮɨɪɦɨɜɤɚ ɢ ɞɪ. (ɪɢɫ. 9.6). 3 ɚ ɛ ɜ ɝ ɞ Ɋɢɫ. 9.6. Ɏɨɪɦɨɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɟ ɥɢɫɬɨɜɨɣ ɲɬɚɦɩɨɜɤɢ: Ɉɬɪɟɡɤɚ – ɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɨɬɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɩɨ ɧɟɡɚɦɤɧɭɬɨɦɭ ɤɨɧɬɭɪɭ. ɚ – ɝɢɛɤɚ; ɛ – ɜɵɬɹɠɤɚ; ɜ – ɨɬɛɨɪɬɨɜɤɚ; ɝ – ɨɛɠɢɦ; ɞ – ɪɟɥɶɟɮɧɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɨɜɤɚ; ɚ: 1 – ɩɭɚɧɫɨɧ, 2 – ɦɚɬɪɢɰɚ, 3 – ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ; ɛ: 1 – ɩɭɚɧɫɨɧ, 2 – ɩɪɢɠɢɦ, 3 – ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ, 4 – ɦɚɬɪɢɰɚ Ɋɟɡɤɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɧɨɠɧɢɰɚɯ ɫ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɧɨɠɚɦɢ, ɝɢɥɶɨɬɢɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɞɢɫɤɨɜɵɯ (ɪɨɥɢɤɨɜɵɯ). ȼɵɪɭɛɤɚ (ɞɟɬɚɥɢ) ɢ ɩɪɨɛɢɜɤɚ (ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɹ ɜ ɞɟɬɚɥɢ) – ɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɩɨ ɡɚɦɤɧɭɬɨɦɭ ɤɨɧɬɭɪɭ. Ɂɚɡɨɪ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɟɣ ɢ ɩɭɚɧɫɨɧɨɦ 5 ... 10 % ɨɬ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɵ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ G, ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɛɢɜɤɟ – ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɵ, ɩɪɢ ɜɵɪɭɛɤɟ – ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɩɭɚɧɫɨɧɚ. Ɂɚɡɨɪ ɜɵɛɢɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɤ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɫɤɚɥɵɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɬɪɟɳɢɧɵ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɢɟ ɭ ɥɟɡɜɢɣ ɩɭɚɧɫɨɧɚ ɢ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɵ, ɫɯɨɞɢɥɢɫɶ. Ƚɢɛɤɚ – ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. Ɋɚɫɬɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ ɩɪɢ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɭɝɥɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɢɯ ɪɚɡɪɵɜɭ (ɬɪɟɳɢɧɟ), ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɝɢɛɤɚ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɪɚɞɢɭɫɨɦ Rmin = Gu˜Ʉ, ɝɞɟ Ʉ = 0,1 ... 2,0 – ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚɦ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɢ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɤɚɬɚ. Ɋɟɛɪɨ ɝɢɛɤɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɟɪɩɟɧɞɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɩɪɨɤɚɬɚ. ȼɵɬɹɠɤɚ – ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɢɡ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɣ ɥɢɫɬɨɜɨɣ ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɩɨɥɨɝɨ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɢɡ ɩɨɥɨɣ ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɬɚɥɢ ɧɭɠɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ. ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɝɨɮɪ, ɟɫɥɢ Dɡɚɝ. – d ! (18 ... 20) G, ɝɞɟ G – ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɭɞɥɢɧɟɧɢɟ. ɍɞɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɠɢɦɚ ɨɬ 1 ɞɨ 4 ɉɚ. ȼɵɬɹɠɤɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɭɬɨɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɢ ɛɟɡ ɭɬɨɧɟɧɢɹ. Ɋɚɫɬɹɝɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɭɫɢɥɢɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɸɬ ɜ ɦɟɫɬɟ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɞɧɚ ɜ ɫɬɟɧɤɭ. Ɉɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɜɟɞɟɬɫɹ ɫɨ ɫɦɚɡɤɨɣ. ɉɪɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɤɪɚɬɧɨɣ ɜɵɬɹɠɤɟ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚɤɥɟɩɚ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɭɬɶ ɬɪɟɳɢɧɵ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɞɟɥɚɸɬ ɦɟɠɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɨɬɠɢɝ ɩɪɢ t = 920 ... 950q. Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɩɪɨɢɡ59 ɜɨɞɹɬ ɬɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ ɫɦɟɫɢ Hɋl ɢ H2SO4 ɩɪɢ t = 60 qɋ, ɩɨɬɨɦ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɤɭ ɢ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɳɟɥɨɱɶɸ. Ɏɨɪɦɨɜɤɚ – ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɢ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɭɪɚ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɭɬɨɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɦɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ. Ɉɬɛɨɪɬɨɜɤɚ – ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɝɨɪɥɨɜɢɧ ɢ ɛɨɪɬɨɜ ɜɨɤɪɭɝ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɨɛɢɬɨɝɨ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɹ. ɒɬɚɦɩɵ ɞɥɹ ɥɢɫɬɨɜɨɣ ɲɬɚɦɩɨɜɤɢ ɞɟɥɹɬ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɟ (ɞɥɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɫɫɚɯ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɞɜɨɣɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ) ɢ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ (ɞɥɹ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɫɨɜɦɟɳɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ). Ɂɚɱɢɫɬɤɚ – ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɪɨɦɨɤ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ. 9.6. Ɋɨɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɤɨɜɨɤ Ɋɨɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɤɨɜɨɤ: ɜɚɥɶɰɨɜɤɚ, ɪɨɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɤɨɜɤɚ, ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨ-ɤɥɢɧɨɜɚɹ ɩɪɨɤɚɬɤɚ ɫ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɬɧɨ-ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɢɥɢ ɜɪɚɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚ, ɪɚɫɤɚɬɤɚ ɤɨɥɶɰɟɜɵɯ ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɨɤ, ɫɮɟɪɨɞɜɢɠɧɚɹ ɲɬɚɦɩɨɜɤɚ, ɧɚɤɚɬɤɚ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɣ ɪɟɡɶɛɵ, ɧɚɤɚɬɤɚ ɡɭɛɱɚɬɵɯ ɤɨɥɟɫ D ɞɨ 350 ɦɦ ɢ ɦɨɞɭɥɟɦ ɞɨ 10 ɦɦ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɧɚɤɚɬɤɢ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɭɩɪɨɱɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɢɡɧɨɫɨɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɭɫɬɚɥɨɫɬɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ 20 ... 30 %. ɊȺɁȾȿɅ IV. ɋȼȺɊɈɑɇɈȿ ɉɊɈɂɁȼɈȾɋɌȼɈ Ɉɛɳɢɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ ɨ ɫɜɚɪɤɟ ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ 60 ɋɜɚɪɤɚ – ɷɬɨ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɪɚɡɴɟɦɧɵɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɢɡ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɚɬɨɦɧɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɟɦɵɯ ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɨɤ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɪɨɦɨɤ ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɨɤ (ɫɜɚɪɤɚ ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ) ɥɢɛɨ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɟɦɵɯ ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɨɤ (ɫɜɚɪɤɚ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ). ɉɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɯ ɬɟɥ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɵɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɢɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɸ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɦ ɫɛɥɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɞɜɚ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ: ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɦɢɤɪɨɧɟɪɨɜɧɨɫɬɢ (ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɨɱɤɚɯ) ɢ ɨɧɢ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ, ɬ. ɤ. ɩɨɤɪɵɬɵ ɨɤɫɢɞɚɦɢ, ɩɥɟɧɤɚɦɢ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɢ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɟɣ (ɚɞɫɨɪɛɰɢɹ). ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɜɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɲɜɚ ɩɪɢ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɜɚɪɤɟ ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 10.1. ɉɨɥɭɱɚɟɦɵɣ ɫɜɚɪɧɨɣ ɲɨɜ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɚɜɧɨɩɪɨɱɧɵɦ ɫ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɦ, ɬ. ɟ. ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɢ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɞɟɮɟɤɬɨɜ (ɬɪɟɳɢɧ, ɩɭɫɬɨɬ, ɝɚɡɨɜɵɯ ɩɭɡɵɪɟɣ, ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɨɤɫɢɞɨɜ, ɧɟɩɪɨɜɚɪɚ ɢ ɬ. ɞ.), ɚ ɪɚɡɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɯɢɦɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ, ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ ɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɧɚɩɥɚɜɥɹɟɦɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ. ɉɪɢ ɫɜɚɪɤɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɜ ɯɢɦɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ, ɚ ɜ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɯ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵ. ɋɜɚɪɤɚ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɚ ɥɢɲɶ ɞɥɹ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɸɬ. ɋɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɫɜɚɪɤɭ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ, ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɢ ɬɟɪɦɨɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ. Ɋɢɫ. 10.1. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɜɚɪɤɢ ɩɨɞ ɮɥɸɫɨɦ: 1 – ɬɨɤɨɩɪɨɜɨɞ, 2 – ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɩɪɨɜɨɥɨɤɢ, 3 – ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞ, 4 – ɲɥɚɤɨɜɚɹ ɜɚɧɧɚ, 5 – ɮɥɸɫ, 6 – ɲɥɚɤɨɜɚɹ ɤɨɪɤɚ, 7 – ɫɜɚɪɧɨɣ ɲɨɜ, 8 – ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɦɟɬɚɥɥ, 9 – ɫɜɚɪɨɱɧɚɹ ɜɚɧɧɚ, 10 – ɫɜɚɪɨɱɧɚɹ ɞɭɝɚ ɌȿɆȺ 10. ɋȼȺɊɄȺ ɉɅȺȼɅȿɇɂȿɆ (ɌȿɊɆɂɑȿɋɄȺə) 10.1. ɗɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɞɭɝɨɜɚɹ ɫɜɚɪɤɚ ɉɪɢ ɞɭɝɨɜɨɣ ɫɜɚɪɤɟ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɬɟɩɥɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɞɭɝɚ – ɨɞɧɚ ɢɡ ɮɨɪɦ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɪɹɞɚ ɜ ɢɨɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɝɚɡɟ. Ⱦɥɹ ɡɚɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ ɞɭɝɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ (ɪɢɫ. 10.2) ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɫɬɢ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɟ ɡɚɦɵɤɚɧɢɟ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɪɚɡɨɝɪɟɜ ɡɨɧɵ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɚ ɢ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɪɦɨɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɣ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɫ ɤɚɬɨɞɚ ɩɨɞ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɹ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɬɜɨɞɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɚ. ȿɫɥɢ ɩɨɞɚɜɚɟɦɨɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬ ɢɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɝɚɡɚ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɨɦ 61 ɢ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɟɦ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɟɬ ɞɭɝɚ, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɪɚɡɨɝɪɟɜɚ ɫɬɨɥɛɚ ɞɭɝɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɞɨɫɬɢɱɶ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɞɭɝɢ. 1 1 2 ɚ 3 4 1 5 6 72 2 ɛ ɜ Ɋɢɫ. 10.2. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɡɚɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ ɞɭɝɢ ɩɪɢ ɫɜɚɪɤɟ ɫ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɩɨɥɹɪɧɨɫɬɶɸ: ɚ – ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɟ ɡɚɦɵɤɚɧɢɟ; ɛ – ɬɟɪɦɨɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɚɹ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɹ; ɜ – ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɣ ɪɚɡɪɹɞ; 1 – ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞ (ɤɚɬɨɞ), 2 – ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ (ɚɧɨɞ), 3 – ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɵ, 4 – ɢɨɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɝɚɡ, 5, 7 – ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜ, 6 – ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɣ ɞɭɝɨɜɨɣ ɪɚɡɪɹɞ Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɫɜɚɪɤɭ ɩɥɚɜɹɳɢɦɫɹ ɢ ɧɟɩɥɚɜɹɳɢɦɫɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɚɦɢ. ɋɜɚɪɤɭ ɧɟɩɥɚɜɹɳɢɦɫɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɨɦ (ɦɟɬɨɞ Ȼɟɧɚɪɞɨɫɚ) ɱɚɳɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɞɥɹ ɰɜɟɬɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɢ ɧɚɩɥɚɜɤɢ ɨɫɨɛɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɩɪɢɞɚɧɢɹ ɟɣ ɨɫɨɛɵɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ. ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɜɨɥɶɮɪɚɦɨɜɵɟ ɢɥɢ ɝɪɚɮɢɬɨɜɵɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɵ. ɋɜɚɪɤɭ ɜɟɞɭɬ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɦ ɬɨɤɟ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɥɢɛɨ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɹɪɧɨɫɬɢ (ɪɢɫ. 10.3, ɚ). Ⱦɥɹ ɬɨɥɫɬɵɯ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɩɪɢɫɚɞɨɱɧɭɸ ɩɪɨɜɨɥɨɤɭ. Ɋɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɜɚɪɤɚ ɤɨɫɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɭɝɨɣ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɞɭɝɚ ɝɨɪɢɬ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɚɦɢ. ɚ ɛ Ɋɢɫ. 10.3. ɋɯɟɦɵ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɭɝɨɜɨɣ ɫɜɚɪɤɢ: ɚ – ɩɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɭ ɇ. ɇ. Ȼɟɧɚɪɞɨɫɚ; ɛ – ɩɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɭ ɇ. Ƚ. ɋɥɚɜɹɧɨɜɚ; 1 – ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞ, 2 – ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɞɭɝɚ, 3 – ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɦɟɬɚɥɥ, 4 – ɫɜɚɪɨɱɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɜɨɥɨɤɚ ɋɜɚɪɤɚ ɩɥɚɜɹɳɢɦɫɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɨɦ (ɦɟɬɨɞ ɋɥɚɜɹɧɨɜɚ) ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦ ɬɨɤɟ. ɉɪɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɤ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɭ ɲɜɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɣ ɬɨɤ (ɪɢɫ. 10.3, ɛ). Ɋɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɜɚɪɤɚ ɬɪɟɯɮɚɡɧɨɣ ɞɭɝɨɣ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɤ ɞɜɭɦ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɚɦ ɢ ɫɜɚɪɢɜɚɟɦɨɦɭ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɭ ɩɨɞɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɮɚɡɵ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɤɚ. ɋɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɜ ɫɜɚɪɤɢ ɉɪɢ ɫɜɚɪɤɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɦ ɬɨɤɟ ɜɵɲɟ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɞɭɝɢ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɢ ɥɭɱɲɟɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɫɜɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɲɜɚ, ɱɟɦ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦ ɬɨɤɟ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɫɜɚɪɤɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɦ ɬɨɤɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɨ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɞɨɪɨɝɨɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɞɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɜɢɞɚ ɫɜɚɪɤɢ ɧɢɠɟ ɄɉȾ (0,3 ... 0,6 ɩɪɨɬɢɜ 0,8 ... 0,85 ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɤɚ). 62 ɉɪɢ ɫɜɚɪɤɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɦ ɬɨɤɟ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɩɨɥɹɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦ ɬɟɩɥɚ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɞɟɬɚɥɢ – ɚɧɨɞɟ, ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦ – ɧɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɟ-ɤɚɬɨɞɟ, ɩɪɢ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɹɪɧɨɫɬɢ – ɧɚɨɛɨɪɨɬ. ɋɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɄɉȾ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɩɨɥɹɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɵɲɟ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɚɪɢɬɶ ɬɭɝɨɩɥɚɜɤɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ. ɉɪɢ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɹɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ, ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɞɭɝɢ ɢ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɥɶɮɪɚɦɨɜɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɚ, ɧɨ ɭɞɚɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɤɫɢɞɵ ɫ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ (ɤɚɬɨɞɧɨɟ ɪɚɫɩɵɥɟɧɢɟ), ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɬɭɝɨɩɥɚɜɤɭɸ ɫɜɚɪɨɱɧɭɸ ɩɪɨɜɨɥɨɤɭ. ɗɬɨɬ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɩɪɢ ɫɜɚɪɤɟ ɬɨɧɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɫɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ. ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɥɚɜɹɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɚ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɞɭɝɢ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɢɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɚɪɨɜ ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɚ, ɱɬɨ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɫɜɚɪɤɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɦ ɬɨɤɟ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɹɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦ ɬɨɤɟ, ɭɩɪɨɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɲɜɚ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɦ, ɧɨ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɲɜɚ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ. ɉɪɢ ɫɜɚɪɤɟ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦ ɬɨɤɟ ɩɪɨɳɟ ɢ ɞɟɲɟɜɥɟ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɜɵɲɟ ɄɉȾ, ɧɨ ɧɢɠɟ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɞɭɝɢ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɧɟɩɥɚɜɹɳɢɦɫɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɨɦ, ɬ. ɤ. ɩɨɥɹɪɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɨɤɚ ɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɩɨɥɭɩɟɪɢɨɞɟ. Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɞɟɬɚɥɢ ɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵ, ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɲɜɚ ɯɨɪɨɲɟɟ, ɩɨɬɨɦɭ ɱɬɨ ɜ ɩɨɥɭɩɟɪɢɨɞɟ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɹɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɞɚɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɤɫɢɞɵ ɫ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ, ɧɨ ɜ ɷɬɨɬ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɧɟɩɥɚɜɹɳɢɦɫɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɨɦ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɞɭɝɢ. ɋɜɚɪɤɚ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦ ɬɨɤɟ ɩɥɚɜɹɳɢɦɫɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɨɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ, ɬ. ɤ. ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɚɦɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɧɨɣ ɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɞɥɹ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɫɜɚɪɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɫɜɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ. Ɋɭɱɧɚɹ ɫɜɚɪɤɚ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɵɦɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɚɦɢ (ɪɢɫ. 10.4). Ɋɢɫ. 10.4. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɫɜɚɪɤɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɵɦ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɨɦ: 1 – ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɦɟɬɚɥɥ, 2 – ɲɥɚɤɨɜɚɹ ɤɨɪɤɚ, 3 – ɫɜɚɪɧɨɣ ɲɨɜ, 4 – ɠɢɞɤɚɹ ɲɥɚɤɨɜɚɹ ɜɚɧɧɚ, 5 – ɡɚɳɢɬɧɚɹ ɝɚɡɨɜɚɹ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɚ, 6 – ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɚ, 7 – ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞ, 8 – ɞɭɝɚ, 9 – ɫɜɚɪɨɱɧɚɹ ɜɚɧɧɚ ȼ ɦɚɪɤɢɪɨɜɤɟ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɢɩ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɨɜ, ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɫ ɛɭɤɜɵ ɗ, ɡɚɬɟɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɬ ɰɢɮɪɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɟɞɟɥ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɤȽ/ɦɦ2 . ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɗ42 (Vȼ | 420 Ɇɉɚ), ɗ50 (Vȼ = 500 Ɇɉɚ). ȼ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɬɨɥɫɬɵɯ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɣ (0,5 ... 3 ɦɦ) ɜɯɨɞɹɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɵ: 63 x ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɝɨɪɟɧɢɟ ɞɭɝɢ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɚ ɧɚ ɢɨɧɵ (ɋɚɋɈ3 – ɦɟɥ, ɦɪɚɦɨɪ; Ʉ2ɋɈ3 – ɩɨɬɚɲ); x ɝɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɟ, ɬ. ɟ. ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɟ ɡɚɳɢɬɧɭɸ (ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ) ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɭ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ CO (ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɚɹ ɦɭɤɚ, ɤɪɚɯɦɚɥ ɢ ɞɪ.); x ɲɥɚɤɨɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɟ (ɦɟɥ ɋɚɋɈ3, ɩɨɥɟɜɨɣ ɲɩɚɬ SiO2); x ɪɚɫɤɢɫɥɹɸɳɢɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɠɟɥɟɡɨɦ (ɮɟɪɪɨɫɩɥɚɜɵ); x ɥɟɝɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɨɫɨɛɵɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɲɜɚ (ɮɟɪɪɨɫɩɥɚɜɵ); x ɫɜɹɡɭɸɳɢɟ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɹ (ɠɢɞɤɨɟ ɫɬɟɤɥɨ, ɤɪɚɯɦɚɥ, ɞɟɤɫɬɪɢɧ). Ⱦɥɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɲɜɚ ɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɜɵɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɫɜɚɪɤɟ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ ɫɜɚɪɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɤɚ. Ɉɧ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ Iɫɜ. = Ʉ u dɷ (ɚɦɩɟɪ), ɝɞɟ dɷ – ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ ɫɜɚɪɨɱɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɜɨɥɨɤɢ, ɦɦ. ɉɪɢ ɫɜɚɪɤɟ ɜ ɧɢɠɧɟɦ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ Ʉ = 40 ... 60 ɞɥɹ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɚ ɢɡ ɧɢɡɤɨɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɢɫɬɨɣ ɫɬɚɥɢ, Ʉ = 35 ... 40 ɞɥɹ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɚ ɢɡ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɢɫɬɨɣ ɫɬɚɥɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɲɜɨɜ ɫɜɚɪɨɱɧɵɣ ɬɨɤ Iɫɜ. ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɸɬ ɧɚ 10 ... 15 %, ɞɥɹ ɩɨɬɨɥɨɱɧɵɯ – ɧɚ 15 ... 20 %. ɂɧɬɟɪɜɚɥ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ Iɫɜ = 150 ... 400 Ⱥ, ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ U = 16 ... 30 ȼ. Ⱦɢɚɦɟɬɪ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɚ dɷ ɜɵɛɢɪɚɸɬ ɪɚɜɧɵɦ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ G ɩɪɢ ɫɬɵɤɨɜɨɣ ɫɜɚɪɤɟ ɢ ɤɚɬɟɬɭ Ʉ ɲɜɚ ɩɪɢ ɭɝɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɜɚɪɤɟ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ 6 ɦɦ. ɉɨ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɸ ɲɜɚ ɩɪɢ ɫɜɚɪɤɟ ɲɜɵ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɧɢɠɧɢɟ, ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ, ɧɚɤɥɨɧɧɵɟ, ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɟ, ɩɨɬɨɥɨɱɧɵɟ (ɪɢɫ. 10.5). ɚ ɛ ɜ ɝ Ɋɢɫ. 10.5. ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɪɭɱɧɨɣ ɫɜɚɪɤɟ: ɚ – ɧɢɠɧɟɟ; ɛ – ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɟ; ɜ – ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɟ; ɝ – ɩɨɬɨɥɨɱɧɨɟ ɉɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɦɭ ɭɫɢɥɢɸ ɲɜɵ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɮɪɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ (ɥɨɛɨɜɵɟ), ɮɥɚɧɝɨɜɵɟ, ɤɨɫɵɟ. ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɟɦɵɯ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɫɜɚɪɧɵɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɧɚɯɥɟɫɬɤɭ, ɭɝɥɨɜɵɟ, ɬɚɜɪɨɜɵɟ, ɫɬɵɤɨɜɵɟ (ɬɚɛɥ. 5). Ⱦɥɹ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧ ɫ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɨɣ G < 10 ɦɦ ɫɜɚɪɧɨɣ ɲɨɜ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɨɫɥɨɣɧɵɦ, ɩɪɢ G ! 10 ɦɦ – ɦɧɨɝɨɫɥɨɣɧɵɦ, ɬ. ɟ. ɡɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɜɚɪɧɵɯ ɲɜɨɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɵ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɡɚ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɨɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɚ. ɑɬɨɛɵ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɲɜɚ ɧɚ ɜɫɸ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɭ ɫɜɚɪɢɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɤɚ ɤɪɨɦɨɤ ɫɜɚɪɢɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɟɣ. ɉɪɢ ɫɜɚɪɤɟ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɨɣ G ɦɟɧɟɟ 6 ɦɦ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɤɚ ɤɪɨɦɨɤ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ, ɩɪɢ G ! 6 ɦɦ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɤɚ ɩɨɞ ɭɝɥɨɦ ɜ 30q. 64 Ɋɭɱɧɚɹ ɫɜɚɪɤɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɢɯ ɲɜɨɜ, ɤɪɢɜɨɥɢɧɟɣɧɵɯ, ɥɸɛɵɯ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ, ɜ ɬɪɭɞɧɨɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɵɯ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɩɪɢ ɦɨɧɬɚɠɟ ɢ ɫɛɨɪɤɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ. Ɍɨɤ ɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚɩɥɚɜɤɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɵ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɦ ɬɨɤɟ ɫɬɟɪɠɟɧɶ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɚ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɟ ɨɬɫɥɚɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ. ɉɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɨɤɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ 10 ... 20 Ⱥ/ɦɦ2. ɋɜɚɪɨɱɧɵɟ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ ɬɨɤɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɬɶ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɭɸ ɞɭɝɭ ɩɪɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɟɜɵɫɨɤɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɢ, ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɫɬɜɨ ɬɨɤɚ ɩɪɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɞɥɢɧɵ ɞɭɝɢ, ɩɪɨɫɬɨɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɬɨɤɚ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɨɧɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɜɵɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɬɨɤ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɦɵɤɚɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɩɪɢ ɡɚɠɢɝɚɧɢɢ ɞɭɝɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɫɜɚɪɤɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɜɚɪɨɱɧɵɟ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪɵ, ɚ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɤɚ – ɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɵ ɢ ɜɵɩɪɹɦɢɬɟɥɢ. ɋɜɚɪɤɚ ɩɨɞ ɫɥɨɟɦ ɮɥɸɫɚ. Ⱥɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɢ ɩɨɥɭɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɫɜɚɪɤɭ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɬ ɧɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɚɦɢ ɫ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɟɦ, ɚ ɫɜɚɪɨɱɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɜɨɥɨɤɨɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɯɪɚɧɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɦɨɬɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɹ. Ɋɨɥɶ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɢɝɪɚɟɬ ɮɥɸɫ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɨɞɚɺɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɛɭɧɤɟɪɚ ɜ ɡɨɧɭ ɫɜɚɪɤɢ (ɪɢɫ. 10.1). ɉɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɨɤɚ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɩɪɢ ɪɭɱɧɨɣ ɫɜɚɪɤɟ, 50 … 200 Ⱥ/ɦɦ2. ɉɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɮɥɸɫɵ ɝɪɚɧɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟ MnO + SiO2 + CaF2. ɗɬɨɬ ɜɢɞ ɫɜɚɪɤɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ 5 ... 25 ɪɚɡ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɪɭɱɧɨɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɭɝɨɜɨɣ ɫɜɚɪɤɨɣ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɬɨɤɨɜ ɞɨ 2000 Ⱥ ɢ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɬɨɤɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɫɜɚɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɵ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɨɣ ɞɨ 20 ɦɦ ɛɟɡ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɤɢ ɤɪɨɦɨɤ ɡɚ ɨɞɢɧ ɩɪɨɯɨɞ. ɉɪɢ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɤɟ ɤɪɨɦɨɤ ɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɫɥɨɣɧɨɣ ɫɜɚɪɤɟ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɚ ɫɜɚɪɢɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɥɢɫɬɨɜ ɞɨ 100 ɦɦ. ɗɬɨɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɨɜ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɜ 2 ɪɚɡɚ, ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɪɭɱɧɨɣ ɫɜɚɪɤɨɣ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɜɪɟɞɧɵɯ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɣ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɫɜɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɲɜɚ (ɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɩɨ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɭ ɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚɦ). Ⱥɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɜɚɪɤɚ ɩɨɞ ɮɥɸɫɨɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɟɪɢɣɧɨɦ ɢ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɞɥɹ ɫɜɚɪɤɢ ɜ ɧɢɠɧɟɦ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɹɦɨɥɢɧɟɣɧɵɯ ɢ ɤɨɥɶɰɟɜɵɯ ɲɜɨɜ. Ⱦɥɹ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ ɢ ɫɜɚɪɤɟ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɨɤɢɫɥɹɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɭɝɨɜɚɹ ɫɜɚɪɤɚ ɜ ɡɚɳɢɬɧɵɯ ɝɚɡɚɯ. ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɡɚɳɢɬɧɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɢɧɟɪɬɧɵɟ: ɚɪɝɨɧ (Ar), ɝɟɥɢɣ (ɇɟ) – ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ: ɚɡɨɬ N2, ɋɈ2. Ⱥɪɝɨɧɨ-ɞɭɝɨɜɚɹ ɫɜɚɪɤɚ. Ar ɯɪɚɧɢɬɫɹ ɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɛɚɥɥɨɧɚɯ ɩɨɞ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ 15 Ɇɉɚ. Ɍɨɥɳɢɧɚ ɫɜɚɪɢɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ 0,8 ... 6 ɦɦ, Imin = 10 Ⱥ. Ⱥɪɝɨɧɨ-ɞɭɝɨɜɚɹ ɫɜɚɪɤɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɰɜɟɬɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɢ ɬɭɝɨɩɥɚɜɤɢɯ (Ti, Nb, V, Zr) ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ, ɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɥɟɣ, ɝɞɟ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɲɜɚ. Ɂɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɨɤɚ (I = 100 Ⱥ/ɦɦ2) ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɬɪɭɣɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫ ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɫ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɚ ɜ ɫɜɚɪɨɱɧɭɸ ɜɚɧɧɭ ɜɦɟɫɬɨ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɤɚɩɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ. Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 5 Ɍɢɩɵ ɫɜɚɪɧɵɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɯ ɩɪɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚɯ ɫɜɚɪɤɢ ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ 65 ɋɜɚɪɤɚ ɜ ɭɝɥɟɤɢɫɥɨɦ ɝɚɡɟ ɋɈ2 ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɥɚɜɹɳɢɦɫɹ ɩɪɨɜɨɥɨɱɧɵɦ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɨɦ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɦ ɬɨɤɟ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɹɪɧɨɫɬɢ. Ƚɚɡ ɋɈ2 ɯɪɚɧɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɛɚɥɥɨɧɚɯ, ɪ = 7 Ɇɉɚ. ɉɪɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ ɋɈ2 ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɢɪɭɟɬ ɧɚ ɋɈ ɢ Ɉ. Ⱦɥɹ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ Ɉ ɜ ɩɪɨɜɨɥɨɤɭ ɞɚɸɬ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɪɚɫɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɟɣ – Mn ɢ Si. Ⱦɢɚɦɟɬɪ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɚ dɷɥ. = 0,2 ... 2 ɦɦ. ɉɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɨɤɚ 80 ... 100 Ⱥ/ɦɦ2. ɗɬɨ ɫɚɦɵɣ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɵɣ ɢ ɞɟɲɟɜɵɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɫɜɚɪɤɢ ɜ ɡɚɳɢɬɧɨɣ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɟ. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɲɜɚ ɜɦɟɫɬɨ ɩɪɨɜɨɥɨɤɢ ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɨɜɭɸ ɩɪɨɜɨɥɨɤɭ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɜɢɞ ɬɪɭɛɤɢ, ɡɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɨɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚɦɢ, ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɹɦ. Ɂɚɦɟɬɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɫɜɚɪɤɚ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɨɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɜɨɥɨɤɨɣ ɞɚɠɟ ɛɟɡ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɡɚɳɢɬɧɨɣ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɵ ɜ ɪɹɞɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɜɵɬɟɫɧɹɟɬ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɢ ɩɨɥɭɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɫɜɚɪɤɭ ɩɨɞ ɫɥɨɟɦ ɮɥɸɫɚ. 10.2 ɉɥɚɡɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɫɜɚɪɤɚ 66 ɉɥɚɡɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɫɜɚɪɤɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɦ ɩɥɚɡɦɵ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɦ ɢɡ ɫɟɛɹ ɫɬɪɭɸ ɢɨɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ 10000…20000 qɋ. ɉɥɚɡɦɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɪɨɩɭɫɤɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ ɝɚɡɚ (ɚɪɝɨɧɚ, ɚɡɨɬɚ, ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ, ɝɟɥɢɹ, ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɢɥɢ ɢɯ ɫɦɟɫɟɣ) ɱɟɪɟɡ ɝɨɪɟɥɤɭ. Ɉɞɢɧ ɩɨɬɨɤ ɝɚɡɚ, ɩɪɨɯɨɞɹɳɢɣ ɨɤɨɥɨ ɜɨɥɶɮɪɚɦɨɜɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɚ, ɢɨɧɢɡɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɥɚɡɦɭ, ɞɪɭɝɨɣ, ɩɨɞɚɜɚɟɦɵɣ ɜ ɦɭɧɞɲɬɭɤ ɝɨɪɟɥɤɢ, ɦɢɧɭɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞ, ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɨɬ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ. ɉɥɚɡɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɫɜɚɪɤɢ ɢ ɪɟɡɤɢ ɬɨɧɤɢɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɥɢɫɬɨɜ ɢ ɧɟɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɩɵɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɭɝɨɩɥɚɜɤɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɩɥɚɜɤɢ ɬɭɝɨɩɥɚɜɤɢɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɢ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ ɩɥɚɡɦɟɧɧɭɸ ɞɭɝɭ ɞɥɹ ɬɟɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ, ɪɟɡɤɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦɢ ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɟɧɚ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɬɟɩɥɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ (Cu, Al). 10.3 Ɉɫɨɛɵɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɫɜɚɪɤɢ ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɲɥɚɤɨɜɚɹ ɫɜɚɪɤɚ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɜɨɥɨɤɢ ɢ ɫɜɚɪɢɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɡɚ ɫɱɺɬ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɮɥɸɫɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɧɟɝɨ ɬɨɤɚ (ɪɢɫ. 10.6). Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɜɢɞ ɫɜɚɪɤɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɛɟɡɞɭɝɨɜɵɦ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ, ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫɨ ɫɜɚɪɤɨɣ ɩɨɞ ɮɥɸɫɨɦ, ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ: ɥɭɱɲɟ ɦɚɤɪɨɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɲɜɚ, ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɵ, ɜɵɲɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɲɜɚ ɡɚ ɨɞɢɧ ɩɪɨɯɨɞ ɩɪɢ ɥɸɛɨɣ G ɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɜɚɪɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɤɚ ɜ 1,5 ... 2 ɪɚɡɚ. ɒɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɟ ɫɜɚɪɤɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨ. ɇɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ: ɤɪɭɩɧɨɟ ɡɟɪɧɨ ɜ ɲɜɟ ɢ ɨɤɨɥɨ ɧɟɝɨ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɡɚɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚ ɢ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɫɜɚɪɤɢ ɧɭɠɧɚ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ (ɨɬɠɢɝ ɢɥɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ). ɉɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɜɚɧɨ-ɫɜɚɪɧɵɯ ɢ ɥɢɬɨɫɜɚɪɧɵɯ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ (ɫɬɚɧɢɧ, ɲɚɛɨɬɨɜ, ɲɬɚɦɩɨɜɵɯ ɤɭɛɢɤɨɜ ɢ ɬ. ɩ.), ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɫɜɚɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɵ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɵ G = 50 ... 2000 ɦɦ . ɋɜɚɪɤɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɦ ɥɭɱɨɦ ɜ ɜɚɤɭɭɦɟ. ȼɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɬɟɩɥɚ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɢɫɩɚɪɹɬɶ ɚɥɦɚɡ, ɪɭɛɢɧ, ɫɬɟɤɥɨ. Ⱦɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵ. ɉɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ ɢɡ ɬɭɝɨɩɥɚɜɤɢɯ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ (W, Ta, Nb, Zr, Mo). Gmin = 0,02 ɦɦ, Gmax = 200 ɦɦ. ɇɚɲɥɚ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɢɤɟ ɢ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɢ. Ʌɚɡɟɪɧɚɹ ɫɜɚɪɤɚ. Ɇɟɬɚɥɥ ɜ ɡɨɧɟ ɥɭɱɚ ɢɫɩɚɪɹɟɬɫɹ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɫɜɚɪɤɢ, ɞɨ 500 ɦ/ɱɚɫ, ɧɟ ɧɭɠɟɧ ɜɚɤɭɭɦ. ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɲɢɜɤɢ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɣ ɢ ɪɟɡɤɢ. 67 10. 4. Ƚɚɡɨɜɚɹ ɫɜɚɪɤɚ Ƚɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɫɜɚɪɤɨɣ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɫɜɚɪɤɭ ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɟɦɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɸɬ ɩɥɚɦɟɧɟɦ ɝɚɡɨɜ, ɫɠɢɝɚɟɦɵɯ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɟ ɢɡ ɝɨɪɟɥɤɢ (ɪɢɫ. 10.7). Ƚɚɡɨɜɨɟ ɩɥɚɦɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɢ ɝɨɪɸɱɟɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ ɜ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɟ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɱɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ. Ɇɨɝɭɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɝɨɪɸɱɢɟ ɝɚɡɵ: ɚɰɟɬɢɥɟɧ, ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞ, ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɝɚɡɵ, ɩɚɪɵ ɛɟɧɡɢɧɚ ɢ ɤɟɪɨɫɢɧɚ, ɩɪɨɩɚɧ. Ⱥɰɟɬɢɥɟɧ ɜɡɪɵɜɨɨɩɚɫɟɧ ɩɪɢ ɪ ! 0,175 Ɇɉɚ, ɯɪɚɧɢɬɫɹ ɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɛɚɥɥɨɧɚɯ ɛɟɥɨɝɨ ɰɜɟɬɚ ɫ ɤɪɚɫɧɨɣ ɧɚɞɩɢɫɶɸ “Ⱥɰɟɬɢɥɟɧ”. Ȼɚɥɥɨɧɵ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɵ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɭɝɥɟɦ, ɩɪɨɩɢɬɚɧɧɵɦ ɚɰɟɬɨɧɨɦ ɪ = 1,5 ... 1,6 Ɇɉɚ. Ⱥɰɟɬɢɥɟɧ ɜ ɛɚɥɥɨɧɚɯ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɺɧɧɵɦ ɜ ɚɰɟɬɨɧɟ ɢ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɡɪɵɜɨɨɩɚɫɧɵɦ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɚɰɟɬɢɥɟɧɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɪɛɢɞ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɟɱɚɯ ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɟɦ ɤɨɤɫɚ ɫ ɧɟɝɚɲɟɧɨɣ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɶɸ ɩɪɢ 1900 … 2300 qɋ. ɋɚɋ2 + 2ɇ2Ɉ = ɋ2ɇ2 + ɋɚ (Ɉɇ)2 + Q. Ɋɢɫ. 10.7. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɫɜɚɪɤɢ: 1 – ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ, 2 – ɩɪɢɫɚɞɨɱɧɵɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ (ɩɪɨɜɨɥɨɤɚ), 3 – ɝɚɡɨɜɚɹ ɝɨɪɟɥɤɚ, 4  ɩɥɚɦɹ Ɉɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɟɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɯɪɚɧɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɛɚɥɥɨɧɚɯ ɝɨɥɭɛɨɝɨ ɰɜɟɬɚ ɫ ɱɟɪɧɨɣ ɧɚɞɩɢɫɶɸ «Ʉɢɫɥɨɪɨɞ». ɇɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɪ = 15 Ɇɉɚ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɤɚɤ ɞɥɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɚɰɟɬɢɥɟɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɛɚɥɥɨɧɵ ɨɛɴɺɦɨɦ 40 ɞɦ3. 68 Ⱦɥɹ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɲɜɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɫɚɞɨɱɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɜɨɥɨɤɚ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ 1 ... 6 ɦɦ. ȼɵɛɢɪɚɸɬ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ ɩɪɢɫɚɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɜɨɥɨɤɢ ɫ ɭɱɺɬɨɦ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɵ G ɫɜɚɪɢɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ: d = 0,5 G + 1 ɦɦ ɞɥɹ ɥɟɜɨɣ ɫɜɚɪɤɢ, d = 0,5 G + 2 ɦɦ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɚɜɨɣ. Ⱦɥɹ ɫɜɚɪɤɢ ɱɭɝɭɧɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɥɢɬɵɟ ɱɭɝɭɧɧɵɟ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɢ, ɞɥɹ ɢɡɧɨɫɨɫɬɨɣɤɢɯ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɣ – ɥɢɬɵɟ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɢ ɢɡ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɯ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ. Ⱦɥɹ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɢɫɬɵɯ ɫɬɚɥɟɣ ɮɥɸɫɵ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɨɬ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ, ɬ. ɤ. ɬɚ ɡɨɧɚ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɦɟɧɢ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɫɜɚɪɤɚ, ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɡɚɳɢɳɚɟɬ ɦɟɬɚɥɥ ɨɬ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ. Ⱦɥɹ ɫɜɚɪɤɢ ɰɜɟɬɧɵɯ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ ɢ ɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɥɟɣ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɮɥɸɫɵ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɢ ɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɨɤɫɢɞɨɜ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɜɫɩɥɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɲɥɚɤɨɜ. ɋɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɫɜɚɪɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɚɰɟɬɢɥɟɧɨ-ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɦɟɧɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 10.8: x ɡɨɧɚ 1 ɞɥɢɧɨɣ 5 ... 20 ɦɦ – ɹɞɪɨ ɩɥɚɦɟɧɢ, ɜ ɧɟɣ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɧɚɝɪɟɜ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ; x ɡɨɧɚ 2 ɞɥɢɧɨɣ a 20 ɦɦ – ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ, ɜ ɧɟɣ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɟ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɟ ɚɰɟɬɢɥɟɧɚ ɢ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɡɨɧɟ ɭɝɚɪɧɵɣ ɝɚɡ CO ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɬɶ ɨɤɫɢɞɵ; x ɡɨɧɚ 3 – ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ, ɜ ɧɟɣ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɞɨɝɨɪɚɧɢɟ CO ɢ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ. 1 ɫɬɚɞɢɹ ɝɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɢɞɟɬ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɢɡ ɛɚɥɥɨɧɚ, 2 ɫɬɚɞɢɹ – ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ. 3 1 2 Ɋɢɫ. 10.8. ɋɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɫɜɚɪɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɚɰɟɬɢɥɟɧɨ-ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɦɟɧɢ: 1 – ɹɞɪɨ ɩɥɚɦɟɧɢ, 2 – ɪɚɛɨɱɚɹ ɡɨɧɚ, 3 – ɮɚɤɟɥ ɩɥɚɦɟɧɢ ɉɪɢ ɡɚɠɢɝɚɧɢɢ ɩɥɚɦɟɧɢ ɝɨɪɟɥɤɢ ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɩɨɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞ, ɡɚɬɟɦ ɚɰɟɬɢɥɟɧ. ɋ2ɇ2 + Ɉ2 o 2ɋɈ + ɇ2 + (3/2) Ɉ2 = 2ɋɈ2 + ɇ2Ɉ. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɝɚɡɨɫɜɚɪɨɱɧɨɣ ɝɨɪɟɥɤɢ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ.10.9. Ɇɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɥɚɦɟɧɢ ɝɨɪɟɥɤɢ ɩɨɞɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ W = Ⱥ u G, ɥ/ɱɚɫ, ɝɞɟ G – ɬɨɥɳɢɧɚ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ, ɦɦ. Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ Ⱥ: ɞɥɹ ɫɬɚɥɢ 100 … 150, ɞɥɹ ɱɭɝɭɧɚ 80 … 100, ɞɥɹ ɦɟɞɢ 200 … 250, ɞɥɹ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɹ 75 … 100. ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɥɚɦɟɧɢ W ɩɨɞɛɢɪɚɸɬ ɧɚɤɨɧɟɱɧɢɤ ɫɜɚɪɨɱɧɨɣ ɝɨɪɟɥɤɢ. 1 2 3 4 5 69 Ɋɢɫ. 10.9. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɝɚɡɨɫɜɚɪɨɱɧɨɣ ɝɨɪɟɥɤɢ: 1 – ɦɭɧɞɲɬɭɤ, 2 – ɧɚɤɨɧɟɱɧɢɤ, 3 – ɤɚɦɟɪɚ ɫɦɟɲɟɧɢɹ, ɋɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɢ ɚɰɟɬɢɥɟɧɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɜɚɪɳɢɤɨɦ ɩɨ ɰɜɟɬɭ ɩɥɚɦɟɧɢ. ɇɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɥɚɦɹ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɜɟɬɥɨɟ ɹɞɪɨ ɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɺɦɧɵɟ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɡɨɧɭ ɢ ɮɚɤɟɥ. Ɉɧɨ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɫɜɚɪɤɢ ɫɬɚɥɟɣ, ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ Ɉ2/ɋ2ɇ2 | 1,1. Ɉɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɥɚɦɹ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɭɤɨɪɨɱɟɧɧɨɟ ɡɚɨɫɬɪɺɧɧɨɟ ɹɞɪɨ ɫ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɪɟɡɤɢɦɢ ɨɱɟɪɬɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɛɥɟɞɧɵɦ ɰɜɟɬɨɦ. ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɥɹ ɥɚɬɭɧɢ, ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ Ɉ2/ɋ2ɇ2 ! 1,2...1,3. ɇɚɭɝɥɟɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɳɟɟ ɩɥɚɦɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɫɜɚɪɤɢ ɱɭɝɭɧɚ ɢ ɰɜɟɬɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ, ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ Ɉ2/ɋ2ɇ2  0,9…1,0. Ɉɧɨ ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɢɪɭɟɬ ɜɵɝɨɪɚɧɢɟ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɢ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɨɤɫɢɞɵ ɰɜɟɬɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ. ɇɚ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɹɞɪɚ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɡɟɥɺɧɵɣ ɜɟɧɱɢɤ. Ⱦɥɹ ɫɜɚɪɤɢ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɝɚɡɨɜɵɯ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɨɜ, ɧɚ ɜɵɯɨɞɟ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɚɰɟɬɢɥɟɧ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɧɢɡɤɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɢɧɠɟɤɬɨɪɧɵɟ ɝɨɪɟɥɤɢ. ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɢɧɠɟɤɰɢɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɫɦɟɲɢɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɝɨɪɟɥɤɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞ ɫ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ 0,3…0,4 Ɇɉɚ ɢ ɚɰɟɬɢɥɟɧ ɫ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ 0,001…0,02 Ɇɉɚ. ɉɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɢɧɠɟɤɬɨɪɧɵɟ ɫɜɚɪɨɱɧɵɟ ɝɨɪɟɥɤɢ Ƚɋ-2, Ƚɋ-3, Ƚɋ-4. ɑɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɧɨɦɟɪ, ɬɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɜɚɪɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɦɟɧɢ. ɉɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɚɰɟɬɢɥɟɧɚ ɜ ɛɚɥɥɨɧɚɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɛɟɡɵɧɠɟɤɬɨɪɧɵɟ ɝɚɡɨɜɵɟ ɝɨɪɟɥɤɢ ȽɁɍ ɢ ȽɁɆ. Ƚɚɡɨɜɚɹ ɫɜɚɪɤɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɦɚɥɨɣ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɵ (0,2 ... 3ɦɦ); ɥɟɝɤɨɩɥɚɜɤɢɯ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ; ɞɥɹ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ, ɬɪɟɛɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɥɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚ ɢ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ. Ɍɚɤɢɦɢ ɫɩɥɚɜɚɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɱɭɝɭɧ, ɥɚɬɭɧɶ, ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɬɚɥɢ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ ɷɬɚ ɫɜɚɪɤɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɚɣɤɢ ɢ ɧɚɩɥɚɜɤɢ, ɞɥɹ ɡɚɜɚɪɤɢ ɞɟɮɟɤɬɨɜ ɱɭɝɭɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɛɪɨɧɡɨɜɵɯ ɨɬɥɢɜɨɤ. Ƚɚɡɨɜɚɹ ɪɟɡɤɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɫɝɨɪɚɬɶ ɜ ɫɬɪɭɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ. ɉɪɢ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɪɟɡɤɟ ɱɺɪɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɢɯ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ: 3Fe + 2O2 = Fe3O4 + Q. ɑɬɨɛɵ ɧɚɱɚɥɫɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ, ɦɟɬɚɥɥ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɚɝɪɟɬɶ ɝɚɡɨɜɵɦ ɩɥɚɦɟɧɟɦ ɞɨ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɜɨɫɩɥɚɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɚɺɬɫɹ ɫɬɪɭɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ. Ⱦɥɹ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɡɤɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɝɚɡɨɜɵɟ ɪɟɡɚɤɢ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɟ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɪɟɡɚɤɚ ɨɬ ɝɨɪɟɥɤɢ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɭ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɪɟɠɭɳɟɝɨ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ. ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 10.10 ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧ ɦɭɧɞɲɬɭɤ ɪɟɡɚɤɚ. ȼɢɞɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɫɬɪɭɹ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɤɨɥɶɰɟɜɨɦɭ ɡɚɡɨɪɭ ɦɭɧɞɲɬɭɤɚ, ɚ ɪɟɠɭɳɢɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞ – ɩɨ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɸ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɜ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɟ. 1 70 2 3 4 5 Ɇɟɬɚɥɥɵ ɩɨɞɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɪɟɡɤɟ ɩɪɢ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ: x Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɜɨɫɩɥɚɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ. x Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɤɫɢɞɨɜ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ. x Ɋɚɡɪɟɡɚɟɦɵɣ ɫɩɥɚɜ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɧɢɡɤɭɸ ɬɟɩɥɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɫɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɧɚɝɪɟɬɶ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɭɱɚɫɬɨɤ ɦɚɫɫɢɜɧɨɣ ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɞɨ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɜɨɫɩɥɚɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ. x Ʉɨɧɫɢɫɬɟɧɰɢɹ ɨɤɫɢɞɨɜ ɠɢɞɤɚɹ, ɜ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɨɧɢ ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɸ ɪɟɠɭɳɟɝɨ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ. x Ɍɟɩɥɚ ɨɬ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ. ɏɨɪɨɲɨ ɪɟɠɭɬɫɹ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɫ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɋ d 0,7 %. Ɉɧɢ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɪɟɠɭɬɫɹ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɪɟɡɤɨɣ ɩɪɢ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɟ 5 … 300 ɦɦ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ (ɞɨ 1500 ɦɦ ɩɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɩɟɰɪɟɡɚɤɨɜ). ɑɭɝɭɧ ɩɥɚɜɢɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɣ, ɱɟɦ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɜɨɫɩɥɚɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɪɟɠɟɬɫɹ ɩɥɨɯɨ. ɗɬɨ ɠɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɢ ɤ ɰɜɟɬɧɵɦ ɦɟɬɚɥɚɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɤ ɬɨɦɭ ɠɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɜɵɫɨɤɭɸ ɬɟɩɥɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɫɬɶ. ɂɯ ɪɟɠɭɬ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɧɨ-ɮɥɸɫɨɜɨɣ ɢ ɩɥɚɡɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɡɤɨɣ. Ɋɟɡɤɚ ɩɥɚɡɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɟɣ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɲɢɪɢɧɭ ɪɟɡɚ b = 1 ... 2 ɦɦ. ɉɥɚɡɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɟɣ ɪɟɠɭɬ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɭ, ɜɵɫɨɤɨɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɬɚɥɢ, ɦɟɞɧɵɟ ɢ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɟɜɵɟ ɫɩɥɚɜɵ. Ⱦɥɹ ɬɨɤɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɩɥɚɡɦɟɧɧɭɸ ɞɭɝɭ (G ɞɨ 120 ɦɦ). Ɋɟɡɤɚ ɛɵɜɚɟɬ ɪɭɱɧɚɹ ɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ (ɜ ɬ. ɱ. ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ). ɌȿɆȺ 11. ɌȿɊɆɈɆȿɏȺɇɂɑȿɋɄȺə ɂ ɆȿɏȺɇɂɑȿɋɄȺə ɋȼȺɊɄȺ ɋɭɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɜɚɪɤɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɛɥɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɱɢɫɬɵɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ (2 ... 4) u 10-7 ɦɦ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɬ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɦɟɠɚɬɨɦɧɵɟ ɫɢɥɵ ɫɰɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɨɜ. ɉɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɭɞɚɥɢɬɶ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɹɸɳɢɟ ɩɥɟɧɤɢ ɨɤɫɢɞɨɜ, ɚɞɫɨɪɛɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɦɚɫɥɹɧɵɯ ɩɥɟɧɨɤ (ɠɢɪɨɜɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ), ɬɨɥɳɢɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ 100 ... 200 ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ. Ⱦɥɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɩɪɨɱɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜ. Ʉɨɧɬɚɤɬɧɚɹ (ɬɟɪɦɨɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ) ɫɜɚɪɤɚ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɟɦɵɯ ɫɬɵɤɨɜ ɩɨɞ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɨɤɚ ɞɨ t ɝɨɪɹɱɟɣ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɞɨ ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦ ɫɞɚɜɥɢɜɚɧɢɢ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɟɦ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ. Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɬɨɱɟɱɧɭɸ, ɫɬɵɤɨɜɭɸ ɢ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɧɭɸ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɧɭɸ ɫɜɚɪɤɭ. 71 ɉɪɢ ɫɬɵɤɨɜɨɣ ɫɜɚɪɤɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɜɚɪɢɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɨ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɬɵɤɭɟɦɵɯ ɬɨɪɰɨɜ (ɪɢɫ. 11.1). ɋɬɵɤ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɚɦɨɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ, ɬ. ɤ. ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɩɨ ɜɫɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɩɥɟɧɤɢ ɨɤɫɢɞɨɜ ɢ ɞɪ. ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɬɨɪɰɚɯ. ȼɵɞɟɥɹɸɳɚɹɫɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɚ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɬɨɤɚ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɵɤɚ ɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɩɪɨɩɭɫɤɚɧɢɹ ɬɨɤɚ. Ɂɚɤɨɧ Ⱦɠɨɭɥɹ-Ʌɟɧɰɚ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɤɚ ɢ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ: Q = I2Rt. ɉɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɵɤɨɜɚɹ ɫɜɚɪɤɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɜɚɪɤɨɣ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɢɥɢ ɨɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ. ɉɪɢ ɫɜɚɪɤɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɚɝɪɟɜ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɛɟɡ ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɪɰɨɜ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɢɯ ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ ɜɚɪɹɬ ɧɢɡɤɨɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɢɫɬɵɟ, ɧɢɡɤɨɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɢ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɟɜɵɟ ɫɩɥɚɜɵ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɜɚɪɧɨɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɛɟɡ ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɬɜɺɪɞɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɡɚ ɫɱɺɬ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ. ɉɪɢ ɫɬɵɤɨɜɨɣ ɫɜɚɪɤɟ ɨɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɟ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɬɨɪɰɵ, ɨɤɫɢɞɵ ɢ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɠɢɦɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɚɪɭɠɭ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɚɪɢɬɶ ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɫ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɧɨ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɯɢɦɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɜ ɦɟɫɬɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ. Ɍɨɱɟɱɧɚɹ ɫɜɚɪɤɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɦ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚɦ ɤɚɫɚɧɢɹ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɦ ɬɨɱɤɚɦɢ (ɪɢɫ. 11.2) ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɟɦɵɯ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ ɜɧɚɯɥɟɫɬ. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɫɜɚɪɤɢ ɞɟɬɚɥɢ ɩɥɨɬɧɨ ɩɪɢɠɢɦɚɸɬɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɚɦɢ ɫɜɚɪɨɱɧɨɣ ɦɚɲɢɧɵ, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɪɚɡɨɝɪɟɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɨɦ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɨɤɚ. ɂɦɩɭɥɶɫ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɬɶ ɧɚɝɪɟɜ ɞɨ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɢ ɞɨ ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɫɥɨɟɜ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɥɢɬɚɹ ɫɜɚɪɧɚɹ ɬɨɱɤɚ. Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɬɨɱɟɱɧɭɸ ɨɞɧɨ- ɢ ɞɜɭɯɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɸɸ ɫɜɚɪɤɭ. Ⱦɥɹ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɢ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɟɜɵɯ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɚ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɟɦɵɯ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ G = 0,5 ... 5 ɦɦ. ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɚ ɫɜɚɪɤɚ ɬɨɱɟɤ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɟ. ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɞɨ 1000 ɬɨɱɟɤ ɜ ɦɢɧɭɬɭ. ɚ Ɋɢɫ. 11.1. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɧɨɣ ɫɜɚɪɤɢ: 1 – ɫɜɚɪɢɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ, 2, 4 – ɡɚɠɢɦɧɵɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ, 3 – ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɚɹ ɨɛɦɨɬɤɚ ɫɜɚɪɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪɚ, 5 – ɫɬɵɤɨɜɨɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɛ Ɋɢɫ. 11.2. ɋɯɟɦɵ ɨɞɧɨ-(ɚ) ɢ ɞɜɭɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɟɣ (ɛ) ɬɨɱɟɱɧɨɣ ɫɜɚɪɤɢ: 1 – ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɟɦɵɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ, 2 – ɦɟɞɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɵ, 3 – ɡɨɧɚ ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ, 4 – ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ, 5 – ɭɩɥɨɬɧɹɸɳɢɣ ɩɨɹɫɨɤ, 6 – ɲɭɧɬɢɪɭɸɳɚɹ ɦɟɞɧɚɹ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɞɤɚ ɒɨɜɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɧɚɹ ɫɜɚɪɤɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɚɦɢ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɦɢ ɜɢɞ ɪɨɥɢɤɨɜ. Ɉɧɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɞɧɨ- ɢ ɞɜɭɯɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɟɣ (ɪɢɫ. 11.3). ɋɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɪɨɥɢɤɨɜ V ɞɨ 10 ɦ/ɦɢɧ, ɬɨɥɳɢɧɚ ɫɜɚɪɢɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ G = 0,3 ... 3 ɦɦ. Ɉɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɧɨɣ ɫɜɚɪɤɢ (ɜ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɦɚɲɢɧɟ): ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪ, ɩɪɟɪɵɜɚɬɟɥɶ ɬɨɤɚ, ɩɟɪɟɤɥɸɱɚɬɟɥɶ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ, ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɧɟɜɦɚɬɢɱɟ72 ɫɤɢɣ ɢɥɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɫɬɚɰɢɨɧɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɞɥɹ ɬɨɱɟɱɧɨɣ ɫɜɚɪɤɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɧɵɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɬɢɩɚ ɤɥɟɳɟɣ ɢ ɩɢɫɬɨɥɟɬɨɜ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ ɢɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ – ɫɜɚɪɤɚ ɜ ɬɪɭɞɧɨɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɵɯ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɜ ɬɨɧɤɨɥɢɫɬɨɜɵɯ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹɯ. ɋɜɚɪɤɚ ɬɪɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚ ɩɨɞ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɬɪɟɧɢɹ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ (ɪɢɫ. 11.4). Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɜɚɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɥɸɛɵɟ ɫɩɥɚɜɵ, ɬ. ɤ. ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɬɪɟɧɢɹ ɚ ɛ Ɋɢɫ. 11.4. ɋɯɟɦɵ ɫɜɚɪɤɢ ɬɪɟɧɢɟɦ: ɚ – ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɷɬɚɩ; ɛ – ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɫɜɚɪɤɢ Ɋɢɫ. 11.3. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɲɨɜɧɨɣ ɫɜɚɪɤɢ: 1 – ɞɢɫɤɨɜɵɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɵ (ɪɨɥɢɤɢ), 2 – ɫɜɚɪɧɨɣ ɲɨɜ, 3 – ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ, 4 – ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɟɦɵɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɚɹ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɨɤɫɢɞɧɵɯ ɩɥɺɧɨɤ, ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ. Ɋɚɫɯɨɞ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɧɨɣ ɫɜɚɪɤɨɣ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ. ȼ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɭɥɶɬɪɚɡɜɭɤɨɜɚɹ ɫɜɚɪɤɚ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɭɥɶɬɪɚɡɜɭɤɨɜɵɯ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɣ ɫ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɨɣ M = 20 ... 30 ɤȽɰ. Ɉɧɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɬɨɤɚ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ ɧɚ ɨɛɦɨɬɤɭ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɨɫɬɪɢɤɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ, ɫɟɪɞɟɱɧɢɤ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɚɦɢ 0,1…0,2 ɦɦ. Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɟɧ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɫɜɨɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ ɩɨɞ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɤɚ. Ⱥɦɩɥɢɬɭɞɚ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɣ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬ 2 ... 10 ɦɤɦ. Ɋɟɡɨɧɚɧɫɧɵɣ ɜɨɥɧɨɜɨɞ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɚɦɩɥɢɬɭɞɭ ɞɨ 40 ... 60 ɦɤɦ. Ʉɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɫɜɚɪɢɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ ɢ ɫɢɥɵ ɬɪɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɦɟɫɬɟ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɚ. ɉɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɪɚɡɨɝɪɟɜ ɢ ɫɜɚɪɤɚ. ɉɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɚɹ ɩɥɟɧɤɚ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɭɥɶɬɪɚɡɜɭɤɨɦ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɟ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɨɱɢɳɚɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɫɜɚɪɤɨɣ. Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɜ ɡɨɧɟ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɚ ɞɥɹ Cu d 600 qɋ, Al – 200 ... 300 qɋ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɷɬɨɬ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɞɥɹ ɦɚɥɵɯ ɬɨɥɳɢɧ G = 0,001 ... 1 ɦɦ. Ɇɨɠɧɨ ɫɜɚɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɪɚɡɧɨɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ, ɞɟɬɚɥɢ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɬɨɥɳɢɧ, ɦɟɬɚɥɥɵ ɫ ɧɟɦɟɬɚɥɥɚɦɢ. ɗɬɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɥɨ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɭɥɶɬɪɚɡɜɭɤɨɜɨɣ ɫɜɚɪɤɢ ɜ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɢ, ɪɚɞɢɨɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɢɤɟ. ɋɜɚɪɤɚ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɦ (ɤɭɦɭɥɹɬɢɜɧɵɦ) ɜɡɪɵɜɨɦ. Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɫɨɭɞɚɪɟɧɢɹ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ (ɦɟɬɚɟɦɨɣ) ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ, ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɧɵɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ 10…20 Ƚɉɚ. ȼɪɟɦɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɨ73 ɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɦɚɥɨ (ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɦɢɤɪɨɫɟɤɭɧɞ), ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ. ɗɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɶ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɟ ɢɡ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɪɟɡɤɨ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɩɨ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦ (ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɬ. ɞ). Ⱦɢɮɮɭɡɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɫɜɚɪɤɚ ɜ ɜɚɤɭɭɦɟ. ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɭɬɺɦ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚ ɞɨ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɢɠɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ (0,4…0,8 Ɍɩɥ) ɢ ɫɞɚɜɥɢɜɚɧɢɹ 1 ... 20 Ɇɉɚ ɞɨ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɦɟɫɬɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ. ȼɪɟɦɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɧɢɡɤɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ (5 ... 20 ɦɢɧ). ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɛɟɡ ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɧɨɣ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɢ ɜ ɩɪɢɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɯ ɫɥɨɹɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɟɦɵɯ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ. Ɇɨɠɧɨ ɫɜɚɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɪɚɡɧɨɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ. Ƚɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɞɨɫɬɨɢɧɫɬɜɨɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɢɡɦɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɟɦɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɢ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɟ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɫɧɢɠɚɬɶ ɭɫɬɚɥɨɫɬɧɭɸ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ. ɗɬɨɬ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ, ɚɜɢɚɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɢ. ɏɨɥɨɞɧɚɹ ɫɜɚɪɤɚ. ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɢ ɫɞɚɜɥɢɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ. ȼɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ 30 %. ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɬɨɱɟɱɧɨɣ, ɲɨɜɧɨɣ, ɤɨɧɬɭɪɧɨɣ, ɫɬɵɤɨɜɨɣ. ɒɢɪɨɤɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ Al, Cd, Pb, Cu, Ni, Au, Ag, Zn. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɟɦɵɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɨɤɫɢɞɧɵɯ, ɚɞɫɨɪɛɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɥɺɧɨɤ. ɉɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɜ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɢ. Ʉɨɧɬɚɤɬɧɚɹ ɢ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɚɹ ɫɜɚɪɤɚ ɞɚɸɬ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɵɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ, ɧɢɡɤɭɸ ɨɤɢɫɥɹɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ, ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ ɡɨɧɵ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɧɚ ɦɟɬɚɥɥ, ɜɵɫɨɤɭɸ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɟ ɫɚɧɢɬɚɪɧɨ-ɝɢɝɢɟɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɬɪɭɞɚ. Ɍɢɩɵ ɫɜɚɪɧɵɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚɯ ɫɜɚɪɤɢ ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ. 5. 11.1. ɋɜɚɪɢɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɢ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ ɋɜɚɪɢɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ – ɷɬɨ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɵɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɫɜɚɪɤɢ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ, ɨɬɜɟɱɚɸɳɢɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɢ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ ɤ ɧɢɦ. ɉɪɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɹ ɜɵɲɟɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɫɜɚɪɤɢ, ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɜɚɪɧɵɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɹ, ɱɬɨ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɫɜɚɪɤɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɬɶɫɹ, ɫɜɚɪɢɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɚɠɧɨɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɨɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ, ɩɨɦɨɝɚɸɳɟɣ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɛɪɚɬɶ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ, ɦɟɬɨɞ, ɪɟɠɢɦɵ ɫɜɚɪɤɢ. ɉɪɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɟ ɫɜɚɪɢɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɫɩɥɚɜɚ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɜ ɫɜɚɪɧɨɦ ɲɜɟ; ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɜ ɨɤɨɥɨɲɨɜɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɟ; ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɨ ɫɜɚɪɨɱɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɦ; ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɝɨɪɹɱɢɯ ɢ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɵɯ ɬɪɟɳɢɧ ɜ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɟ ɲɜɚ ɢ ɨɤɨɥɨɲɨɜɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɟ. 74 Ⱦɚɞɢɦ ɤɪɚɬɤɭɸ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɭ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɦ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɦ ɜ ɦɚɲɢɧɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɫɬɚɥɟɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɦ ɫɜɚɪɢɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɨɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɋɷ, ɩɪɢ ɪɚɫɱɺɬɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɥɟɝɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ. Mn Cr V Mo Ni P ɋɷ ɋ       . 6 5 5 4 15 2 ɇɢɡɤɨɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɢɫɬɵɟ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɋɷ d 0,3 % ɫɜɚɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ. ɋɪɟɞɧɟɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɢɫɬɵɟ ɢ ɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɋɷ ! 0,3 % ɡɚɤɚɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɡɨɧɟ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ (ɁɌȼ) ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɪɟɡɤɨɝɨ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɡɨɧɵ ɲɜɚ ɩɪɢɥɟɝɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɫɥɨɹɦɢ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɠɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɶ ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɫɜɚɪɤɨɣ ɞɨ 100 ... 300 qɋ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɢɬɶ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɡɚɤɚɥɨɱɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ. Ⱦɥɹ ɧɢɡɤɨɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɥɟɣ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɬɪɟɳɢɧ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦɢ ɫɜɚɪɤɢ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɫɬɚɥɟɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɜɚɪɤɚ ɜ ɭɝɥɟɤɢɫɥɨɦ ɝɚɡɟ, ɚɪɝɨɧɟ, ɫɜɚɪɤɚ ɩɨɞ ɮɥɸɫɨɦ, ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɲɥɚɤɨɜɚɹ, ɩɥɚɡɦɟɧɧɚɹ, ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨ-ɥɭɱɟɜɚɹ. ȼɵɫɨɤɨɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɨɫɬɨɣɤɢɟ ɫɬɚɥɢ (ɋɷ > 10 %) ɫɤɥɨɧɧɵ ɤ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɯɪɭɩɤɢɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ ɢ ɪɟɡɤɨɦɭ ɪɚɡɭɩɪɨɱɧɟɧɢɸ ɡɨɧɵ ɲɜɚ. Ⱦɥɹ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɪɦɨɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ (ɧɨɪɦɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɢ (ɢɥɢ) ɨɬɩɭɫɤ). Ⱦɥɹ ɫɬɚɥɟɣ ɫ ɚɭɫɬɟɧɢɬɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɹ ɜɪɟɞɧɵɯ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɜɚɪɤɚ ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɚ ɦɚɥɵɯ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹɯ ɫ ɬɟɩɥɨɨɬɜɨɞɹɳɢɦɢ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɞɤɚɦɢ + ɡɚɤɚɥɤɚ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɫ 1100 qɋ (ɞɥɹ ɮɢɤɫɚɰɢɢ ɚɭɫɬɟɧɢɬɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ). ɗɬɢ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɜɚɪɹɬɫɹ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɧɨɣ ɫɜɚɪɤɨɣ. ɑɭɝɭɧ ɜɚɪɢɬɫɹ ɩɥɨɯɨ. ɋɜɚɪɤɭ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɢ ɪɟɦɨɧɬɟ ɢ ɡɚɜɚɪɤɟ ɞɟɮɟɤɬɨɜ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɛɟɥɨɝɨ ɱɭɝɭɧɚ ɜ ɲɜɟ, ɚ ɡɨɧɚ ɬɟɪɦɨɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɡɚɤɚɥɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ. Ⱦɥɹ ɭɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɞɟɮɟɤɬɨɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɬ ɫɜɚɪɤɭ ɫ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɨɦ ɞɨ 400 ... 700 qɋ (ɝɨɪɹɱɚɹ ɫɜɚɪɤɚ). ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɱɭɝɭɧɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɵ d = 8 ... 25 ɦɦ ɫɨ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɟɦ. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɭɩɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɤɚɥɨɱɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ ɢ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɬ ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɩɟɱɶɸ. Ɂɚɳɢɬɭ ɲɜɚ ɨɬ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɬ ɮɥɸɫɨɦ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɛɭɪɵ (Na2B4O7). ȼ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɩɪɢ ɡɚɜɚɪɤɟ ɦɚɥɵɯ ɞɟɮɟɤɬɨɜ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɚɹ ɫɜɚɪɤɚ ɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ, ɦɟɞɧɨ-ɠɟɥɟɡɧɵɦɢ, ɦɟɞɧɨ-ɧɢɤɟɥɟɜɵɦɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɚɦɢ. Ɇɟɞɶ ɢ ɟɟ ɫɩɥɚɜɵ ɬɪɭɞɧɨ ɫɜɚɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ, ɬ. ɤ. ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɦɟɞɶ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɨɤɢɫɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɩɨ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚɦ ɡɟɪɟɧ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɥɟɝɤɨɩɥɚɜɤɚɹ ɷɜɬɟɤɬɢɤɚ Cu2O-Cu, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɞɚɟɬ ɯɪɭɩɤɨɫɬɶ (ɝɨɪɹɱɢɟ ɬɪɟɳɢɧɵ). ɋɩɥɚɜɵ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɧɚɫɵɳɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɨɦ ɇ2, ɞɚɸɳɢɦ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɭɸ ɯɪɭɩɤɨɫɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɵɯ ɬɪɟɳɢɧ. ȼɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɜɨɞɚ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɢ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɭɫɚɞɤɚ ɦɟɞɧɵɯ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɤɨɪɨɛɥɟɧɢɸ. ɉɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɚɹ ɠɢɞɤɨɬɟɤɭɱɟɫɬɶ ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɹɟɬ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɤɥɨɧɧɵɯ, ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɩɨɬɨɥɨɱɧɵɯ ɲɜɨɜ. 75 ɍɱɢɬɵɜɚɹ ɜɵɲɟɧɚɡɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɟɞɧɵɯ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ, ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɢɯ ɫɜɚɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɡɚɳɢɬɧɵɯ ɝɚɡɚɯ. Ɋɟɠɢɦ ɜɵɛɢɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɬɟɩɥɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɪɢ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɟ G ! 10 ɦɦ ɫɜɚɪɤɭ ɜɟɞɭɬ ɫ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɨɦ ɞɨ 300 qɋ, ɩɪɢ G ! 30 ɦɦ – ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɥɚɡɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɫɜɚɪɤɚ, ɮɥɸɫ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɛɭɪɵ, ɩɪɢ G ! 50 ɦɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɲɥɚɤɨɜɚɹ ɫɜɚɪɤɚ. Ʉɨɧɬɚɤɬɧɨɣ ɫɜɚɪɤɨɣ ɦɟɞɧɵɟ ɫɩɥɚɜɵ ɧɟ ɫɜɚɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɦɚɥɨɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɜ ɡɨɧɟ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɚ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚ. ɉɪɢ ɫɜɚɪɤɟ ɥɚɬɭɧɢ ɢɫɩɚɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬ Zn. ȿɝɨ ɩɚɪɵ ɬɨɤɫɢɱɧɵ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɬɶ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɭɸ ɜɵɬɹɠɧɭɸ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɰɢɸ ɢɡ ɡɨɧɵ ɫɜɚɪɤɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɯɨɪɨɲɟɝɨ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɲɜɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɫɜɚɪɢɬɶ ɥɚɬɭɧɶ ɜ ɡɚɳɢɬɧɵɯ ɝɚɡɚɯ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɞ ɫɥɨɟɦ ɮɥɸɫɚ. Ȼɪɨɧɡɵ ɫɜɚɪɢɜɚɸɬ ɤɚɤ ɦɟɞɶ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɨɥɨɜɹɧɢɫɬɵɯ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɜɚɪɢɜɚɸɬ ɫ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɛɟɡ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚ, ɱɬɨɛ ɧɟ ɜɵɩɥɚɜɢɥɨɫɶ ɨɥɨɜɨ. Ⱥɥɸɦɢɧɢɣ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɫɩɥɚɜɵ. ɋɜɚɪɤɭ ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɹɟɬ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɣ ɨɤɢɫɧɨɣ ɩɥɺɧɤɢ Al2O3, ɢɦɟɸɳɟɣ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɵɫɨɤɭɸ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ 2050 qɋ. Ⱦɥɹ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɨɬ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɜɚɪɤɭ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɟ ɡɚɳɢɬɧɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɫɨ ɫɩɟɰɮɥɸɫɚɦɢ, ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɸɳɢɦɢ Al2O3: NaCl, Kɋl, BaCl2, LiF, CaF2. Ɇɨɠɧɨ ɨɱɢɫɬɢɬɶ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɬ ɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɳɟɥɨɱɶɸ NaOH. Ⱥɥɸɦɢɧɢɟɜɵɟ ɫɩɥɚɜɵ ɫɤɥɨɧɧɵ ɤ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɪɢɫɬɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɞ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ, ɩɨɩɚɞɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɜ ɡɨɧɭ ɲɜɚ ɢɡ ɜɥɚɠɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɢ ɨɤɫɢɞɧɨɣ ɩɥɺɧɤɢ. Ɍɪɭɞɧɨ ɜɚɪɹɬɫɹ ɞɭɪɚɥɸɦɢɧɵ. Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɜɚɪɤɚ ɧɟɩɥɚɜɹɳɢɦɫɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɨɦ ɩɪɢ G = 0,5 ... 10 ɦɦ ɢ ɩɥɚɜɹɳɢɦɫɹ ɩɪɢ G ! 10 ɦɦ ɜ ɡɚɳɢɬɧɵɯ ɝɚɡɚɯ. ɉɪɢ ɫɜɚɪɤɟ ɧɭɠɧɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɚɹ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ, ɬ. ɤ. ɫɩɥɚɜɵ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɹ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɜɵɫɨɤɭɸ ɬɟɩɥɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɫɬɶ. ɑɢɫɬɵɣ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɣ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɫɜɚɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɜɚɪɤɨɣ. Ɍɭɝɨɩɥɚɜɤɢɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɵ ɢ ɫɩɥɚɜɵ (Ti, Zr, Mo, Nb) ɢɦɟɸɬ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ 2500…3000 qɋ. ɉɪɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɟ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɚɸɬ ɝɚɡɵ, ɱɬɨ ɪɟɡɤɨ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬ ɢɯ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ. Zr ɢ Ti ɜɚɪɹɬ ɜ ɚɪɝɨɧɟ, ɩɟɪɟɞ ɫɜɚɪɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɜɨɥɨɤɭ ɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɦɟɬɚɥɥ ɞɟɝɚɡɢɪɭɸɬ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɨɬɠɢɝɚ ɜ ɜɚɤɭɭɦɟ. Mo ɢ Nb ɜɚɪɹɬ ɜ ɚɪɝɨɧɟ ɢɥɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨ-ɥɭɱɟɜɨɣ ɫɜɚɪɤɨɣ ɜ ɜɚɤɭɭɦɟ. Ⱦɟɮɟɤɬɵ ɫɜɚɪɧɵɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ: ɧɟɩɪɨɜɚɪ, ɧɟɩɨɥɧɵɣ ɲɨɜ, ɩɟɪɟɠɨɝ, ɩɪɨɠɨɝ, ɩɨɪɢɫɬɨɫɬɶ, ɬɪɟɳɢɧɵ, ɪɚɤɨɜɢɧɵ, ɧɚɩɥɵɜɵ. Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɫɜɚɪɧɵɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ: ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ, ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɜ ɫɜɚɪɤɢ, ɜɧɟɲɧɢɣ ɨɫɦɨɬɪ, ɪɟɧɬɝɟɧɨɫɤɨɩɢɹ, J-ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɟɦ, ɭɥɶɬɪɚɡɜɭɤɨɜɨɣ, ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɣ ɢ ɥɸɦɢɧɟɫɰɟɧɬɧɵɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ, ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɹ (ɪɚɫɬɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɨɜ, ɜɵɪɟɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɡ ɫɜɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɲɜɚ ɢ ɡɨɧɵ ɬɟɪɦɨɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ, ɧɟɪɚɡɪɭɲɚɸɳɢɟ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɹ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɦɟɪɨɦ), ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɩɧɟɜɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɹ, ɤɟɪɨɫɢɧɨɜɚɹ ɩɪɨɛɚ ɧɚ ɝɟɪɦɟɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ (ɞɪɭɝɚɹ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɚ ɲɜɚ ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɥɨɦ), ɨɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ. 11.2. ɉɚɣɤɚ 76 ɉɚɣɤɚ – ɷɬɨ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ ɛɟɡ ɢɯ ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɩɪɢɩɨɹ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɧɢɠɟ, ɱɟɦ ɭ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ (ɪɢɫ. 11.5). ɉɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɱɢɳɚɸɬ, ɨɛɟɡɠɢɪɢɜɚɸɬ, ɭɞɚɥɹɸɬ ɨɤɫɢɞɵ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɮɥɸɫɵ ɥɢɛɨ ɡɚɳɢɬɧɵɟ ɝɚɡɵ. ɚ ɛ Ɋɢɫ. 11.5. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɩɚɣɤɢ: ɚ – ɩɟɪɟɞ ɩɚɣɤɨɣ; ɛ – ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɚɣɤɢ; 1 – ɩɪɢɩɨɣ ɉɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɚɣɤɚ ɜ ɩɟɱɢ, ɜ ɢɧɞɭɤɬɨɪɟ, ɩɨɝɪɭɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜ ɩɪɢɩɨɹ, ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɧɚɝɪɟɜ ɤɜɚɪɰɟɜɵɦɢ ɥɚɦɩɚɦɢ, ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɦ ɢɥɢ ɥɚɡɟɪɧɵɦ ɥɭɱɨɦ, ɝɚɡɨɩɥɚɦɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɝɨɪɟɥɤɚɦɢ, ɩɚɹɥɶɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɢ ɩɚɹɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɥɚɦɩɚɦɢ. ɉɪɢɩɨɢ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɬɜɺɪɞɵɟ (ɬɭɝɨɩɥɚɜɤɢɟ ɢ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɩɪɨɱɧɵɟ Ɍɩɥ ɜɵɲɟ 500 qɋ, Vɜ d 700Ɇɉɚ) ɢ ɦɹɝɤɢɟ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ ɦɟɧɶɲɭɸ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɦɟɧɶɲɭɸ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ. Ɍɜɺɪɞɵɟ ɩɪɢɩɨɢ ɢɡɝɨɬɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ Cu, Ag, Al, Mg, Ni. Ɉɧɢ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɞɢ, ɥɚɬɭɧɢ, ɛɪɨɧɡɵ, ɫɬɚɥɢ, ɱɭɝɭɧɚ ɢ ɞɪ. ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ. Ɏɥɸɫɵ: ɛɭɪɚ, ɛɨɪɧɚɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ, ɩɥɚɜɢɤɨɜɵɣ ɲɩɚɬ ɢ ɯɥɨɪɢɫɬɵɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɵ. Ɇɹɝɤɢɟ ɩɪɢɩɨɢ ɢɡɝɨɬɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ Sn, Ɋd, Ʉd, Wi, Zn. Ɉɧɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ Vɜ d 100 Ɇɉɚ. Ⱦɥɹ ɧɢɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɮɥɸɫɵ: ɤɚɧɢɮɨɥɶ, NH4Cl (ɧɚɲɚɬɵɪɶ), ZnCl (ɬɪɚɜɥɟɧɚɹ ɫɨɥɹɧɚɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ). Ɏɥɸɫɵ ɩɪɢ ɩɚɣɤɟ ɡɚɳɢɳɚɸɬ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɫɩɚɹ ɨɬ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɫɦɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɩɨɟɦ ɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɸɬ ɨɤɢɫɧɭɸ ɩɥɟɧɤɭ. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɚɣɤɢ ɬɭɝɨɩɥɚɜɤɢɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɵ ɬɭɝɨɩɥɚɜɤɢɟ ɩɪɢɩɨɢ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɧɢɤɟɥɹ, ɬɢɬɚɧɚ, ɩɚɥɥɚɞɢɹ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɩɨɢ: ɨɥɨɜɹɧɧɨ-ɫɜɢɧɰɨɜɵɟ (t = 210 ... 280 qC), ɦɟɞɧɨ-ɰɢɧɤɨɜɵɟ (t = 800 ... 890 qɋ), ɦɟɞɧɨ-ɮɨɫɮɨɪɢɫɬɵɟ (t = 750 ... 869 qɋ), ɫɟɪɟɛɪɹɧɵɟ (t = 600... ... 875 qɋ). ɊȺɁȾȿɅ V. ɆȿɏȺɇɂɑȿɋɄȺə ɈȻɊȺȻɈɌɄȺ ɁȺȽɈɌɈȼɈɄ ɌȿɆȺ 12. ɋɍɓɇɈɋɌɖ ɈȻɊȺȻɈɌɄɂ ɆȿɌȺɅɅɈȼ ɊȿɁȺɇɂȿɆ, ɆȿɌȺɅɅɈɊȿɀɍɓɂȿ ɋɌȺɇɄɂ ɂ ɂɇɋɌɊɍɆȿɇɌ 77 ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɨɤ (ɥɢɬɶɟ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ) ɧɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɵɯ ɩɨ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ ɢ ɲɟɪɨɯɨɜɚɬɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹɯ. ɗɬɭ ɡɚɞɚɱɭ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨ ɪɟɲɚɟɬ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɟɦ. Ɋɟɡɚɧɢɟ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɧɹɬɢɢ ɫɥɨɹ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɫ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɨɣ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ, ɲɟɪɨɯɨɜɚɬɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɢ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ ɞɟɬɚɥɢ. ɋɪɟɡɚɟɦɵɣ ɫɥɨɣ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɩɭɫɤɨɦ. Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ: ɥɟɡɜɢɣɧɨɟ, ɚɛɪɚɡɢɜɧɨɟ, ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ. Ʌɟɡɜɢɣɧɨɟ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚ, ɪɟɠɭɳɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɤɥɢɧɨɜɢɞɧɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɥɟɡɜɢɣɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ: ɬɨɱɟɧɢɟ, ɫɬɪɨɝɚɧɢɟ, ɮɪɟɡɟɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɫɜɟɪɥɟɧɢɟ, ɞɨɥɛɥɟɧɢɟ, ɩɪɨɬɹɝɢɜɚɧɢɟ. ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 12.1 ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɚ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɥɟɡɜɢɣɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɪɨɝɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɬɦɟɱɟɧɵ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɟ ɭɝɥɵ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ. Ⱥɛɪɚɡɢɜɧɨɟ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɚɛɪɚɡɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɝɨ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ ɧɟɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ, ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɠɭɳɢɯ ɡɺɪɟɧ ɚɛɪɚɡɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚ, ɤɚɠɞɨɟ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɦɢɤɪɨɤɥɢɧ. Ɋɢɫ. 12.1. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɬɪɭɠɤɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɫɬɪɨɝɚɧɢɢ: 1– ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ, 2 – ɪɟɡɟɰ, 3 – ɫɬɪɭɠɤɚ ɇɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɟɬɚɥɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɭɸ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɭɸ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ. ɉɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɚɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɢɦɢ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ. ɇɚ ɪɟɠɭɳɟɦ ɤɥɢɧɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɸɸ ɢ ɡɚɞɧɸɸ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ. ɉɨ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɫɬɪɭɠɤɚ, ɡɚɞɧɹɹ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɚ ɤ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɭɝɥɨɜ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ ɜɜɨɞɹɬ ɞɜɟ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɢ: 1– ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ. Ɉɧɚ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɝɥɚɜɧɭɸ ɪɟɠɭɳɭɸ ɤɪɨɦɤɭ ɪɟɡɰɚ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɟɤɬɨɪɭ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ V. ɉɪɢ ɫɬɪɨɝɚɧɢɢ (ɪɢɫ. 12.1) ɨɧɚ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɫ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶɸ. 2 – ɨɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɶ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɩɟɪɩɟɧɞɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɨ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ. ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 12.1 ɨɧɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨ. Ƚɥɚɜɧɵɣ ɡɚɞɧɢɣ ɭɝɨɥ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ D ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɡɚɞɧɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɶɸ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ. Ƚɥɚɜɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɢɣ ɭɝɨɥ J ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɶɸ. ɍɝɨɥ ɡɚɨɫɬɪɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɡɰɚ E ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɢ ɡɚɞɧɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ. ɋɭɦɦɚ ɭɝɥɨɜ D + E ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɭɝɥɨɦ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ G. ɉɪɢ ɧɟɢɡɦɟɧɧɨɦ ɭɝɥɟ ɡɚɨɫɬɪɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɡɰɚ E ɭɫɢɥɢɟ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɦɟɧɹɬɶɫɹ, ɟɫɥɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɭɝɨɥ G. ȿɫɥɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɬɶ ɭɝɨɥ G ɛɨɥɟɟ 140q, ɬɨ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɤɪɚɣɧɟ ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɟɧɨ. ɍɝɨɥ ɡɚɨɫɬɪɟɧɢɹ, ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɧɚ 78 ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɠɭɳɟɝɨ ɤɥɢɧɚ, ɚ ɭɫɢɥɢɟ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɲɟɪɨɯɨɜɚɬɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɭɝɥɨɦ G = D + E. ɋ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟɦ G ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɭɫɢɥɢɟ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ. ȼɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɡɚɞɧɟɝɨ ɭɝɥɚ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɦɚɥɚ, ɬ. ɤ. ɨɧ ɧɭɠɟɧ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɢɬɶ ɫɢɥɵ ɬɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɡɚɞɧɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɬɨɤɚɪɧɵɯ ɪɟɡɰɨɜ D = 3…8 ɝɪɚɞɭɫɨɜ. ɉɪɢ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɚɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɟɬɚɥɢ ɭɩɪɨɱɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɭ, ɬɜɟɪɞɨɫɬɶ ɟɺ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨ ɞɜɭɯ ɪɚɡ, ɱɬɨ ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɹɟɬ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɭɸ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚ. ɋɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶɸ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɟɝɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɩɟɪɟɬɨɱɤɚɦɢ. Ɂɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɬɪɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɡɨɧɟ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɩɥɨ, 25 ... 85 % ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɨɬɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɫɬɪɭɠɤɨɣ, 10 ... 50 % – ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɤɨɣ ɢ 2 ... 8 % – ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɦ. ɂɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɡɤɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ ɫ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ, ɱɬɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɩɨɬɟɪɟ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɠɭɳɟɣ ɤɪɨɦɤɢ, ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɢ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚ ɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɨɬɜɨɞɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɫɦɚɡɨɱɧɨ-ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɸɳɢɟ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ (ɋɈɀ): ɜɨɞɧɵɟ ɷɦɭɥɶɫɢɢ ɢ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɦɚɫɥɚ. Ⱦɥɹ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɠɭɳɟɝɨ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚ ɫɬɪɟɦɹɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵɟ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɬɶ ɬɜɺɪɞɨɫɬɶ ɞɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ. ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɤɚɥɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɬɪɭɠɤɢ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɜɢɛɪɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ, ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɧɢɠɚɸɳɢɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɢ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚ. ɚ ɛ Ɋɢɫ. 12.2. ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɹ ɫɪɟɡɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ (ɚ) ɢ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɣ ɫɬɚɧɤɚ (ɛ): I – ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɚɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ, II – ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ, III – ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɚɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ; 1 – ɪɟɡɟɰ, 2 – ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɺɧɧɵɦ ɜɢɞɨɦ ɥɟɡɜɢɣɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɱɟɧɢɟ. ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɣ ɬɨɤɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɧɤɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 12.2. ɉɪɢ ɬɨɱɟɧɢɢ ɞɟɬɚɥɶ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɟɬ ɜɪɚɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ, ɚ ɪɟɡɟɰ – ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ. Ⱦɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɢ, ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɦɨɟ ɫ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ, ɚ ɟɝɨ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ V. ɉɪɢ ɬɨɱɟɧɢɢ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɪɚɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ, ɚ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ V ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɡɰɚ ɢ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɟɬɚɥɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɤɚɫɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɟɡɟɰ (ɦ/ɦɢɧ). Ⱦɪɭɝɢɦ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɦ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɡɰɚ. ɇɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ. ɗɬɨ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɞɚɱɟɣ (ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬɫɹ Ds, ɟɝɨ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ Vs ɦɦ/ɦɢɧ). ɉɪɢ ɬɨɤɚɪɧɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɡɚɞɚɺɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ, ɚ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɡɰɚ ɡɚ ɨɞɢɧ ɨɛɨɪɨɬ ɜ ɦɦ/ɨɛ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɞɚɱɟɣ ɢ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬɫɹ S. Ɂɚɦɟɬɢɦ, ɱɬɨ Vs = n 79 u S (ɦɦ/ɦɢɧ), ɝɞɟ n – ɱɚɫɬɨɬɚ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ (ɨɛ/ɦɢɧ). Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɭɸ ɩɨɞɚɱɭ (ɜɞɨɥɶ ɨɫɢ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ) ɢ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɭɸ (ɩɟɪɩɟɧɞɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɨ ɨɫɢ). Ɉɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɡɰɚ ɢ ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ (ɪɢɫ. 12.1) ɫɨ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ V ɢ ɭɫɢɥɢɟɦ F ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɫɞɜɢɝɭ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɫɬɪɭɠɤɢ. ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɢ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɭɝɥɚ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ G ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɫɬɪɭɠɤɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɬɶɫɹ. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɭɝɥɚɯ G < 90 ɝɪɚɞɭɫɨɜ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɩɥɨɲɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɠɤɚ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɣ ɛɥɟɫɬɹɳɟɣ ɥɟɧɬɵ (ɫɥɢɜɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɠɤɚ). Ⱦɥɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɫɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɪɢ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɢ ɫ ɭɝɥɚɦɢ G > 90 ɝɪɚɞɭɫɨɜ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɬɪɭɠɤɚ ɫɤɚɥɵɜɚɧɢɹ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɚɹ ɢɡ ɫɥɚɛɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɨɛɴɺɦɨɜ ɩɨ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɫɤɚɥɵɜɚɧɢɹ. Ʌɢɧɢɹ ɫɤɨɥɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɞ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɭɝɥɨɦ T ɤ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ (ɪɢɫ. 12.1). ȼ ɯɪɭɩɤɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɠɤɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɫɬɪɭɠɤɨɣ ɧɚɞɥɨɦɚ. ɗɬɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɪɟɡɰɨɦ ɫ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɨɩɟɪɟɠɟɧɢɟɦ. ɉɪɢ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɢ ɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɬɪɭɠɤɢ ɧɚɞɥɨɦɚ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ (ɲɟɪɨɯɨɜɚɬɨɫɬɶ) ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɯɭɠɟ, ɱɟɦ ɩɪɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɜɢɞɚɯ ɫɬɪɭɠɤɢ. ɋɥɢɜɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɠɤɚ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɹɟɬ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɪɭɠɤɢ ɢɡ ɡɨɧɵ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ. ɉɪɢ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɢ ɫ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɠɤɨɣ ɧɟ ɭɞɚɺɬɫɹ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɟɺ ɭɛɨɪɤɭ, ɱɬɨ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɥɢɧɢɣ. ȼ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɫɬɪɟɦɹɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɫɬɪɭɠɤɭ ɫɤɚɥɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɪɟɡɟɰ ɫɬɪɭɠɤɨɥɨɦɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɫɬɪɭɠɤɢ ɢ ɟɺ ɞɪɨɛɥɟɧɢɟ. Ⱦɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ Ds ɫɨ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ Vs ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɫɧɹɬɢɟ ɩɪɢɩɭɫɤɚ ɫɥɨɣ ɡɚ ɫɥɨɟɦ ɧɚ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɭɸ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɭ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ t. Ƚɥɭɛɢɧɨɣ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ t ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɚ ɫɪɟɡɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ, ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɟɪɩɟɧɞɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɨ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ. Ⱦɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɩɨɞɜɨɞ ɢ ɨɬɜɨɞ ɪɟɡɰɚ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ. ɉɪɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɫɨ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɹɦɢ V ɦɟɧɟɟ 0,6 ɦ/ɦɢɧ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɡɰɚ ɨɤɨɥɨ ɟɝɨ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɵ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɚɪɨɫɬɨɜ ɡɚ ɫɱɺɬ ɨɬɪɵɜɚ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɨɬ ɫɬɪɭɠɤɢ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɧɚɪɨɫɬ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɟɬ ɜɵɫɨɤɭɸ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɡɰɚ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ ɧɚɪɨɫɬ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɭɞɚɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɪɟɡɰɚ, ɢɡɦɟɧɹɹ ɟɝɨ ɞɥɢɧɭ. ɗɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɭɯɭɞɲɟɧɢɸ ɲɟɪɨɯɨɜɚɬɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ. ɋ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɧɚɪɨɫɬ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬ ɭɫɢɥɢɟ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɢɡɧɨɫ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɡɚɳɢɳɚɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɸɸ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɚɪɨɫɬɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɦ, ɧɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɢ ɱɟɪɧɨɜɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ. 12.1. ɉɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ ɉɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɫɪɟɡɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɜ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɡɰɚ, ɱɢɫɬɨɬɭ ɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ. ɂɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ: ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ t, ɩɨɞɚɱɚ S, ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ V. Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɱɟɪɧɨɜɭɸ ɢ ɱɢɫɬɨɜɭɸ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ. ɐɟɥɶ ɱɟɪɧɨɜɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ – ɫɧɹɬɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɩɭɫɤɚ ɫ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ. ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɢɡɧɨɫ ɪɟɡɰɚ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ V, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɱɟɪɧɨɜɭɸ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ ɜɟɞɭɬ ɫ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦɢ ɩɨɞɚɱɚɦɢ S ɢ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɨɣ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ t, ɧɨ ɫ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɦɢ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɹɦɢ. ɉɪɢɩɭɫɤ ɧɚ ɱɟɪɧɨɜɭɸ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ ɠɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɡɚ ɨɞɢɧ ɩɪɨɯɨɞ, ɟɫɥɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɬɚɧɤɚ ɢ ɠɟɫɬɤɨɫɬɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɟɫɥɢ ɧɟɬ – ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɞɜɚ-ɬɪɢ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɚ. 80 ɐɟɥɶ ɱɢɫɬɨɜɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ – ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɨɣ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ ɢ ɲɟɪɨɯɨɜɚɬɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɪɟɠɢɦɵ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ. ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɲɟɪɨɯɨɜɚɬɨɫɬɶ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ S. ɑɟɦ ɩɨɞɚɱɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ, ɬɟɦ ɲɟɪɨɯɨɜɚɬɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɲɟ. ɇɚ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɭɫɢɥɢɹ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ, ɬ. ɤ. ɨɧɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɪɟɡɰɚ ɢ ɞɟɬɚɥɢ, ɚ ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɤ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɹɦ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ ɨɬ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɯ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɱɢɫɬɨɜɭɸ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ ɜɟɞɭɬ ɫ ɦɚɥɵɦɢ ɩɨɞɚɱɚɦɢ ɢ ɦɚɥɨɣ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɨɣ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ, ɧɨ ɫ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦɢ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɹɦɢ. ɉɪɢɱɟɦ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ ɜɵɛɢɪɚɸɬ ɬɚɤ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɠɭɳɟɝɨ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚ. Ɉɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ (ɜɵɝɨɞɧɚɹ) ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɚɦɢ ɧɚ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ. ɑɟɦ ɞɨɪɨɠɟ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬ, ɱɟɦ ɫɥɨɠɧɟɟ ɨɧ ɜ ɡɚɬɨɱɤɟ, ɬɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚ. Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɫɱɺɬɟ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɟɺ ɜɵɛɢɪɚɸɬ ɢɡ ɫɩɪɚɜɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɞɥɹ ɪɟɡɰɨɜ ɨɧɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 45…60 ɦɢɧ, ɞɥɹ ɫɜɺɪɥ, ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɚ, ɨɬ 8 ɞɨ 210 ɦɢɧ, ɞɥɹ ɮɪɟɡ ɨɬ 20 ɞɨ 400 ɦɢɧ. Ɋɟɠɢɦɵ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚɦ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ, ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚ ɢ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɉɪɢ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɧɹɬɶ ɩɪɢɩɭɫɤ ɡɚ ɨɞɢɧ ɩɪɨɯɨɞ, ɟɝɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ: ɱɟɪɧɨɜɚɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ, t = 3 ... 12 ɦɦ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɠɺɫɬɤɨɫɬɢ ɞɟɬɚɥɢ ɢ ɫɬɚɧɤɚ; ɩɨɥɭɱɢɫɬɨɜɚɹ, t = 0,5 ... 2 ɦɦ; ɱɢɫɬɨɜɚɹ, t = 0,1 ... 0,4 ɦɦ, ɬɨɧɤɚɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ, t = 0,05 ... 0,3 ɦɦ. ɉɨɞɚɱɚ S: ɞɥɹ ɱɟɪɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɬɨɱɟɧɢɹ – 0,3 ... 1,5 ɦɦ/ɨɛ; ɞɥɹ ɱɢɫɬɨɜɨɝɨ – 0,1 ...0,4 ɦɦ/ɨɛ. ɋɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɟ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ V = SDn/1000, ɦ/ɦɢɧ., ɝɞɟ D – ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ, ɦɦ; n – ɱɢɫɥɨ ɨɛɨɪɨɬɨɜ ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ (ɲɩɢɧɞɟɥɹ ɫɬɚɧɤɚ), 1/ɦɢɧ. 12.2. Ɉɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ Ʉ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɦ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ, ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɸ (ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ, ɫɢɥɵ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ), ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɢ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚ, ɲɟɪɨɯɨɜɚɬɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɉɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ, ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ, ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ( ɬɟɩɥɨɺɦɤɨɫɬɢ, ɬɟɩɥɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ). ɉɪɢ ɱɟɪɧɨɜɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɟɦ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚ. ɉɪɢ ɱɢɫɬɨɜɨɣ – ɲɟɪɨɯɨɜɚɬɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ. ɋ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ ɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɸ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɢɫɬɵɟ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɥɭɱɲɟɣ ɲɟɪɨɯɨɜɚɬɨɫɬɢ, ɱɟɦ ɦɚɥɨɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɢɫɬɵɟ. ɉɪɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɥɟɝɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɜ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɟɺ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɫɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɪɟɡɤɨ ɭɯɭɞɲɚɟɬ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ. ɂɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɨ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɡɟɪɧɢɫɬɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɥɭɱɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɦɟɥɤɨɡɟɪɧɢɫɬɚɹ. ɇɚɢɥɭɱɲɚɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɱɚɬɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɥɢɬɚ, ɧɚɢɯɭɞɲɚɹ – ɞɥɹ ɡɟɪɧɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɥɢɬɚ. ɏɨɪɨɲɨ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɬɚɥɢ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɫɨɪɛɢɬɚ. Ɂɚɦɟɬɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɧɵɟ ɫɬɚɥɢ (Ⱥ12, Ⱥ20 ɢ ɬ. ɞ.), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɫɟɪɵ (ɞɨ 0, 15 %). ɉɪɢ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫɜɢɧɰɚ ɜ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɭɥɭɱɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ, ɬ. ɤ. ɨɧ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɫɦɚɡɵɜɚɸɳɟɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɢ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɬɪɟɧɢɹ. 81 ȿɫɥɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɬɶ ɫɨ ɫɬɚɥɶɸ 45 ɢ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɺ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ Ʉ = 1, ɬɨ: Ʉ  1 ɞɥɹ ɥɚɬɭɧɢ, ɛɪɨɧɡɵ, ɞɭɪɚɥɸɦɢɧɨɜ, ɱɭɝɭɧɨɜ ɫ ɇȼ = 140 ... 160; Ʉ = 1 ɞɥɹ ɫɢɥɭɦɢɧɨɜ, ɱɭɝɭɧɨɜ ɫ ɇȼ = 160 ... 180; Ʉ ! 1 ɞɥɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɥɟɣ, ɱɭɝɭɧɨɜ ɫ ɇȼ = 180 ... 200; Ʉ !! 1 ɞɥɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɥɟɣ (ɠɚɪɨɫɬɨɣɤɢɯ, ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɫɬɨɣɤɢɯ), ɬɭɝɨɩɥɚɜɤɢɯ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ, ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ. ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɟ ɫɩɥɚɜɵ, ɤɟɪɦɟɬɵ, ɜɨɨɛɳɟ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɬɶɫɹ ɥɟɡɜɢɣɧɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ. ɂɯ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɚɛɪɚɡɢɜɧɵɦɢ, ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦɢ. 12.3. ɂɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 6 ȼɢɞ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ, ɩɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɦɚɪɨɤ ɍɝɥɟɪɨɞɢɫɬɵɟ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɍ7Ⱥ ... ɍ10Ⱥ (ɍ13Ⱥ) Ʌɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɏȼȽ, 9ɏɋ, ɏȽɋ Ȼɵɫɬɪɨɪɟɠɭɳɢɟ ɫɬɚɥɢ Ɋ9, Ɋ18, Ɋ6Ɇ5 Ɍɜɟɪɞɵɟ (ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɤɟɪɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ) ɫɩɥɚɜɵ ȼɄ6, Ɍ5Ʉ10, Ɍ30Ʉ4 Ɇɢɧɟɪɚɥɨɤɟɪɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ (ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ Al2O3) ɫɩɥɚɜɵ. Ɍɨ ɠɟ ɫ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɤɚɪɛɢɞɨɜ W, Ti ɢ ɞɪ. – «ɤɟɪɦɟɬɵ». ɋɜɟɪɯɬɜɟɪɞɵɟ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɧɢɬɪɢɞɚ ɛɨɪɚ BN. Ⱥɥɦɚɡɧɵɣ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬ Ⱥɛɪɚɡɢɜɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ Ɍɜɟɪɞɨɫɬɶ HRC Ɍɟɩɥɨɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶ, qɋ Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ, ɦ/ɦɢɧ 60 ... 62 200 ... 240 12 ... 18 ɉɪɨɫɬɨɣ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬ 62 ... 64 220 ... 260 12 ... 30 - // - 62 ... 65 600 ... 640 120 Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɣ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬ HRA 86 ... 92 800 ... 1250 200…300 - // - 800 ... 1250 1000 1800 ... 2000 1200 2100 ... 3600 ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ Ⱦɥɹ ɛɟɡɭɞɚɪɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ, ɬ. ɤ. ɯɪɭɩɤɢ - // - 12.4. Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɪɟɠɭɳɢɯ ɫɬɚɧɤɨɜ ɉɨ ɜɢɞɚɦ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ: ɬɨɤɚɪɧɵɟ, ɫɬɪɨɝɚɥɶɧɵɟ, ɫɜɟɪɥɢɥɶɧɵɟ, ɮɪɟɡɟɪɧɵɟ, ɲɥɢɮɨɜɚɥɶɧɵɟ. ɉɨ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ: ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ – ɇ, ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɣ – ɉ, ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ – ȼ, ɨɫɨɛɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ – Ⱥ, ɨɫɨɛɨ ɬɨɱɧɵɟ (ɩɪɟɰɢɡɢɨɧɧɵɟ) – ɋ; ɉɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ: ɫ ɪɭɱɧɵɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ, ɩɨɥɭɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɵ, ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɵ, ɫ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ; ɍɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɵɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɦɟɥɤɨɫɟɪɢɣɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ, ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ – ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟ- ɢ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɫɟɪɢɣɧɨɦ, ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ – ɜ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɨɦ; Ɉɞɧɨ- ɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɲɩɢɧɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ; ɨɞɧɨ- ɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɫɭɩɩɨɪɬɧɵɟ; ɫɨ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɵɦ ɢ ɛɟɫɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɵɦ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ; ɫ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɢ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɲɩɢɧɞɟɥɹ. ɉɨ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɫɬɚɧɢɧɵ: ɤɨɧɫɨɥɶɧɵɟ (ɋ-ɨɛɪɚɡɧɚɹ ɫɬɚɧɢɧɚ) ɢ ɪɚɦɧɵɟ (ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɬɹɠɟɥɵɟ ɫɬɚɧɤɢ). 82 ɌȿɆȺ 13. ɌȿɏɇɈɅɈȽɂɑȿɋɄɂȿ ɉɊɈɐȿɋɋɕ ɆȿɏȺɇɂɑȿɋɄɈɃ ɈȻɊȺȻɈɌɄɂ 13.1. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɨɤ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ ɦɚɲɢɧ Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɨɤ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ ɦɚɲɢɧ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɫɯɟɦɟ (ɪɢɫ. 13.1). ɋɯɟɦɚ ɬɨɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɧɵɦ ɪɟɡɰɨɦ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 12.2. ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 13.2. ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɧɵɦɢ ɪɟɡɰɚɦɢ (ɛ, ɝ, ɠ), ɬɨɱɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɡɶɛɨɜɵɦɢ (ɜ), ɤɚɧɚɜɨɱɧɵɦɢ (ɡ, ɢ), ɪɚɫɬɨɱɧɵɦɢ (ɞ, ɟ, ɨ), ɨɬɪɟɡɧɵɦɢ (ɞ) ɢ ɩɨɞɪɟɡɧɵɦɢ ɪɟɡɰɚɦɢ (ɧ), ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɜɟɪɥɟɧɢɟ (ɦ). Ƚɥɚɜɧɨɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ Dr – ɜɪɚɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ, ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɷɬɨ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ. ɉɨɞɚɱɚ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɟɡɰɚ. Ɉɧɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɨɣ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɣ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɫɢ ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ. Sɨ – ɩɨɞɚɱɚ ɧɚ ɨɞɢɧ ɨɛɨɪɨɬ ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ. ȼɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɟɭɝɨɥɶɧɢɤɚ Ⱥȼȿ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 12.2 ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɜɵɫɨɬɭ ɦɢɤɪɨɧɟɪɨɜɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɧɚ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ. ȼɢɞɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɱɟɦ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɩɨɞɚɱɚ Sɨ, ɬɟɦ ɧɢɠɟ ɲɟɪɨɯɨɜɚɬɨɫɬɶ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɪɟɠɭɳɢɟ ɤɪɨɦɤɢ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɤɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɡɰɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 13.3. Ɋɢɫ.13.1. Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɨɤ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ ɦɚɲɢɧ ɉɪɢ ɧɚɪɟɡɚɧɢɢ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɣ ɪɟɡɶɛɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɪɟɡɶɛɨɜɵɟ ɪɟɡɰɵ ɢ ɩɥɚɲɤɢ, ɞɥɹ ɧɚɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɪɟɡɶɛɵ – ɪɟɡɰɵ ɪɟɡɶɛɨɜɵɟ ɢ ɦɟɬɱɢɤɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɹ ɲɟɪɨɯɨɜɚɬɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɟɺ ɭɩɪɨɱɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɟ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ (ɉɉȾ) ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɤɚɬɤɨɣ ɪɨ83 ɥɢɤɚɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɲɚɪɢɤɚɦɢ. Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɨɛɤɚɬɤɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɧɟɫɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɫɟɱɟɤ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɩɪɢɞɚɧɢɹ ɟɣ ɞɟɤɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɞɚ. ɉɨ ɜɢɞɭ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɪɟɡɰɵ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɧɚ ɱɟɪɧɨɜɵɟ, ɩɨɥɭɱɢɫɬɨɜɵɟ ɢ ɱɢɫɬɨɜɵɟ; ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɟ – ɧɚ ɩɪɹɦɵɟ, ɨɬɨɝɧɭɬɵɟ, ɨɬɬɹɧɭɬɵɟ, ɢɡɨɝɧɭɬɵɟ; ɩɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ – ɥɟɜɵɟ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɵɟ; ɩɨ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ – ɰɟɥɶɧɵɟ, ɫ ɩɪɢɜɚɪɟɧɧɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɢɩɚɹɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɠɭɳɟɣ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɨɣ, ɫɨ ɫɦɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɚɦɢ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɬɢɩɵ ɫɬɚɧɤɨɜ ɬɨɤɚɪɧɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ (ɪɢɫ. 13.4): ɬɨɤɚɪɧɨ-ɜɢɧɬɨɪɟɡɧɵɟ, ɬɨɤɚɪɧɨ-ɪɟɜɨɥɶɜɟɪɧɵɟ, ɬɨɤɚɪɧɨ-ɤɚɪɭɫɟɥɶɧɵɟ, ɥɨɛɨɜɵɟ, ɬɨɤɚɪɧɵɟ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɵ ɢ ɩɨɥɭɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɵ. ɉɪɢɫɩɨɫɨɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɤ ɬɨɤɚɪɧɵɦ ɫɬɚɧɤɚɦ: 1) ɩɚɬɪɨɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɛɵɜɚɸɬ ɞɜɭɯ- ɬɪɟɯ- ɢ ɱɟɬɵɪɟɯɤɭɥɚɱɤɨɜɵɟ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɚ (ɪɭɱɧɨɣ, ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ, ɩɧɟɜɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ, ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ, ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ); 2) ɩɥɚɧɲɚɣɛɵ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɩɨ ɤɨɧɮɢɝɭɪɚɰɢɢ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ; 3) ɩɨɜɨɞɤɨɜɵɟ ɩɚɬɪɨɧɵ; 4) ɰɟɧɬɪɵ, ɯɨɦɭɬɢɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ ɜ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɯ (ɪɢɫ. 13.2, ɜ, ɝ); ɛ ɞ ɚ ɢ ɜ ɤ ɟ ɥ ɦ ɝ ɠ ɡ ɧ ɨ Ɋɢɫ. 13.2. Ɍɢɩɨɜɵɟ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɧɚ ɫɬɚɧɤɚɯ ɬɨɤɚɪɧɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ: ɚ, ɛ – ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɟɣ; ɜ – ɧɚɪɟɡɚɧɢɟ ɪɟɡɶɛɵ; ɝ – ɬɨɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɭɫɨɜ; ɞ, ɟ – ɪɚɫɬɨɱɤɚ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɣ; ɡ – ɩɪɨɪɟɡɚɧɢɟ ɤɨɥɶɰɟɜɵɯ ɤɚɧɚɜɨɤ; ɢ – ɩɪɨɪɟɡɚɧɢɟ ɮɚɫɨɧɧɵɯ ɤɚɧɚɜɨɤ; ɤ – ɬɨɱɟɧɢɟ ɮɚɫɤɢ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɭɫɚ; ɥ – ɨɬɪɟɡɤɚ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ; ɦ – ɫɜɟɪɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɣ; ɠ, ɨ – ɬɨɱɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɪɚɫɬɚɱɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɵɯ ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɤɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɟɣ; ɧ  ɩɨɞɪɟɡɚɧɢɟ ɬɨɪɰɨɜ 84 6 1 ɚ ɜ ɛ ɝ Ɋɢɫ. 13.4. Ɉɛɳɢɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɫɬɚɧɤɨɜ ɬɨɤɚɪɧɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ (ɫɬɪɟɥɤɚɦɢ ɛɟɡ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɵ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɱɧɵɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɭɡɥɨɜ ɫɬɚɧɤɨɜ): ɚ – ɬɨɤɚɪɧɨ-ɜɢɧɬɨɪɟɡɧɵɣ; ɛ – ɬɨɤɚɪɧɨ-ɪɟɜɨɥɶɜɟɪɧɵɣ; ɜ – ɬɨɤɚɪɧɨ-ɤɚɪɭɫɟɥɶɧɵɣ; ɝ – ɦɧɨɝɨɪɟɡɰɨɜɵɣ ɩɨɥɭɚɜɬɨɦɚɬ 13.2. ɋɬɪɨɝɚɧɢɟ, ɞɨɥɛɥɟɧɢɟ, ɩɪɨɬɹɝɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɉɪɢ ɫɬɪɨɝɚɧɢɢ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɡɰɚ (ɧɚ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨ-ɫɬɪɨɝɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɧɤɚɯ) ɢɥɢ ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ (ɧɚ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɨɫɬɪɨɝɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɧɤɚɯ). ɋɬɪɨɝɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɟɡɰɵ ɢɡɨɝɧɭɬɵ ɧɚɡɚɞ ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɡɚɝɥɭɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɡɰɚ ɩɪɢ ɜɪɟɡɚɧɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɫ ɭɞɚɪɨɦ. Ⱦɨɥɛɟɠɧɵɟ ɪɟɡɰɵ ɢɡɨɝɧɭɬɵ ɜɩɟɪɟɞ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɤɚ ɪɟɡɰɚ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɚ ɭɝɥɭɛɥɟɧɢɸ ɪɟɡɰɚ (ɪɢɫ. 13.5). 85 ɛ ɜ ɞ ɝ ɚ ɡ ɟ ɢ ɠ ɤ ɉɪɨɬɹɠɤɚ – ɦɧɨɝɨɥɟɡɜɢɣɧɵɣ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬ. ɋɬɚɧɤɢ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨ-ɫɬɪɨɝɚɥɶɧɵɟ, ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɨ-ɫɬɪɨɝɚɥɶɧɵɟ, ɞɨɥɛɺɠɧɵɟ (ɪɢɫ. 13.6). 7 8 6 9 5 4 10 3 2 1 Ɋɢɫ. 13.6. Ɉɛɳɢɣ ɜɢɞ ɞɜɭɯɫɬɨɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɨ-ɫɬɪɨɝɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɧɤɚ: 1 – ɫɬɚɧɢɧɚ, 2 – ɫɬɨɥ, 3, 8 – ɫɬɨɣɤɢ, 4, 10 – ɛɨɤɨɜɵɟ ɫɭɩɩɨɪɬɵ, 5 – ɬɪɚɜɟɪɫɚ, 6, 9 – ɜɟɪɯɧɢɟ ɫɭɩɩɨɪɬɵ, 7 – ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɢɧɚ ɇɚ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɨ-ɫɬɪɨɝɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɧɤɚɯ ɜɫɟ ɫɭɩɩɨɪɬɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɨɜɨɪɚɱɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ r 60 q ɩɪɢ ɫɬɪɨɝɚɧɢɢ ɧɚɤɥɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɟɣ. Ⱦɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ 0,1 ... 0,2 ɦɦ ɧɚ 1 ɦ ɞɥɢɧɵ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ. ɋɬɪɨɝɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɬɚɧɤɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɦɟɥɤɨɫɟɪɢɣɧɨɦ ɢ ɟɞɢɧɢɱɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ. ȼ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɫɟɪɢɣɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɞɥɹ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɮɪɟɡɟɪɧɵɟ ɫɬɚɧɤɢ, ɤɚɤ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ. Ɉɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɮɚɫɨɧɧɵɯ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɵɯ ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɣ 86 ɮɨɪɦɵ ɜ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɨɦ ɢ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɫɟɪɢɣɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɨ- ɢ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɩɪɨɬɹɠɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɧɤɚɯ (ɪɢɫ. 13.7, 13.8). 3 2 5 4 3 2 4 6 1 1 2 ɚ 3 1 5 ɛ ɜ Ɋɢɫ. 13.7. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɬɢɩɵ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɧɤɨɜ: ɚ – ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɨ-ɩɪɨɬɹɠɧɨɣ; ɛ – ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨ-ɩɪɨɬɹɠɧɨɣ; ɜ – ɩɪɨɬɹɠɧɨɣ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ; ɚ: 1 – ɫɬɚɧɢɧɚ, 2 – ɧɚɫɨɫɧɚɹ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɹ, 3 – ɝɢɞɪɨɰɢɥɢɧɞɪ, 4 – ɤɚɪɟɬɤɚ, 5 – ɨɩɨɪɧɵɣ ɤɪɨɧɲɬɟɣɧ, 6 – ɤɨɪɵɬɨ; ɛ: 1 – ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ, 2 – ɫɬɨɥ, 3 – ɤɚɪɟɬɤɚ, 4 – ɧɚɫɨɫɧɚɹ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɹ, 5 – ɫɬɚɧɢɧɚ; 1 ɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ 2 3 ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɞ Ɉɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɣ ɧɚ ɬɨɤɚɪɧɵɯ, ɫɜɟɪɥɢɥɶ- ɧɵɯ, ɪɚɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɧɤɚɯ. ɇɚ ɫɜɟɪɥɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɪɚɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɧɤɚɯ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɟɬ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɹ ɜɪɚɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ. ɉɪɢ ɫɜɟɪɥɟɧɢɢ ɧɚ ɫɜɟɪɥɢɥɶɧɨɦ ɫɬɚɧɤɟ ɜɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɜɟɪɥɨ, ɩɪɢ ɪɚɫɬɚɱɢɜɚɧɢɢ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɣ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɬɨɱɧɨɦ ɫɬɚɧɤɟ ɜɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɪɲɬɚɧɝɚ ɫ ɪɟɡɰɨɦ. ɉɨɞɚɱɚ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɞɨɥɶ ɨɫɢ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɬɶ ɞɟɬɚɥɶ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬ. ɂɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɵ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɣ – ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 13.9. ɂɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɬɢɩɵ ɫɜɺɪɥ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɫɩɢɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɜɟɪɥɚ. ɇɚ ɧɢɯ ɞɥɹ ɨɬɜɨɞɚ ɫɬɪɭɠɤɢ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɜɢɧɬɨɜɚɹ ɤɚɧɚɜɤɚ ɫ ɭɝɥɨɦ ɧɚɤɥɨɧɚ Z = 18q ... 30q. ɍɝɨɥ ɩɪɢ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ 2M = 90q ... 118q; ɭɝɨɥ ɧɚɤɥɨɧɚ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɣ ɪɟɠɭɳɟɣ ɤɪɨɦɤɢ \ = 50q ... 55q. Ɂɟɧɤɟɪɵ ɫɥɭɠɚɬ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɣ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɥɢɬɶɺɦ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɫɜɟɪɥɟɧɢɟɦ. Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɡɟɧɤɟɪɵ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɣ: ɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɤɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɬɨɪɰɟɜɵɟ; ɩɨ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ: ɰɟɥɶɧɵɟ, ɧɚɫɚɞɧɵɟ, ɫ ɩɪɢɩɚɹɧɧɵɦɢ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɫɩɥɚɜɧɵɦɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɚɦɢ. Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɪɟɠɭɳɢɯ ɥɟɡɜɢɣ ɭ ɡɟɧɤɟɪɨɜ z = 3 ... 9. Ɂɟɧɤɟɪɵ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɣ ɪɟɠɭɳɟɣ ɤɪɨɦɤɢ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɣ. 87 ɚ ɚ ɞ ɛ ɟ ɜ ɠ ɝ ɡ Ɋɢɫ. 13.9. ɂɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɵ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɣ: ɚ – ɫɜɟɪɥɨ; ɡɟɧɤɟɪɵ: ɛ – ɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ; ɜ – ɤɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ; ɝ – ɬɨɪɰɨɜɵɣ, ɞ, ɟ – ɪɚɡɜɟɪɬɤɢ; ɠ – ɤɨɦɛɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬ; ɡ – ɦɟɬɱɢɤ Ɋɚɡɜɟɪɬɤɢ ɫɥɭɠɚɬ ɞɥɹ ɱɢɫɬɨɜɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɣ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɜɟɪɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɢɥɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɯ ɡɟɧɤɟɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ. ɑɢɫɥɨ ɡɭɛɶɟɜ ɭ ɧɢɯ z = 5 ... 14. ɉɨ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɛɵɜɚɸɬ ɰɟɥɶɧɵɟ, ɧɚɫɚɞɧɵɟ, ɫɨ ɜɫɬɚɜɧɵɦɢ ɡɭɛɶɹɦɢ. Ɂɟɧɤɨɜɤɢ ɫɥɭɠɚɬ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɣ ɢ ɮɚɫɨɤ. 88 ɐɟɤɨɜɤɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɨ ɢ ɩɪɢɜɚɥɨɱɧɵɟ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɤɨɥɨ ɧɢɯ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɩɢɪɚɸɬɫɹ ɲɚɣɛɵ ɢɥɢ ɝɨɥɨɜɤɢ ɜɢɧɬɨɜ. ȼ ɪɹɞɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɰɟɤɨɜɤɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɡɚɦɟɧɢɬɶ ɮɪɟɡɟɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ, ɱɬɨ ɞɚɺɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ. Ɋɚɛɨɬɵ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɦɵɟ ɧɚ ɫɜɟɪɥɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɧɤɚɯ (ɪɢɫ. 13.10): ɫɜɟɪɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɣ ɞɨ 30 ɦɦ; ɪɚɫɫɜɟɪɥɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɨ 80 ɦɦ; ɡɟɧɤɟɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɨ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɚ 120 ɦɦ, ɱɟɪɧɨɜɨɟ ɢ ɱɢɫɬɨɜɨɟ; ɪɚɡɜɟɪɬɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɨ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɚ 120 ɦɦ, ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ, ɱɢɫɬɨɜɨɟ ɢ ɬɨɧɤɨɟ. ɚ ɛ ɜ ɝ ɞ ɟ ɠ ɡ ɢ ɤ Ɋɢɫ. 13.10. ɋɯɟɦɵ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɨɤ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨ-ɫɜɟɪɥɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɧɤɚɯ: ɚ – ɫɜɟɪɥɟɧɢɟ; ɛ – ɪɚɫɫɜɟɪɥɢɜɚɧɢɟ; ɜ – ɡɟɧɤɟɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ; ɝ, ɞ – ɪɚɡɜɟɪɬɵɜɚɧɢɟ; ɟ – ɰɟɤɨɜɚɧɢɟ; ɠ, ɡ – ɡɟɧɤɨɜɚɧɢɟ; ɢ – ɧɚɪɟɡɚɧɢɟ ɪɟɡɶɛɵ; ɤ – ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɹ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɦ 13.3. Ɉɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɣ ɧɚ ɫɜɟɪɥɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɪɚɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɧɤɚɯ ɉɨ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɫɜɟɪɥɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɧɤɨɜ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɫɜɟɪɥɢɥɶɧɵɟ, ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɫɜɟɪɥɢɥɶɧɵɟ, ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɨ-ɪɚɫɬɨɱɧɵɟ, ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɧɨɪɚɫɬɨɱɧɵɟ, ɚɥɦɚɡɧɨ-ɪɚɫɬɨɱɧɵɟ (ɪɢɫ. 13.11). ɇɚ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨ-ɫɜɟɪɥɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ. ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɫɜɺɪɥɚ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ, ɡɟɧɤɟɪɵ, ɡɟɧɤɨɜɤɢ, ɰɟɤɨɜɤɢ, ɪɚɡɜɺɪɬɤɢ. ɇɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɫɜɟɪɥɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɧɤɚɯ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɟ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɧɵɟ ɞɟɬɚɥɢ. ɗɬɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɩɨɜɨɪɨɬɧɚɹ ɬɪɚɜɟɪɫɚ, ɩɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɜ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɚɬɶɫɹ ɲɩɢɧɞɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɝɨɥɨɜɤɚ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɯ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨ-ɫɜɟɪɥɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɧɤɚɯ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɛɨɪɲɬɚɧɝɢ ɫ ɪɟɡɰɚɦɢ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɪɚɫɬɨɱɤɭ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɣ. ɇɚ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɨ-ɪɚɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɧɤɚɯ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɵɩɨɥɹɬɶ ɬɟ ɠɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ, ɱɬɨ ɢ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɫɜɟɪɥɢɥɶɧɨɦ, ɧɨ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɬɨɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɵɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɩɨɞɪɟɡɚɧɢɟ ɬɨɪɰɨɜ, ɧɚɪɟɡɚɧɢɟ ɪɟɡɶɛɵ ɪɟɡɰɚɦɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɮɪɟɡɟɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɟɣ. ɗɬɚ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɬɚɧɤɚ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɫɬɚɧɤɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɥɹ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ. 89 Ʉɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɧɨ-ɪɚɫɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɬɨɱɤɢ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɬɨɤɚɪɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɧɤɚɯ (ɛɥɨɤɢ ɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɨɜ, ɤɨɪɩɭɫɚ ɪɟɞɭɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɬ. ɞ.) ɚ ɛ ɜ ɝ Ɋɢɫ. 13.11. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɬɢɩɵ ɫɬɚɧɤɨɜ ɫɜɟɪɥɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ: ɚ – ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨ-ɫɜɟɪɥɢɥɶɧɵɣ; ɛ – ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɫɜɟɪɥɢɥɶɧɵɣ; ɜ – ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɨ-ɪɚɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ; ɝ – ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɧɨ-ɪɚɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ; ɚ: 1 – ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɧɚɹ ɩɥɢɬɚ, 2 – ɤɨɥɨɧɧɚ, 3 – ɫɬɨɥ, 4 – ɤɪɨɧɲɬɟɣɧ, 5 – ɤɨɪɨɛɤɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱ, 6 – ɤɨɪɨɛɤɚ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɟɣ; ɛ: 1 – ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɧɚɹ ɩɥɢɬɚ, 2 – ɤɨɥɨɧɧɚ, 3 – ɩɨɜɨɪɨɬɧɚɹ ɝɢɥɶɡɚ, 4 – ɬɪɚɜɟɪɫɚ, 5 – ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɬɪɚɜɟɪɫɵ, 6 – ɲɩɢɧɞɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɝɨɥɨɜɤɚ, 7 – ɤɨɪɨɛɤɚ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɟɣ, 8 – ɤɨɪɨɛɤɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱ, 9 – ɲɩɢɧɞɟɥɶ, 10 – ɫɬɨɥ; ɜ: 1 – ɫɬɚɧɢɧɚ, 2 – ɫɬɨɣɤɚ, 3 – ɲɩɢɧɞɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɛɚɛɤɚ, 4 – ɩɥɚɧɲɚɣɛɚ, 5 – ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɭɩɩɨɪɬ, 6 – ɪɚɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɲɩɢɧɞɟɥɶ, 7 – ɡɚɞɧɹɹ ɫɬɨɣɤɚ, 8 – ɥɸɧɟɬ, 9 – ɫɚɥɚɡɤɢ, 10 – ɤɚɪɟɬɤɚ, 11 – ɩɨɜɨɪɨɬɧɵɣ ɫɬɨɥ; ɝ: 1 – ɫɬɚɧɢɧɚ, 2 – ɫɬɨɣɤɚ, 3 – ɤɨɪɨɛɤɚ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɟɣ, 4 – ɪɚɫɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɝɨɥɨɜɤɚ, 5 – ɲɩɢɧɞɟɥɶ, 6 – ɫɬɨɥ, 7 – ɫɚɥɚɡɤɢ 13.4. Ɏɪɟɡɟɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ Ƚɥɚɜɧɨɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɮɪɟɡɟɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ – ɷɬɨ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɮɪɟɡɵ. Ⱦɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ – ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɢɥɢ ɮɪɟɡɵ. Ɏɪɟɡɚ – ɦɧɨɝɨɥɟɡɜɢɣɧɵɣ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬ, ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɡɭɛ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɡɚ ɩɨɥɧɵɣ ɨɛɨɪɨɬ ɮɪɟɡɵ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɟ ɫ ɞɟɬɚɥɶɸ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɬ. ɟ. ɢɦɟɟɬ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɩɪɟɪɵɜɢɫɬɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ. Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɮɪɟɡɟɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɧɨɟ ɢ ɩɨɩɭɬɧɨɟ (ɪɢɫ. 13.12). ɉɪɢ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɧɨɦ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɜ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɚ ɫɬɪɭɠɤɢ ɩɪɢ ɜɪɟɡɚɧɢɢ ɮɪɟɡɵ ɩɥɚɜɧɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ ɨɬ ɧɭɥɹ ɞɨ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦɚ. Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɚɹ ɧɚ ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɤɭ ɫɢɥɚ ɫɬɪɟɦɢɬɫɹ ɨɬɨɪɜɚɬɶ ɟɟ ɨɬ ɫɬɨɥɚ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɜɢɛɪɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ. Ɍ. ɤ. ɩɪɢ ɜɪɟɡɚɧɢɢ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɚ ɫɪɟɡɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ ɦɚɥɚ, ɬɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɤɨɥɶɠɟɧɢɟ ɡɭɛɚ ɜ ɦɟɫɬɟ ɜɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɛɟɡ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɫɦɹɬɢɟ, ɱɬɨ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɭɩɪɨɱɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ. ɋɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɡɭɛ ɮɪɟɡɵ ɫɪɟɡɚɟɬ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɩɪɨɱɧɺɧɧɭɸ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɢɦ ɡɭɛɨɦ. ɗɬɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɢɡɧɨɫ ɮɪɟɡɵ ɢ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ. ɉɪɢ ɩɨɩɭɬɧɨɦ ɮɪɟɡɟɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɡɭɛɚ ɮɪɟɡɵ ɢ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɸɬ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɚ ɫɪɟɡɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ ɩɪɢ ɜɪɟɡɚɧɢɢ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɚ, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɭɛɵɜɚɟɬ. ɋɢɥɚ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɪɢɠɢɦɚɟɬ ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɤɭ ɤ ɫɬɨɥɭ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜɢɛɪɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵ. Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɫɤɚɥɶɡɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɟɬ, ɬɨ ɭɩɪɨɱɧɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶ ɮɪɟɡɵ ɢ ɜɵɲɟ ɱɢɫɬɨɬɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɟ- 90 ɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɡɭɛɶɟɜ ɮɪɟɡɵ ɢ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɸɬ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɫɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɢɛɪɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɜɵɛɨɪɚ ɡɚɡɨɪɨɜ ɜ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɟ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɜɢɧɬ-ɝɚɣɤɚ ɩɨɨɱɟɪɺɞɧɨ, ɬɨ ɜ ɨɞɧɭ, ɬɨ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɭɸ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɨɩɭɬɧɨɟ ɮɪɟɡɟɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚ ɫɬɚɧɤɚɯ, ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɦ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɦ ɜɵɛɨɪ ɡɚɡɨɪɚ ɜ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɟ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ. Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɡɭɛ ɮɪɟɡɵ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɩɭɬɧɨɦ ɮɪɟɡɟɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɭɞɚɪɹɟɬ ɜ ɧɟɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɭɸ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ, ɟɝɨ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɟɫɥɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɬɜɺɪɞɚɹ ɤɨɪɤɚ. Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɮɪɟɡ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 13.13. ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɪɟɠɭɳɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɢɯ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɧɚ ɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɬɨɪɰɟɜɵɟ, ɞɢɫɤɨɜɵɟ (ɜ ɬ. ɱ. ɩɪɨɪɟɡɧɵɟ), ɤɨɧɰɟɜɵɟ, ɭɝɥɨɜɵɟ, ɲɩɨɧɨɱɧɵɟ, ɮɚɫɨɧɧɵɟ, ɪɟɡɶɛɨɜɵɟ, ɦɨɞɭɥɶɧɵɟ. ɉɨ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ: ɰɟɥɶɧɵɟ, ɫɛɨɪɧɵɟ ɫɨ ɜɫɬɚɜɧɵɦɢ ɡɭɛɶɹɦɢ. ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɡɭɛɶɟɜ: ɫ ɩɪɹɦɵɦɢ, ɧɚɤɥɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɜɢɧɬɨɜɵɦɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɫɬɚɥɟɣ ɪɚɡɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɮɪɟɡɵ ɫ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɢɦ ɭɝɥɨɦ J = 5…30q, ɡɚɞɧɢɦ ɭɝɥɨɦ D = 10…25q. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɮɪɟɡɟɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɟɣ ɢ ɤɚɧɚɜɨɤ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɮɪɟɡɟɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɡɭɛɱɚɬɵɯ ɤɨɥɺɫ. Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɢɯ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 13.14. Ⱦɥɹ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɬɚɦ ɠɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɡɭɛɱɚɬɵɯ ɤɨɥɺɫ ɞɨɥɛɥɟɧɢɟɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ. ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 3.15 ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɵ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɫɬɚɧɢɧɵ ɫɬɚɧɤɚ ɢ ɮɚɫɨɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ. ɚ ɜ ɛ ɝ Ɋɢɫ. 13.12. ɋɯɟɦɵ ɮɪɟɡɟɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ (ɚ) ɢ ɬɨɪɰɟɜɨɣ (ɛ) ɮɪɟɡɚɦɢ; ɜ, ɝ – ɫɯɟɦɵ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ; 1 – ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ, 2 – ɮɪɟɡɚ ɟ ɚ ɛ ɠ ɡ ɜ 91 ɝ ɢ ɞ ɤ Ɋɢɫ. 13.13. Ɍɢɩɵ ɮɪɟɡ: ɚ – ɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ; ɛ, ɡ – ɬɨɪɰɨɜɵɟ; ɜ – ɞɢɫɤɨɜɵɟ; ɝ – ɤɨɧɰɟɜɵɟ; ɞ – ɭɝɥɨɜɵɟ; ɟ – ɲɩɨɧɨɱɧɵɟ; ɠ – ɮɚɫɨɧɧɵɟ; 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 ɛ ɚ 3 ɜ 2 ɝ Ɋɢɫ. 13.14. ɋɯɟɦɵ ɮɨɪɦɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɡɭɛɶɟɜ ɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɟɫɚ: ɚ, ɛ – ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɤɨɩɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ; ɜ, ɝ – ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɨɛɤɚɬɵɜɚɧɢɹ 2 – ɧɚɪɟɡɚɟɦɨɟ ɤɨɥɟɫɨ, 3 – ɞɨɥɛɹɤ Ɋɢɫ. 13.15. ɋɯɟɦɵ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɧɚ ɮɪɟɡɟɪɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɧɤɚɯ ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 13. 16 ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɵ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɬɢɩɵ ɮɪɟɡɟɪɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɧɤɨɜ: ɤɨɧɫɨɥɶɧɨɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɣ; ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨ-ɮɪɟɡɟɪɧɵɣ; ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɨ-ɮɪɟɡɟɪɧɵɣ ɞɜɭɯɫɬɨɟɱɧɵɣ; ɤɨɩɢɪɨɜɚɥɶɧɨ-ɮɪɟɡɟɪɧɵɣ. 6 3 4 5 2 6 1 7 8 7 8 ɚ 4 4 6 5 5 6 4 3 2 1 ɛ 5 3 3 2 1 3 92 2 1 ɜ ɝ Ɋɢɫ. 13.16. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɬɢɩɵ ɮɪɟɡɟɪɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɧɤɨɜ: ɚ – ɤɨɧɫɨɥɶɧɨ-ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɣ; ɛ – ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨ-ɮɪɟɡɟɪɧɵɣ; ɜ – ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɨ-ɮɪɟɡɟɪɧɵɣ ɞɜɭɯɫɬɨɟɱɧɵɣ; ɝ – ɤɨɩɢɪɨɜɚɥɶɧɨ-ɮɪɟɡɟɪɧɵɣ ɩɨɥɭɚɜɬɨɦɚɬ 13.5. ɒɥɢɮɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɒɥɢɮɨɜɚɧɢɟ – ɷɬɨ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɚɛɪɚɡɢɜɧɵɯ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɪɟɠɭɳɢɦɢ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɬɜɺɪɞɵɟ ɡɺɪɧɚ ɚɛɪɚɡɢɜɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ. ɒɥɢɮɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɨɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɥɟɡɜɢɣɧɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɨɤ. ȼɢɞɵ ɲɥɢɮɨɜɚɧɢɹ (ɪɢɫ. 13.17) ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ: ɩɥɨɫɤɨɟ, ɤɪɭɝɥɨɟ (ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɟ ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɟ), ɮɚɫɨɧɧɨɟ; ɩɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɭ ɡɚɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɬɚɥɢ: ɜ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɯ, ɜ ɩɚɬɪɨɧɟ, ɛɟɫɰɟɧɬɪɨɜɨɟ; ɩɨ ɦɟɫɬɭ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɤɪɭɝ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɟ: ɬɨɪɰɨɦ ɤɪɭɝɚ, ɩɟɪɢɮɟɪɢɟɣ; ɩɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ: ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɨɟ ɢ ɜɪɟɡɧɨɟ. Ⱥɛɪɚɡɢɜɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɛɵɜɚɸɬ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ. Ⱥɛɪɚɡɢɜɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɵ: ɤɜɚɪɰ, ɤɨɪɭɧɞ, ɤɪɟɦɟɧɶ, ɧɚɠɞɚɤ, ɚɥɦɚɡ; ɫɢɧɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ: ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɤɨɪɭɧɞ Al2Ɉ3, ɡɟɥɟɧɵɣ ɢ ɱɟɪɧɵɣ ɤɚɪɛɢɞ ɤɪɟɦɧɢɹ Siɋ, ɨɤɫɢɞɵ ɯɪɨɦɚ ɋr2Ɉ3 (ɜ ɩɚɫɬɚɯ), ɤɚɪɛɢɞ ɛɨɪɚ ȼ4ɋ, ɧɢɬɪɢɞ ɛɨɪɚ ȼN (ɷɥɶɛɨɪ), ɫɢɧɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɚɥɦɚɡ (ɜ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɚɯ). ɇɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɟɣɱɚɫ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ (ɫɢɧɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ) ɚɛɪɚɡɢɜɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ. Ɉɧɢ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɫɬɶɸ, ɬɟɩɥɨɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶɸ ɞɨ 1800 ... 2000 qɋ. ɋɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ, ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɜɢɞɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɢ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɟɬ ɚɛɪɚɡɢɜɧɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ Vɪɟɡ. = 15 ... 100 ɦ/ɫ. ɋɜɹɡɤɢ ɛɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ (ɤɟɪɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɦɚɝɧɟɡɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɫɢɥɢɤɚɬɧɵɟ) ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ (ɛɚɤɟɥɢɬɨɜɚɹ ɢ ɜɭɥɤɚɧɢɬɨɜɚɹ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ). ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɵ ɢɡ ɨɝɧɟɭɩɨɪɧɨɣ ɝɥɢɧɵ, ɩɨɥɟɜɨɝɨ ɲɩɚɬɚ, ɤɜɚɪɰɚ, ɬɚɥɶɤɚ, ɦɟɥɚ ɢ ɠɢɞɤɨɝɨ ɫɬɟɤɥɚ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɛɨɪɟ ɤɪɭɝɨɜ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɬɜɺɪɞɨɫɬɶ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɬɜɺɪɞɨɫɬɶɸ ɚɛɪɚɡɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɤɪɭɝɚ, ɚ ɬɜɺɪɞɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ, ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɳɟɣ ɚɛɪɚɡɢɜɧɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ. ɂɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɫɟɦɶ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɣ ɬɜɺɪɞɨɫɬɢ. ɒɥɢɮɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɲɥɢɮɨɜɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɤɪɭɝɚɦɢ, ɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɮɢɝɭɪɚɰɢɢ (ɬɭɪɛɢɧɧɵɟ ɥɨɩɚɬɤɢ) ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɲɥɢɮɨɜɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɥɟɧɬɵ. ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɲɥɢɮɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɪɭɝɢ ɢɡɧɚɲɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɫɜɨɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɡɚɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɡɺɪɟɧ ɚɛɪɚɡɢɜɚ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɪɟɠɭɳɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɪɭɝɨɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢɥɢɩɚɧɢɟ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɤ ɩɨɜɟɪɯ- 93 ɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɪɭɝɚ (ɡɚɫɚɥɢɜɚɧɢɟ). Ⱦɥɹ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɢ ɪɟɠɭɳɟɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɪɭɝɨɜ ɢɯ ɩɪɚɜɹɬ. Ⱦɥɹ ɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɚɜɤɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɚɥɦɚɡɧɵɟ ɤɚɪɚɧɞɚɲɢ (ɦɟɥɤɢɟ ɚɥɦɚɡɵ ɫɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɦ). Ƚɪɭɛɚɹ ɩɪɚɜɤɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɲɚɪɨɲɤɚɦɢ (ɡɜɟɡɞɨɱɤɚɦɢ ɢɡ ɛɟɥɨɝɨ ɱɭɝɭɧɚ). ɚ ɛ ɜ 4 3 2 1 ɝ Ɋɢɫ. 13.17. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɲɥɢɮɨɜɚɧɢɹ: ɚ – ɩɥɨɫɤɨɟ (ɩɥɨɫɤɚɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɟɪɢɮɟɪɢɣɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɤɪɭɝɚ); ɛ – ɤɪɭɝɥɨɟ (ɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɫ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɚɱɟɣ, ɡɚɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɯ;) ɜ – ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɟ (ɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɡɚɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɢ ɜ ɩɚɬɪɨɧɟ;, ɝ – ɛɟɫɰɟɧɬɪɨɜɨɟ ( ɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɫ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɚɱɟɣ ɛɟɡ ɡɚɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ); 1 – ɲɥɢɮɭɸɳɢɣ ɤɪɭɝ, 2 – ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ, 3 – ɨɩɨɪɧɵɣ ɧɨɠ, 4 – ɜɟɞɭɳɢɣ ɤɪɭɝ ɉɪɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɨɣ ɬɜɺɪɞɨɫɬɢ ɤɪɭɝɚ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɲɥɢɮɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɫɚɦɨɡɚɬɚɱɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɪɭɝɚ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɡɚɬɭɩɢɜɲɢɟɫɹ ɚɛɪɚɡɢɜɧɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ ɫɚɦɢ ɩɨɤɢɞɚɸɬ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ. ɑɬɨɛɵ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɫɚɦɨɡɚɬɚɱɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɢ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɯ ɡɚɤɚɥɺɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɥɟɣ, ɜɵɛɢɪɚɸɬ ɦɹɝɤɢɟ ɤɪɭɝɢ, ɬ. ɤ. ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɟ ɡɚɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɡɺɪɟɧ. Ⱦɥɹ ɦɹɝɤɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɧɟɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɚɛɪɚɡɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ, ɛɟɪɭɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɜɺɪɞɵɟ ɤɪɭɝɢ. ɉɟɪɟɞ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɨɣ ɲɥɢɮɨɜɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɪɭɝɚ ɧɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɤ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɤɪɭɝɚ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ, ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ, ɱɟɦ ɪɚɛɨɱɚɹ Vɢɫɩ. = 1,5 Vɪɟɡ. ɉɪɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɟ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɤɚ ɲɩɢɧɞɟɥɹ ɫ ɤɪɭɝɨɦ. Ⱦɥɹ ɲɥɢɮɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɤɨɪɭɧɞ, ɞɥɹ ɱɭɝɭɧɚ ɢ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɯ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ – ɤɚɪɛɢɞ ɤɪɟɦɧɢɹ. ɇɚɢɥɭɱɲɢɦɢ ɪɟɠɭɳɢɦɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɷɥɶɛɨɪ, ɧɨ ɨɧ ɞɨɪɨɠɟ ɜɵɲɟɧɚɡɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ. Ⱦɥɹ ɡɚɬɨɱɤɢ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɫɩɥɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚ, ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɶɧɨɦ ɲɥɢɮɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɤɟ ɲɥɢɮɨɜɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɪɭɝɨɜ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɜɟɪɯɬɜɟɪɞɵɟ ɫɢɧɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ: ɧɢɬɪɢɞ ɛɨɪɚ (ɷɥɶɛɨɪ), ɫɢɧɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɚɥɦɚɡɵ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɬɢɩɵ ɲɥɢɮɨɜɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɧɤɨɜ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 13.18. 94 3 2 4 5 1 5 3 4 3 2 4 2 5 ɚ 1 6 ɛ 1 ɜ 6 Ɋɢɫ. 13.18. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɬɢɩɵ ɲɥɢɮɨɜɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɧɤɨɜ: ɚ – ɩɥɨɫɤɨɲɥɢɮɨɜɚɥɶɧɵɣ; ɛ – ɤɪɭɝɥɨɲɥɢɮɨɜɚɥɶɧɵɣ; ɜ – ɛɟɫɰɟɧɬɪɨɜɨɲɥɢɮɨɜɚɥɶɧɵɣ; ɚ: 1 – ɲɥɢɮɨɜɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɛɚɛɤɚ, 2 – ɫɬɨɣɤɚ, 3 – ɫɬɨɥ, 4 – ɫɬɚɧɢɧɚ, 5 – ɩɪɢɜɨɞ ɫɬɨɥɚ; ɛ: 1 – ɫɬɚɧɢɧɚ, 2 – ɫɬɨɥ, 3 – ɩɟɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɛɚɛɤɚ ɫ ɤɨɪɨɛɤɨɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɟɣ, 4 – ɲɥɢɮɨɜɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɛɚɛɤɚ, 5 – ɡɚɞɧɹɹ ɛɚɛɤɚ, 6 – ɩɪɢɜɨɞ ɫɬɨɥɚ; ɜ: 1 – ɫɬɚɧɢɧɚ, 2 – ɛɚɛɤɚ ɫ ɲɥɢɮɭɸɳɢɦ ɤɪɭɝɨɦ, 3, 5 – ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɩɪɚɜɤɢ, 4 – ɛɚɛɤɚ ɫ ɜɟɞɭɳɢɦ ɤɪɭɝɨɦ, 6 – ɧɨɠ 13.6. Ɇɟɬɨɞɵ ɨɬɞɟɥɤɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɉɪɢɬɢɪɤɚ (ɞɨɜɨɞɤɚ) ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 13.19, ɚ. Ɉɧɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɦɟɥɤɨɡɟɪɧɢɫɬɵɦ ɚɛɪɚɡɢɜɧɵɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɫɦɚɡɤɢ ɧɚɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɣ ɩɪɢɬɢɪɨɦ. ɉɪɢɬɢɪɵ ɞɟɥɚɸɬ ɢɡ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɦɹɝɤɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ, ɱɟɦ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɵɣ (ɫɟɪɵɣ ɱɭɝɭɧ, ɛɪɨɧɡɚ, ɦɟɞɶ, ɞɟɪɟɜɨ). Ⱥɛɪɚɡɢɜɧɵɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɢɡ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɩɚɫɬ (ɚɛɪɚɡɢɜɧɵɟ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɢ + ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ + ɫɜɹɡɭɸɳɢɟ: ɦɚɲɢɧɧɨɟ ɦɚɫɥɨ, ɤɟɪɨɫɢɧ, ɫɬɟɚɪɢɧ, ɜɚɡɟɥɢɧ). Ɉɥɟɢɧɨɜɚɹ ɢ ɫɬɟɚɪɢɧɨɜɚɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɩɚɫɬ, ɢɝɪɚɹ ɪɨɥɶ ɫɜɹɡɭɸɳɟɝɨ, ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɚɸɬ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɟɬɚɥɢ ɩɥɟɧɤɢ ɨɤɢɫɥɨɜ, ɬ. ɟ. ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ ɯɢɦɢɤɨ-ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ. ɒɢɪɨɤɨ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɚ ɩɚɫɬɚ ȽɈɂ (Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ), ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɚɹ ɢɡ ɨɤɢɫɢ ɯɪɨɦɚ 65 ... 80 %, ɫɬɟɚɪɢɧɚ ɢ ɤɟɪɨɫɢɧɚ. ɂɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɞɜɚ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚ: ɩɪɢɬɢɪɤɚ ɫɨɩɪɹɝɚɟɦɵɯ ɜ ɭɡɥɟ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɤɥɚɩɚɧ ɢ ɫɟɞɥɨ; ɩɪɢɬɢɪɤɚ ɩɨ 3-ɟɣ ɞɟɬɚɥɢ – ɩɪɢɬɢɪɭ. 95 1 2 ɚ ɛ ɜ ɞ ɝ ɟ Ɋɢɫ. 13.19. ɋɯɟɦɵ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɤɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɟɣ: ɚ – ɩɪɢɬɢɪɤɚ; ɛ – ɚɛɪɚɡɢɜɧɨ-ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɧɚɹ; ɜ – ɩɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ; ɝ – ɚɛɪɚɡɢɜɧɨɣ ɥɟɧɬɨɣ; ɞ – ɯɨɧɢɧɝɨɜɚɧɢɟ; ɟ – ɫɭɩɟɪɮɢɧɢɲɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ; 1 – ɩɪɢɬɢɪɵ, 2 – ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ ɉɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ – ɷɬɨ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɨɫɨɛɨɦɟɥɤɨɡɟɪɧɢɫɬɨɣ ɚɛɪɚɡɢɜɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɚɫɬɨɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɧɚɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɷɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɵɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɥɟɧɬɵ ɢɥɢ ɦɹɝɤɨɝɨ ɤɪɭɝɚ ɢɡ ɜɨɣɥɨɤɚ, ɮɟɬɪɚ, ɛɹɡɢ (ɪɢɫ. 13.19, ɜ). ɉɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɞɟɤɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɰɟɥɹɯ (ɞɨ ɡɟɪɤɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɛɥɟɫɤɚ). ɏɨɧɢɧɝɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɣ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɦɟɥɤɨɡɟɪɧɢɫɬɵɯ ɚɛɪɚɡɢɜɧɵɯ ɛɪɭɫɤɨɜ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɟ – ɯɨɧɟ ɜɞɨɥɶ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɟɣ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɹ (ɪɢɫ. 13.19, ɞ). ɏɨɧ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɬɧɨ-ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɢ ɜɪɚɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ Vɜɪɚɳ./ Vɩɨɫɬɭɩ. = 1,5 ... 10. Ⱦɢɚɦɟɬɪ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɣ D = 20 … 400 ɦɦ. Ȼɪɭɫɤɢ ɢɡɝɨɬɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɢɡ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɤɨɪɭɧɞɚ ɢɥɢ ɤɚɪɛɢɞɚ ɤɪɟɦɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɛɚɤɟɥɢɬɨɜɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɤɟ, ɚ ɜ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɚɥɦɚɡɧɵɟ. Ɉɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ ɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɱɭɝɭɧɧɵɯ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ ɜɟɞɭɬ ɫɨ ɫɦɚɡɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶɸ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɟɣ ɢɡ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɤɟɪɨɫɢɧɚ ɢ ɦɚɫɥɚ. ɋɭɩɟɪɮɢɧɢɲɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ – ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɦɟɥɤɨɡɟɪɧɢɫɬɵɯ ɚɛɪɚɡɢɜɧɵɯ ɛɪɭɫɤɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɡɚɞɚɸɬ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɚɦɩɥɢɬɭɞɨɣ 1,5 ... 6 ɦɦ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɨɣ 400 ... 1200 ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɣ ɜ ɦɢɧɭɬɭ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɜɞɨɥɶ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɉɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɦɚɡɨɱɧɨ-ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɸɳɟɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɢɡ ɤɟɪɨɫɢɧɚ ɫ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɦɚɫɥɚ. ɒɟɜɢɧɝɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɡɭɛɱɚɬɵɯ ɤɨɥɟɫ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɥɟɡɜɢɣɧɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɨɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɦ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɦ ɲɟɜɟɪɨɦ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɦ ɜɢɞ ɡɭɛɱɚɬɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɟɫɚ ɫ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɤɚɧɚɜɤɚɦɢ, ɪɺɛɪɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɟ. ɒɟɜɟɪ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɟ ɡɭɛɱɚɬɨɟ ɤɨɥɟɫɨ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɸɬ ɜ ɡɚɰɟɩɥɟɧɢɢ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɭɝɥɟ ɫɤɪɟɳɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɫɟɣ 10q … 15q. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɜɪɚɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ, ɲɟɜɟɪ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɟɬ ɢ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɬɧɨ-ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɠɨɫɟɜɨɟ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ. Ɉɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɫɭɥɶɮɨɮɪɟɡɨɥɨɦ. 96 Ɇɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɛɟɡ ɫɧɹɬɢɹ ɫɬɪɭɠɤɢ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɲɟɪɨɯɨɜɚɬɨɫɬɶ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜɢɛɪɨɧɚɤɚɬɤɚ ɭɥɭɱɲɚɟɬ ɭɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɫɦɚɡɤɢ), ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɭɩɪɨɱɧɟɧɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɣ ɫ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɦɚɤɪɨ- ɢ ɦɢɤɪɨɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɣ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɦɢ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɫɠɚɬɢɹ. ɇɚɤɚɬɤɚ ɡɭɛɶɟɜ ɢ ɡɜɟɡɞɨɱɟɤ, ɪɢɮɥɟɧɢɹ, ɪɟɡɶɛ, ɩɪɚɜɤɚ ɤɥɚɩɚɧɨɜ ɢ ɬ. ɞ.; ɨɛɤɚɬɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɨɥɢɤɚɦɢ ɢ ɲɚɪɢɤɚɦɢ, ɜ ɬ. ɱ. ɜɢɛɪɢɪɭɸɳɢɦɢ, ɪɚɫɤɚɬɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɣ (ɪɢɫ. 13.20). ɚ ɛ ɝ ɜ ɞ Ɋɢɫ. 13.20. ɋɯɟɦɵ ɨɛɤɚɬɵɜɚɧɢɹ, ɪɚɫɤɚɬɵɜɚɧɢɹ, ɜɢɛɪɨɧɚɤɚɬɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɟɣ: ɚ, ɛ – ɨɛɤɚɬɤɚ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ; ɜ, ɝ – ɪɚɫɤɚɬɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ; ɞ – ɜɢɛɪɨɧɚɤɚɬɵɜɚɧɢɟ Ⱦɨɪɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ – ɤɚɥɢɛɪɨɜɤɚ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɣ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɦ (ɞɨɪɧɨɦ), ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɸɳɢɦ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ, ɩɨɯɨɠɢɦ ɧɚ ɭɤɨɪɨɱɟɧɧɭɸ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɤɭ, ɧɨ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɦ ɧɟ ɨɫɬɪɵɟ, ɚ ɡɚɤɪɭɝɥɺɧɧɵɟ ɡɭɛɶɹ. Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 7 Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ʋ ȼɢɞɵ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɩ/ɩ 1 Ɉɛɬɚɱɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɪɚɫɬɚɱɢɜɚɧɢɟ: ɱɟɪɧɨɜɨɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɫɬɨɜɨɟ ɱɢɫɬɨɜɨɟ ɬɨɧɤɨɟ 2 ɒɥɢɮɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɪɭɝɥɨɟ ɢ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɟ: ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɱɢɫɬɨɜɨɟ ɬɨɧɤɨɟ 3 ɉɪɢɬɢɪɤɚ ɢ ɞɨɜɨɞɤɚ, ɬɨɧɤɨɟ (ɩɪɟɰɢɡɢɨɧɧɨɟ) ɲɥɢɮɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɫɭɩɟɪɮɢɧɢɲɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɬɨɧɤɨɟ ɩɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɬɨɧɤɨɟ (ɚɥɦɚɡɧɨɟ) ɨɛɬɚɱɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɪɚɫɬɚɱɢɜɚɧɢɟ, ɤɚɥɢɛɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɨɛɤɚɬɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɪɚɫɤɚɬɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɨɥɢɤɚɦɢ ɢ ɲɚɪɢɤɚɦɢ, ɯɨɧɢɧɝɨɜɚɧɢɟ. 97 Ʉɜɚɥɢɬɟɬ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ (ɞɨɫɬɢɠɢɦɵɣ) 12 ... 16 11 ... 12 9 ... 11 6 .. 8 Rz, Ɇɤɦ 50 .... 250 12,5 ... 40 4 ... 10 0,5 ... 4 9 ... 11 6 ... 9 5ɢ6 5... 16 1,6 ... 6,3 0,4 ... 1,6 5 ... 6 (4) 0,05 .... 0,4 ɊȺɁȾȿɅ VI. ɌȿɏɇɈɅɈȽɂə ɗɅȿɄɌɊɈɗɊɈɁɂɈɇɇɈɃ ɈȻɊȺȻɈɌɄɂ ɌȿɆȺ 14. ɗɅȿɄɌɊɈɎɂɁɂɑȿɋɄɂȿ ɂ ɗɅȿɄɌɊɈɏɂɆɂɑȿɋɄɂȿ ɆȿɌɈȾɕ ɈȻɊȺȻɈɌɄɂ 14.1. ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɷɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɷɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɷɪɨɡɢɢ (ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɢ) ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɨɜ ɢɡ ɬɨɤɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɩɭɫɤɚɧɢɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɢɦɢ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɧɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɬɨɤɚ. Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɢɫɤɪɨɜɭɸ ɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɧɭɸ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ. ȼ ɨɛɨɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɪɹɞɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɩɪɢ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɨɜ ɧɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɚɯ ɜ ɦɟɠɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɞɢɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɤɢ (ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɦɚɫɥɨ, ɤɟɪɨɫɢɧ). ɉɪɨɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɬɨɤɚ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɞɢɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɤ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɢɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɪɟɞɵ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɧɚɥ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ. ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɩɨ ɧɟɦɭ ɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɧɵɣ ɢɫɤɪɨɜɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɞɭɝɨɜɨɣ ɪɚɡɪɹɞ. ɉɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɨɤɚ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬ 8000 ... 10000 Ⱥ/ɦɦ2, ɚ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɪɚɡɪɹɞɚ ɜɫɟɝɨ 10-5 ... 10-8 ɫ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɨɜ, ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ ɞɨ 10000 ... 12000 qɋ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɢ ɢɫɩɚɪɟɧɢɸ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ, ɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɥɭɧɤɚ. ɍɞɚɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɦɟɬɚɥɥ ɡɚɫɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɜ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɝɪɚɧɭɥ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ 0,01 ... 0,05 ɦɦ. Ɂɚɡɨɪ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɦ-ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɨɦ ɢ ɞɟɬɚɥɶɸ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɛɨɹ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɬ 0,01 ... 0,05 ɦɦ. ɉɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɢɫɩɚɪɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɡɚɡɨɪ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɫɛɥɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɨɜ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɫɥɟɞɹɳɢɯ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɯɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɱɢɫɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ (ɑɉɍ), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɨɫɧɚɳɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɬɚɧɤɢ. Ⱦɨɫɬɨɢɧɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ: ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɣ ɫɚɦɨɣ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ, ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɫɢɥ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɞɟɬɚɥɶɸ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɧɟ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɧɚɤɥɟɩɚ, ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɯ ɞɟɮɟɤɬɨɜ, ɩɪɢɠɨɝɨɜ. Ɉɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɞɟɮɟɤɬɨɜ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ (ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɭɫɬɚɥɨɫɬɧɭɸ), ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɭɸ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶ, ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɥɟɡɜɢɣɧɵɦ ɢ ɚɛɪɚɡɢɜɧɵɦ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɟɦ. Ʉɢɧɟɦɚɬɢɤɚ ɫɬɚɧɤɨɜ ɩɪɨɫɬɚ. Ɉɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ, ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɵɯ ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɟɣ. ɗɬɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɩɪɨɱɧɵɯ, ɯɪɭɩɤɢɯ ɢɥɢ ɜɹɡɤɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ, ɨɱɟɧɶ ɬɨɧɤɢɯ (ɮɨɥɶɝɚ) ɥɢɫɬɨɜ ɢɡ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ. ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɢɫɤɪɨɜɚɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ (ɪɢɫ. 14.1, ɚ). ɂɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɪɚɡɪɹɞɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɪɟɡɢɫɬɨɪɚ R ɢ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɨɪɚ ɋ, ɤ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɩɨɞɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɨɬ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɤɚ. ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɤ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɩɨɥɹɪɧɨɫɬɢ (ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞ – ɤɚɬɨɞ, ɢɡɞɟɥɢɟ – ɚɧɨɞ), ɜɪɟɦɹ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɚ W 20 ... 200 ɦɤɫ. ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɵ-ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɵ ɢɡɝɨɬɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɥɚɬɭɧɢ, ɦɟɞɢ, ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɦɟɞɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɬɨɜɵɦɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɠɟɫɬɤɢɣ ɢɥɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɣ ɪɟɠɢɦɵ (ɬɨɤ ɛɨɥɟɟ 100 Ⱥ, ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɚ 0,5…5 Ⱦɠ). Ⱦɥɹ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɦɹɝɤɢɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ (ɬɨɤ ɦɟɧɟɟ 10 Ⱥ, ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ ɪɚɡɪɹɞɚ 0,005…0,05 98 Ⱦɠ). Ɉɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɩɨ 6…8 ɤɜɚɥɢɬɟɬɚɦ, ɲɟɪɨɯɨɜɚɬɨɫɬɶ Rɚ = 2,5 ... 0,4 ɦɤɦ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ 35 ... 1200 ɦɦ3/ɦɢɧ. ɗɬɢɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ (250…1500 ɦɦ2). ɏɨɪɨɲɨ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɬɪɭɞɧɨɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɟɦ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɟ ɫɩɥɚɜɵ, ɧɟɦɟɬɚɥɥɵ: ɚɥɦɚɡ, ɤɪɟɦɧɢɣ, ɝɟɪɦɚɧɢɣ (ɩɨɥɭɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɢɤɢ). ɇɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɢɡɤɚɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɩɪɢ ɠɺɫɬɤɢɯ ɪɟɠɢɦɚɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɟɮɟɤɬɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɣ ɞɨ 0,5 ɦɦ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɧɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ, ɷɬɨɬ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɭɩɪɨɱɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɧɚɧɟɫɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɧɤɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɬɚ. ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɧɚɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ (ɪɢɫ. 14.1, ɛ). ɂɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɪɚɡɪɹɞɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɚɲɢɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶ, ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɣ ɬɨɤ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ ɜ ɬɨɤ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ ɧɢɡɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ. ɉɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɦɨɳɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɪɹɞɵ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɢɫɤɪɨɜɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɨɣ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɜ 8…10 ɪɚɡ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ. Ɉɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ ɧɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ (ɞɨ 240 ɫɦ2) ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ (ɞɨ 5000 ɦɦ3/ɦɢɧ). ȾɥɢɬɟɥɶW= ɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɥɟɤɪɨɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɨɜ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɞɭɝɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɪɹɞɚ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ 500 ... 10000 ɦɤɫ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɲɟɪɨɯɨɜɚɬɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ 1…3 ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɧɢɠɟ, ɱɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɢɫɤɪɨɜɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ. Ɉɛɳɢɦ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɦ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɢɫɤɪɨɜɨɣ ɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɧɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɨɤ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɚɥɚɹ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɨɜ-ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ. ɂɯ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɡɚɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ 5…10 ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ. ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɧɚɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ (ɪɢɫ. 14.1, ɜ) ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɪɭɛɤɢ ɥɢɬɶɹ, ɱɟɪɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɲɥɢɮɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɧɵɯ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ. Ɋɟɡɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚ ɜɩɥɨɬɶ ɞɨ ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɜ ɦɟɫɬɟ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɚ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɧɵɯ ɞɭɝɨɜɵɯ ɪɚɡɪɹɞɨɜ ɨɬ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɤɚ. Ⱦɢɫɤ ɧɟ ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɡɡɚ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ (30 ...80 ɦ/ɫ) ɢ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ. Ɇɟɬɨɞ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɜɵɫɨɤɭɸ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɯɨɪɨɲɭɸ (ɞɥɹ ɱɟɪɧɨɜɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ) ɲɟɪɨɯɨɜɚɬɨɫɬɶ (Rɚ | 50 ɦɤɦ). Ⱥɧɨɞɧɨ-ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɷɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦɢ. Ɉɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɚ, ɩɨɞɚɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɫɨɩɥɨ. ɉɪɢ ɩɪɨɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɨɤɚ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɚɧɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ, ɢ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɩɪɢɤɨɫɧɨɜɟɧɢɢ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚ-ɤɚɬɨɞɚ ɫ ɦɢɤɪɨɧɟɪɨɜɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ-ɚɧɨɞɚ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɷɪɨɡɢɢ. ɚ ɛ ɜ ɝ Ɋɢɫ. 14.1. ɋɯɟɦɵ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ: ɚ – ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɢɫɤɪɨɜɚɹ; ɛ – ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɧɚɹ; ɜ – ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɧɚɹ; ɝ – ɚɧɨɞɧɨ-ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ 14.2. ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ 99 ȼ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɥɟɠɢɬ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɚɧɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɡɟ. ɉɪɢ ɩɨɞɚɱɟ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɤɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɚɧɨɞɚ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɬ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ, ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɢɥɢ ɭɞɚɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɭɬɟɦ. Ⱦɥɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɸɬ ɞɨ 40 ... 80 qɋ. ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 14.2, ɚ. ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɜɚɧɧɟ ɫ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɨɦ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɜɵɛɢɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ (ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɵ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ, ɳɟɥɨɱɟɣ ɢɥɢ ɫɨɥɟɣ NaCl, NaNO3, Na2SɈ4). Ʉɚɬɨɞɚɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɵ. ɉɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɸɬɫɹ ɦɢɤɪɨɜɵɫɬɭɩɵ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɨɤɚ ɨɤɨɥɨ ɧɢɯ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɨɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɲɟɪɨɯɨɜɚɬɨɫɬɶ ɧɚ 2...3 ɤɥɚɫɫɚ. ɉɪɢ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɧɟ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɞɟɮɟɤɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɭɸ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶ, ɩɪɟɞɟɥ ɜɵɧɨɫɥɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɧɭɸ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ. ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɧɚɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ (ɪɢɫ. 14.2, ɛ) ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɢɡɝɨɬɚɜɥɢɜɚɬɶ ɞɟɬɚɥɢ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɮɢɝɭɪɚɰɢɢ ɢɡ ɬɪɭɞɧɨɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ. Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɤɨɣ ɢ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɩɪɨɤɚɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɞ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɚɧɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɨ ɜɫɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚ. ɚ ɛ ɜ Ɋɢɫ. 14.2. ɋɯɟɦɵ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ: ɚ – ɩɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ; ɛ – ɪɚɡɦɟɪɧɚɹ; ɜ – ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɚɛɪɚɡɢɜɧɚɹ ɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɚɥɦɚɡɧɚɹ 14.3. Ⱥɧɨɞɧɨ-ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɚɛɪɚɡɢɜɧɚɹ ɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɚɥɦɚɡɧɚɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ (ɪɢɫ. 14.2, ɜ). ɉɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɲɥɢɮɨɜɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɪɭɝɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɤɚɬɨɞɨɦ. Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɳɚɹ ɫɜɹɡɤɚ (ɛɚɤɟɥɢɬɨɜɚɹ ɫ ɝɪɚɮɢɬɨɜɵɦ ɧɚɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɟɦ). Ƚɥɚɜɧɨɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɠɟ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ, ɧɨ ɜɦɟɫɬɨ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɸɳɟɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɚɧɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɫɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨ 90 % ɩɪɢɩɭɫɤɚ, ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɨɟ  ɩɪɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɲɥɢɮɨɜɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɪɭɝɚ. ɉɪɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɯɨɧɢɧɝɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ 4 ... 5 ɪɚɡ ɜɵɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɩɪɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ. Ⱦɥɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɚɥɦɚɡɧɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɚɥɦɚɡɧɵɟ ɤɪɭɝɢ ɧɚ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɤɟ. Ⱥɧɨɞɧɨ-ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɪɟɡɤɚ. ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɪɟɠɭɳɟɝɨ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɞɢɫɤɢ ɢɥɢ ɥɟɧɬɚ ɢɡ ɫɬɚɥɢ. ɏɨɬɹ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬ ɧɟ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɬɜɺɪɞɨɫɬɶɸ, ɷɬɢɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɟɡɚɬɶ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɬɜɺɪɞɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ, ɩɪɢɱɺɦ ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɭ. ɗɬɨ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬ 100 ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɭɞɚɥɹɟɬ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɢɡ ɡɨɧɵ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ, ɚ ɫɚɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɚɧɨɞɧɵɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɟɦ. ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɣ ɬɨɤ ɫ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɩɨɥɹɪɧɨɫɬɶɸ. Ɂɚɝɨɬɨɜɤɟ ɢ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɭ ɫɨɨɛɳɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɠɟ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɟɦ. ȼ ɡɨɧɭ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɩɨɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬ. ɑɚɳɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɜɨɞɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɠɢɞɤɨɝɨ ɫɬɟɤɥɚ. ȼ ɯɨɞɟ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɚɧɨɞɧɨɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɟ (ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ) ɢ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɭɝɨɜɵɟ ɪɚɡɪɹɞɵ (ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɢɫɤɪɨɜɚɹ ɷɪɨɡɢɹ) ɜ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɚ ɦɢɤɪɨɧɟɪɨɜɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚ ɢ ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ. 14.4. ɏɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ Ɍɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ ɢ ɳɟɥɨɱɟɣ ɫ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɨɦ ɞɨ 40 ... 80 qɋ. Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɤɚ. 14.5. ɍɥɶɬɪɚɡɜɭɤɨɜɚɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɍɥɶɬɪɚɡɜɭɤɨɜɚɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɚɛɪɚɡɢɜɧɵɦɢ ɡɟɪɧɚɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɸɬ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɺɧɧɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɟɟ ɩɨɞ ɭɞɚɪɚɦɢ ɤɨɥɟɛɥɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚ ɫ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɨɣ M = 20 ... 30 ɤȽɰ. ɂɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɮɨɪɦɭ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɹ. ȼ ɡɨɧɭ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɩɨɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɚɛɪɚɡɢɜɧɚɹ ɫɭɫɩɟɧɡɢɹ. Ɇɟɬɨɞ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɯɪɭɩɤɢɯ (ɜ ɬ. ɱ. ɧɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɬɨɤ) ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ, ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ ɫɬɟɤɥɨ, ɚɥɦɚɡ, ɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɚ, ɮɟɪɪɢɬɵ, ɤɜɚɪɰ, ɤɪɟɦɧɢɣ, ɞɪɚɝɦɟɬɚɥɥɵ, ɬɜɟɪɞɵɟ ɫɩɥɚɜɵ. 14.6. Ʌɭɱɟɜɚɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨ-ɥɭɱɟɜɚɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɦ ɥɭɱɨɦ, ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɟɦɵɦ ɦɨɳɧɨɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɣ ɩɭɲɤɨɣ ɫ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɦ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɞɨ 150000 ȼ. Ɉɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨɦ ɜɚɤɭɭɦɟ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɧɵɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ. ȼ ɡɨɧɟ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɬɶ 6000 qɋ. Ɂɚ ɫɱɺɬ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɮɨɤɭɫɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɥɭɱɚ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ (ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ 109 ȼɬ ɧɚ 1 ɫɦ2). Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɶ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɹ ɫ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ 1…2 ɦɤɦ ɢɥɢ ɪɟɡɚɬɶ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɵ ɫ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɲɢɪɢɧɨɣ ɪɟɡɚ. ɋɜɟɬɨɥɭɱɟɜɚɹ (ɥɚɡɟɪɧɚɹ) ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɜɚɧɬɨɜɵɯ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɨɜ – ɥɚɡɟɪɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬ ɭɡɤɢɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɭɱɤɢ ɜɢɞɢɦɨɝɨ ɫɜɟɬɚ ɫ ɱɪɟɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ. ɗɧɟɪɝɢɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɮɨɤɭɫɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɟ | 0,01 ɦɦ. ɉɪɢɦɟɪ – ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɣ ɜ ɞɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɚɯ ɢɡ ɮɨɥɶɝɢ W, Ta, Mo, Cu ɬɨɥɳɢɧɨɣ G a 50 ɦɤɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɣ dɨɬɜ.= 20 ... 30 ɦɤɦ. ɊȺɁȾȿɅ VII. ɂɁȽɈɌɈȼɅȿɇɂȿ ȾȿɌȺɅȿɃ ɂɁ 101 ɄɈɆɉɈɁɂɐɂɈɇɇɕɏ ɆȺɌȿɊɂȺɅɈȼ ɌȿɆȺ 15. ɂɁȽɈɌɈȼɅȿɇɂȿ ȾȿɌȺɅȿɃ ɂɁ ɉɈɊɈɒɄɈȼɕɏ ɆȺɌȿɊɂȺɅɈȼ 15.1. Ɇɟɬɚɥɥɨɤɟɪɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɢ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ Ɇɟɬɚɥɥɨɤɟɪɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ (ɆɄ) ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɢ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɦɟɫɟɣ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɨɜ ɜ ɩɪɟɫɫ-ɮɨɪɦɚɯ ɩɨɞ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɫ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɟɦ (ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɚɧɢɟ). ɉɪɟɫɫɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ (ɝɨɪɹɱɟɟ ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɚɧɢɟ). ɉɪɢ ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬ ɧɟ ɞɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɞɨ ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ. ɉɪɟɫɫɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɤɪɢɜɨɲɢɩɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɫɫɚɯ, ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɟ – ɜ ɝɚɡɨɜɵɯ ɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɟɱɚɯ. Ⱦɨɫɬɨɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ: x ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɣ ɢɡ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ, ɜɡɚɢɦɧɨ ɧɟ ɫɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɢ ɧɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɜɢɞɟ (ɜ ɬ. ɱ. ɬɭɝɨɩɥɚɜɤɢɯ), ɢɥɢ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɣ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɢ ɧɟɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ; x ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɫɨ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ; x ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɢɡ ɪɭɞ, ɦɢɧɭɹ ɫɬɚɞɢɸ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɭɪɝɢɢ; x ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ; x ɫɨɜɦɟɳɟɧɵ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɢ ɝɨɬɨɜɵɯ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ; x ɜɵɫɨɤɢɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ. 15.2. Ʉɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 8 Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɨɜɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ Ƚɪɭɩɩɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ȼɢɞ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ ɩɨ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɸ Ɇɚɝɧɢɬɵ ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɬɟɯ- ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɵ ɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɳɟɬɤɢ Ɏɢɥɶɬɪɵ ɉɨɪɢɫɬɵɟ Ɏɪɢɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɚɧɬɢɮɪɢɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ «ɉɨɬɟɸɳɢɟ» ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ ɉɨɞɲɢɩɧɢɤɢ ɫɤɨɥɶɠɟɧɢɹ Ɍɨɪɦɨɡɧɵɟ ɧɚɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɋɨɫɬɚɜ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɉɨɪɨɲɤɢ ɢɡ ɱɢɫɬɨɝɨ Fe, ɟɝɨ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ, ɨɤɫɢɞɨɜ ɋɦɟɫɶ ɬɭɝɨɩɥɚɜɤɢɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ (ɜɨɥɶɮɪɚɦɚ, ɦoɥɢɛɞɟɧɚ ɢ ɞɪ.) ɫ ɦɟɞɶɸ ɢɥɢ ɫɟɪɟɛɪɨɦ Ʉɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɝɪɚɮɢɬɚ ɫ ɦɟɞɶɸ ɢɥɢ ɫɟɪɟɛɪɨɦ ɉɨɪɨɲɤɢ ɢɡ ɛɪɨɧɡɵ, ɠɟɥɟɡɚ, ɬɢɬɚɧɚ, ɧɢɯɪɨɦɚ, ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɨ-ɫɬɨɣɤɨɣ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɢ ɬ. ɞ. Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɹɸɬ ɢɡ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɨɜ ɫ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɚɦɢ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɫɮɟɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ, ɫ ɩɨɪɢɫɬɨɫɬɶɸ ɞɨ 50 % Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɫ ɩɨɪɢɫɬɨɫɬɶɸ ɞɨ 30...40 % ɢɡ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɨɫɬɨɣɤɨɣ ɫɬɚɥɢ, ɧɢɯɪɨɦɚ ɢ ɞɪ. Ʉɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɦɟɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɠɟɥɟɡɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɚ ɫ ɩɨɪɢɫɬɨɫɬɶɸ ɞɨ 10 ... 35 %, ɩɪɨɩɢɬɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɚɪɚɮɢɧɨɦ, ɦɚɫɥɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɦɚɫɫɨɣ Ʉɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɦɟɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɚ ɫ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɥɟɝɢɪɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɚɦɢ (ɫɜɢɧɟɰ, ɧɢɤɟɥɶ ɢ ɞɪ.) ɢ ɧɟɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚɦɢ (ɚɫɛɟɫɬ, ɤɜɚɪɰ, ɝɪɚɮɢɬ ɢ ɬ. ɞ.) ɉɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɟ ɬɚɛɥ. 8 102 Ƚɪɭɩɩɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ȼɢɞ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ ɩɨ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɸ ɉɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɢ ɢɡ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɯ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ ɉɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɢ ɢɡ ɂɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɫɜɟɪɯɬɜɟɪɞɵɯ ɦɚɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ Ɇɢɧɟɪɚɥɨɤɟɪɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɢ (ɤɟɪɦɟɬɵ) Ʉɨɦɩɚɤɬɧɵɟ Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɞɟɬɚɥɢ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɦɚɲɢɧ ɢ ɩɪɢɛɨɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɪɨɜ ɀɚɪɨɩɪɨɱɧɵɟ ɞɟɬɚɥɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ Ɍɟɪɦɨɫɬɨɣ- ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ ɤɢɟ Ɍɭɝɨɩɥɚɜɤɢɟ ɞɟɬɚɥɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ ɋɩɟɰɢɚɥɶȾɟɬɚɥɢ ɜɚɤɭɭɦɧɨɣ ɧɵɟ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɉɨɥɭɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɢɤɢ ɋɨɫɬɚɜ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ Ʉɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɤɚɪɛɢɞɨɜ ɬɭɝɨɩɥɚɜɤɢɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ (ɜɨɥɶɮɪɚɦɚ, ɬɢɬɚɧɚ, ɬɚɧɬɚɥɚ). ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɫɜɹɡɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɤɨɛɚɥɶɬ Ʉɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɡɟɪɟɧ ɚɥɦɚɡɚ, ɷɥɶɛɨɪɚ, ɝɟɤɫɚɧɢɬɚ. ɋɜɹɡɭɸɳɢɦ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɦɹɝɤɢɣ ɦɟɬɚɥɥ Ʉɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɹ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɹɦɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ (ɦɨɥɢɛɞɟɧɚ, ɯɪɨɦɚ) 2 ... 10 % ɉɨɪɨɲɤɢ ɢɡ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɢɫɬɵɯ ɫɬɚɥɟɣ, ɰɜɟɬɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɢ ɢɯ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ ɫ ɩɨɪɢɫɬɨɫɬɶɸ ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ 1,0 ... 2,0 % Ʉɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɤɚɪɛɢɞɨɜ, ɛɨɪɢɞɨɜ, ɧɢɬɪɢɞɨɜ ɬɭɝɨɩɥɚɜɤɢɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɫ ɱɢɫɬɵɦɢ ɬɭɝɨɩɥɚɜɤɢɦɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚɦɢ Ʉɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɜɨɥɶɮɪɚɦɚ, ɦɨɥɢɛɞɟɧɚ, ɬaɧɬɚɥɚ, ɧɢɨɛɢɹ, ɢɯ ɤɚɪɛɢɞɨɜ ɢ ɞɪ. ɬɭɝɨɩɥɚɜɤɢɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɢ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ Ʉɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ ɢ ɬɭɝɨɩɥɚɜɤɢɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ Ʉɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɝɟɪɦɚɧɢɹ, ɛɨɪɚ ɢ ɞɪ. 15.3. Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ ɉɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɦɟɫɢ. ɂɫɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɢ ɨɬɠɢɝɚɸɬ ɜ ɡɚɳɢɬɧɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɟ, ɫɨɪɬɢɪɭɸɬ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚɦ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɫɢɬ ɢ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɨɣ ɫɟɩɚɪɚɰɢɢ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ, ɩɨɪɨɲɤɢ ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɦɟɥɶɧɢɰɚɯ ɢ ɫɦɟɫɢɬɟɥɹɯ. ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɫɦɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɢɫɚɞɤɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɥɚɫɬɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɵ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɥɟɝɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɛɪɢɤɟɬɚ (ɩɚɪɚɮɢɧ, ɫɬɟɚɪɢɧ), ɥɟɝɤɨɩɥɚɜɤɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɚɤɬɢɜɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɹ, ɥɟɬɭɱɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɨɪɢɫɬɨɫɬɶ. ɂɧɨɝɞɚ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɢ ɝɪɚɧɭɥɢɪɭɸɬ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɤɭɱɟɫɬɢ. Ɏɨɪɦɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɨɤ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɩɪɢɞɚɧɢɹ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ, ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ. ɉɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɞɧɨ- ɢɥɢ ɞɜɭɯɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɟɟ (ɪɢɫ.15.1) ɪ = 200 ... 1000 Ɇɉɚ, ɝɢɞɪɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɨɜ ɜ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɟ ɢɡ ɪɟɡɢɧɵ, ɤɚɭɱɭɤɚ ɢɥɢ ɥɢɫɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɨɣ 0,1 ...0,15 ɦɦ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɟ ɜɨɞɵ, ɦɚɫɥɚ, ɝɥɢɰɟɪɢɧɚ (ɪɢɫ. 15.2). Ⱦɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɨ 3000 Ɇɉɚ. ɉɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɨɤɚɬɤɚ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɨɜɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ (ɪɢɫ. 15.3). ɉɪɨɤɚɬɤɨɣ ɢɡɝɨɬɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɥɟɧɬɵ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɨɣ G = 0,02 ...3 ɦɦ ɢ ɲɢɪɢɧɨɣ ɞɨ 300 ɦɦ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɛɢɦɟɬɚɥɥɵ. ɉɪɨɤɚɬɤɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɟɱɢ ɢ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɤɚɬɤɨɣ ɜ ɪɚɡɦɟɪ. Ɍɭɝɨɩɥɚɜɤɢɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɵ, ɬɜɟɪɞɵɟ ɫɩɥɚɜɵ, ɤɟɪɦɟɬɵ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɜɵɞɚɜɥɢɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɫ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɚɦɢ. 103 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 ɚ 1 2 3 ɚ ɛ Ɋɢɫ. 15.1. ɋɯɟɦɵ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɨɜ: 1 – ɩɭɚɧɫɨɧ, 2 – ɩɪɟɫɫ-ɮɨɪɦɚ, 3 – ɩɨɪɨɲɨɤ, ɚ – ɨɞɧɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɟɟ, ɛ – ɞɜɭɯɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɟɟ Ɋɢɫ. 15.2. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɝɢɞɪɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɮɨɪɦɨɜɚɧɢɹ: 1 – ɫɨɫɭɞ, 2 – ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ, 3 – ɩɨɪɨɲɨɤ, ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ ɛ Ɋɢɫ. 15.3. ɋɯɟɦɵ ɩɪɨɤɚɬɤɢ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɨɜ: ɚ – ɨɞɧɨɫɥɨɣɧɵɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ; ɛ – ɞɜɭɯɫɥɨɣɧɵɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ 1 – ɛɭɧɤɟɪ, 2 – ɩɨɪɨɲɨɤ, 3 – ɜɪɚɳɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɜɚɥɤɢ, 4 – ɩɨɥɨɫɚ ɋɩɟɤɚɧɢɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɰɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɚɦɢ ɢ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ. ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚ ɨɬɮɨɪɦɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɧɚɫɵɩɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɚ ɛɟɡ ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɸɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɢ, ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɤɫɢɞɨɜ, ɪɟɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ. Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɹ = (0,7 ... 0,9) ɨɬ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɞɧɨɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɚ ɢɥɢ ɧɢɠɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɬɪɢɱɧɨɝɨ (ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ) ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɫɨɛɚɹ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɚ ɩɟɱɢ. ȼ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ – ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ, ɚ ɞɥɹ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ – ɡɚɳɢɬɧɚɹ (ɚɡɨɬ, ɚɪɝɨɧ). ɉɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɚɤɭɭɦ, ɡɚɳɢɬɧɵɟ ɡɚɫɵɩɤɢ. ɂɧɨɝɞɚ ɥɟɝɤɨɩɥɚɜɤɢɣ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬ ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜɥɹɸɬ, ɨɧ ɩɪɨɩɢɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɫɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɩɨɪɢɫɬɵɣ ɤɚɪɤɚɫ. Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɨɬɠɢɝ, ɢɧɨɝɞɚ – ɧɚɭɝɥɟɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɢɟ, ɚɡɨɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɯɢɦɢɤɨ-ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ. ɋɩɟɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɬɶ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦ ɜɢɞɚɦ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɢ ɈɆȾ. Ƚɨɪɹɱɟɟ ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ 0,7 t ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɚ ɢɥɢ ɧɢɠɟ t ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɬɪɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ. ɋɨɜɦɟɳɚɟɬ ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɟ ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɨɤ. ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɟ ɡɚɳɢɬɧɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ. ɉɪɢ t ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɚɧɢɹ = 500...600 qɋ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɩɪɟɫɫ-ɮɨɪɦ – ɠɚɪɨɩɪɨɱɧɵɟ ɫɬɚɥɢ; ɩɪɢ t = 800 ... 900 qɋ – ɬɜɟɪɞɵɟ ɫɩɥɚɜɵ; ɩɪɢ t ! 900 qɋ (ɞɨ 2500q ... 2600 qɋ) – ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɝɪɚɮɢɬ. ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɧɢɡɤɭɸ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶ. Ƚɨɪɹɱɟɟ ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɟɞɤɨ ɞɥɹ ɩɥɨɯɨ ɩɪɟɫɫɭɟɦɵɯ ɢ ɫɩɟɤɚɟɦɵɯ ɤɚɪɛɢɞɨɜ, ɛɨɪɢɞɨɜ, ɧɢɬɪɢɞɨɜ. Ɉɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ ɢɡ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɨɜ. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɨ- ɢ ɢɡɧɨɫɨɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɢ: ɩɪɨɩɢɬɤɚ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɦɚɫɥɨɦ (ɜ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɦ ɦɚɫɥɟ ɢɥɢ ɜɚɤɭɭɦɟ), ɡɚɬɟɦ ɤɚɥɢɛɪɨɜɤɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɫɫɟ, ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨɟ ɭɩɥɨɬɧɟɧɢɟ ɫ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɬɠɢɝɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɵɦ ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɟɦ. 104 ɌȿɆȺ 16. ɉɈɅɂɆȿɊɇɕȿ ɄɈɆɉɈɁɂɐɂɈɇɇɕȿ ɆȺɌȿɊɂȺɅɕ – ɉɅȺɋɌɆȺɋɋɕ ɂ ɊȿɁɂɇȺ 16.1. ɉɥɚɫɬɦɚɫɫɵ ɉɥɚɫɬɦɚɫɫɵ – ɷɬɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ, ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ – ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɵ. Ɇɚɤɪɨɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɨɜ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɭɸ, ɪɚɡɜɟɬɜɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɥɢɛɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ (ɫɲɢɬɭɸ) ɮɨɪɦɵ (ɪɢɫ. 16.1). ɚ ɛ ɜ Ɋɢɫ. 16.1. ɋɯɟɦɵ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɨɜ: ɚ – ɥɢɧɟɣɧɵɟ ɦɚɤɪɨɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ; ɛ – ɪɚɡɜɟɬɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɤɪɨɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ; ɜ – ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ȼ ɰɟɩɹɯ ɚɬɨɦɵ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɤɨɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɵɦɢ ɫɜɹɡɹɦɢ, ɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɰɟɩɹɦɢ – ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɥɚɛɵɦɢ ɦɟɠɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɦɢ ɫɢɥɚɦɢ. Ʌɢɧɟɣɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɵ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɸɬɫɹ, ɬ. ɤ. ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɹ ɜɧɟɞɪɹɸɬɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɦɚɤɪɨɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɦɢ ɢ ɨɫɥɚɛɥɹɸɬ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɢɦɢ. Ɋɚɡɜɟɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɫɥɚɛɥɹɸɬ ɦɟɠɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɫɢɥɵ, ɫɧɢɠɚɸɬ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɪɚɡɦɹɝɱɟɧɢɹ. ɉɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɞɟɥɚɟɬ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪ ɧɟɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɦ ɢ ɧɟɩɥɚɜɤɢɦ. ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɫɬɟɤɥɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɦ, ɜɵɫɨɤɨɷɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɜɹɡɤɨɬɟɤɭɱɟɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ. ɉɪɢ ɫɬɟɤɥɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɤɨɥɟɛɥɸɬɫɹ ɥɢɲɶ ɚɬɨɦɵ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɦɨɧɨɦɟɪɨɜ, ɚ ɡɜɟɧɶɹ ɢ ɦɚɤɪɨɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ ɧɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɚɸɬɫɹ. ɉɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ – ɭɩɪɭɝɚɹ. ɉɨɥɢɦɟɪɵ ɫ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɣ ɛɵɜɚɸɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɬɚɤɨɦ ɫɬɟɤɥɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ. ȼɵɫɨɤɨɷɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹ ɡɜɟɧɶɟɜ ɢ ɢɡɝɢɛɨɜ ɦɚɤɪɨɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ, ɱɬɨ ɞɚɟɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɦɨɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɭɩɪɭɝɢɯ ɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɷɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɵɯ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɣ. ȼɹɡɤɨɬɟɤɭɱɟɟ (ɠɢɞɤɨɟ) ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɚɤɪɨɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ. 16.2. Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɨɜ ɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɦɚɫɫ ɉɨɥɢɦɟɪɵ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɟ ɢ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɟ. ɉɪɨɫɬɵɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɬ ɢɡ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɚ (ɤɚɩɪɨɧ, ɩɨɥɢɷɬɢɥɟɧ, ɨɪɝɫɬɟɤɥɨ). ɋɥɨɠɧɵɟ (ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ) ɫɨɫɬɨɹɬ ɢɡ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ: x ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɳɢɣ ɪɨɥɶ ɫɜɹɡɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ (30 ... 70 %); x ɧɚɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɞɚɧɢɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɢɡɢɤɨɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ (ɬɟɪɦɨɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɢ, ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ, ɢɡɧɨɫɨɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɢ); ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ (ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɚɹ ɦɭɤɚ, ɯɥɨɩɤɨɜɵɣ ɨɱɟɫ, ɤɨɠɚ, ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɚ, ɯ/ɛ ɬɤɚɧɶ, ɛɭɦɚɝɚ) ɢ ɧɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ (ɚɫɛɟɫɬ, ɨɤɢɫɶ Zn, ɤɚɨɥɢɧ, ɤɜɚɪɰɟɜɚɹ ɦɭɤɚ, ɝɪɚɮɢɬ, ɫɬɟɤɥɨɜɨɥɨɤɧɨ, ɫɬɟɤɥɨɬɤɚɧɶ); ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɧɚɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɟ; ɜɨɥɨɤɧɢɫɬɵɟ (ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɫɬɟɤɥɹɧɧɵɟ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ, ɚɫɛɟɫɬ); ɫɥɨɢɫɬɵɟ – ɥɢɫɬɨɜɵɟ (ɬɤɚɧɢ, ɛɭɦɚɝɚ, ɲɩɨɧ); 105 x ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɵ – ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɳɚɸɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɫɬɚɪɟɧɢɹ, ɬ. ɟ. ɫɚɦɨɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɩɚɞ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɚ ɩɨɞ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɭɥɶɬɪɚɮɢɨɥɟɬɨɜɵɯ ɥɭɱɟɣ, ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ, ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ, ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɩɥɚɫɬɦɚɫɫɵ ɪɚɡɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɥɢɛɨ ɬɜɟɪɞɟɸɬ ɢ ɞɟɥɚɸɬɫɹ ɯɪɭɩɤɢɦɢ; x ɩɥɚɫɬɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɵ – ɞɥɹ ɨɛɥɟɝɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɜ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ, ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɤɭɱɟɫɬɢ, ɷɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ, ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɹ ɯɪɭɩɤɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢ ɮɨɪɦɨɜɚɧɢɢ (ɤɚɫɬɨɪɨɜɨɟ ɦɚɫɥɨ, ɞɢɛɭɬɢɥɮɬɚɥɚɬ ɢ ɞɪ.); x ɤɪɚɫɢɬɟɥɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɧɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ; x ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɢ: ɫɦɚɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɟ, ɤɚɬɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɵ – ɭɫɤɨɪɢɬɟɥɢ ɨɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɹ (ɢɡɜɟɫɬɶ, ɦɚɝɧɟɡɢɹ, ɨɥɟɢɧɨɜɚɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ, ɫɬɟɚɪɢɧ). Ⱦɥɹ ɝɚɡɨɧɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɵɯ (ɩɨɪɨ- ɢ ɩɟɧɨɩɥɚɫɬɵ) – ɝɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ (ɝɨɪɸɱɢɟ). ɉɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɸ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɵ ɛɵɜɚɸɬ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɟ (ɧɚɬɭɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɚɭɱɭɤ, ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɚ, ɚɫɛɟɫɬ) ɢ ɫɢɧɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ (ɩɨɥɢɷɬɢɥɟɧ, ɩɨɥɢɫɬɢɪɨɥ, ɩɨɥɢɚɦɢɞɵ, ɫɦɨɥɵ). ɉɨ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɭ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ: x ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɰɟɩɨɱɤɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɚɬɨɦɚɦɢ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɫ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ (ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞ ɩɪɢɞɚɟɬ ɝɢɛɤɨɫɬɶ, ɮɬɨɪ – ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶ, ɯɥɨɪ – ɨɝɧɟɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɩɪ.); x ɧɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ – ɨɤɫɢɞɵ Si, Al, Mg ɢ ɞɪ. (ɫɢɥɢɤɚɬɧɨɟ ɫɬɟɤɥɨ, ɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɚ, ɫɥɸɞɚ, ɚɫɛɟɫɬ, ɝɪɚɮɢɬ), ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɯɪɭɩɤɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɟɩɥɨɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶɸ. ɉɨ ɮɚɡɨɜɨɦɭ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɭ: ɚɦɨɪɮɧɵɟ (ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ ɧɟɭɩɨɪɹɞɨɱɟɧɵ) ɢ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ. Ʉɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɮɚɡɚ ɩɪɢɞɚɟɬ ɬɟɩɥɨɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶ, ɠɟɫɬɤɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ. ɉɨ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɸ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɟ: ɬɟɪɦɨɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɵɟ (ɨɛɪɚɬɢɦɵɟ), ɢɦɟɸɬ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɭɸ ɢɥɢ ɪɚɡɜɟɬɜɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ; ɢ ɬɟɪɦɨɪɟɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ (ɧɟɨɛɪɚɬɢɦɵɟ), ɢɦɟɸɬ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ. Ɍɟɪɦɨɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɵɟ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɧɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ, ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɢɡ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɜ ɠɢɞɤɨɟ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨ (ɩɨɥɢɷɬɢɥɟɧ, ɩɨɥɢɫɬɢɪɨɥ, ɚɤɪɢɥɚɬ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ). Ɍɟɪɦɨɪɟɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɜɹɡɤɨɬɟɤɭɱɟɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ, ɚ ɩɨɬɨɦ ɩɪɟɬɟɪɩɟɜɚɸɬ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ (ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ) ɢ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɟ ɢ ɧɟɩɥɚɜɤɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ, ɬ. ɟ. ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɨɛɪɚɬɢɦɵ (ɮɟɧɨɩɥɚɫɬɵ, ɚɦɢɧɨɩɥɚɫɬɵ, ɩɨɥɢɚɦɢɞɵ ɢ ɞɪ.), ɡɚɬɜɟɪɞɟɜɚɸɬ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɟ. ɉɨ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ: ɧɢɡɤɨɣ (ɩɨɥɢɷɬɢɥɟɧ, ɮɬɨɪɨɩɥɚɫɬɵ); ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ (ɮɟɧɨɩɥɚɫɬɵ, ɩɨɥɢɫɬɢɪɨɥ, ɩɨɥɢɚɦɢɞɵ – ɤɚɩɪɨɧ, ɤɚɩɪɨɥɨɧ); ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ (ɫɬɟɤɥɨɩɥɚɫɬɢɤɢ). Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɩɥɚɫɬɦɚɫɫ: ɬɟɤɭɱɟɫɬɶ, ɭɫɚɞɤɚ, ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɨɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɚɤɬɨɩɥɚɫɬɨɜ (ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ), ɬɟɪɦɨɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɟɪɦɨɩɥɚɫɬɨɜ – ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɬɟɪɦɨɩɥɚɫɬ ɜɵɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɛɟɡ ɪɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ. ȼɥɚɝɚ ɢ ɥɟɬɭɱɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɧɢɠɚɸɬ ɞɢɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɪɟɚɤɬɨɩɥɚɫɬɨɜ, ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜɵɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɢ ɤɨɪɨɛɥɟɧɢɟ, ɭɯɭɞɲɚɸɬ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɣ ɜɢɞ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɞɥɹ ɧɢɯ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɞɫɭɲɤɚ. 16.3. Ɍɢɩɨɜɵɟ ɬɟɪɦɨɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ (ɬɟɪɦɨɩɥɚɫɬɵ) 106 ɉɨɥɢɷɬɢɥɟɧ: ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɬɨɟɤ, ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ. ɇɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ: ɩɥɟɧɤɢ, ɬɪɭɛɵ, ɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɹ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɤɚɛɟɥɟɣ, ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɧɚ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚɯ. ɉɨɥɢɩɪɨɩɢɥɟɧ: ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɬɨɟɤ. ɉɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɬɟɤɫɬɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɷɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɵɯ ɢ ɩɪɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ. ɂɡɝɨɬɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɞɟɬɚɥɢ ɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɢ. ɉɨɥɢɫɬɢɪɨɥ: ɬɜɟɪɞɵɣ, ɠɟɫɬɤɢɣ, ɩɪɨɡɪɚɱɧɵɣ ɚɦɨɪɮɧɵɣ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɤ, ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɛɟɧɡɨɥɚɯ, ɧɨ ɫɬɨɟɤ ɤ ɫɥɚɛɵɦ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚɦ, ɳɟɥɨɱɚɦ, ɫɩɢɪɬɚɦ, ɧɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɦɚɫɥɚɯ ɢ ɛɟɧɡɨɥɟ, ɫɤɥɨɧɟɧ ɤ ɫɬɚɪɟɧɢɸ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɬɪɟɳɢɧ. ɍɞɚɪɨɩɪɨɱɧɵɣ ɩɨɥɢɫɬɢɪɨɥ ɫ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɨɣ ɫɢɧɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɚɭɱɭɤɚ – ɨɬɥɢɱɧɵɣ ɞɢɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɤ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶɸ ɤ ɜɨɞɟ. ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ: ɞɟɬɚɥɢ ɪɚɞɢɨ- ɢ ɬɟɥɟɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ, ɮɨɬɨɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɭɪɵ, ɤɨɪɩɭɫɨɜ ɦɚɲɢɧ, ɬɪɭɛɵ, ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɟɬɚɥɢ. Ɏɬɨɪɨɩɥɚɫɬ: ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɬɨɣɤɢɣ, ɧɟ ɝɨɪɢɬ, ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶ, ɧɟ ɫɦɚɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɞɨɣ, ɢɦɟɟɬ ɧɢɡɤɢɣ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɬɪɟɧɢɹ, ɬɟɩɥɨ- ɢ ɦɨɪɨɡɨɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜ, ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɞɢɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ. ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ: ɞɟɬɚɥɢ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɭɪɵ, ɚɧɬɢɮɪɢɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɹ, ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɬɟɯɧɢɤɚ, ɪɚɞɢɨɬɟɯɧɢɤɚ. ɉɨɥɢɜɢɧɢɥɯɥɨɪɢɞ: ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɬɨɟɤ, ɧɟɝɨɪɸɱ, ɭɩɪɭɝ ɢ ɩɪɨɱɟɧ. ȼɢɧɢɩɥɚɫɬ (ɪɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɥɢɜɢɧɢɥɯɥɨɪɢɞɚ). ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ: ɬɪɭɛɵ ɞɥɹ ɚɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞ, ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɝɚɥɶɜɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɚɧɧ. ɉɨɥɢɚɦɢɞɵ: ɤɚɩɪɨɧ, ɧɟɣɥɨɧ ɢ ɞɪ. ɋɬɨɣɤɢ ɤ ɛɟɧɡɢɧɭ, ɫɩɢɪɬɭ, ɳɟɥɨɱɚɦ. ɉɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɥɢɚɦɢɞɧɵɯ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬ Vȼ = 600 Ɇɉɚ. ɏɨɪɨɲɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɢɡɧɨɫ, ɭɞɚɪ, ɢɦɟɸɬ ɧɢɡɤɢɣ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɬɪɟɧɢɹ. ɇɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ: ɝɢɝɪɨɫɤɨɩɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ, ɫɬɚɪɟɧɢɟ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ. ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ: ɡɭɛɱɚɬɵɟ ɤɨɥɟɫɚ, ɲɤɢɜɵ, ɩɨɞɲɢɩɧɢɤɢ, ɭɩɥɨɬɧɢɬɟɥɢ, ɬɪɭɛɵ, ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ, ɤɚɧɚɬɵ, ɚɧɬɢɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɚɧɬɢɮɪɢɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɹ. Ʌɚɜɫɚɧ: ɫɥɨɠɧɵɣ ɩɨɥɢɷɮɢɪ, ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪ, ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɬɨɟɤ, ɦɨɪɨɡɨɫɬɨɟɤ ɞɨ – 70 qɋ. ɉɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ, ɬɤɚɧɢ, ɩɥɟɧɤɢ, ɪɟɦɧɟɣ, ɡɭɛɱɚɬɵɯ ɤɨɥɟɫ ɢ ɞɪ. Ɍɟɪɦɨɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɵɟ ɩɥɚɫɬɦɚɫɫɵ ɫ ɧɚɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɇɚɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɤɚɩɪɨɧɨɜɵɟ ɢ ɥɚɜɫɚɧɨɜɵɟ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ. ȼ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɦɨɩɥɚɫɬɚɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɬɟɤɥɨɬɤɚɧɢ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɤɚɩɪɨɧ ɫɨ ɫɬɟɤɥɨɬɤɚɧɶɸ ɢɦɟɟɬ Vȼ = 400 ... 430 Ɇɉɚ, t ɪɚɛ. ɞɨ 220 qɋ. ɉɨɥɢɚɦɢɞɵ ɫɨ ɫɬɟɤɥɹɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚɦɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɨ Vȼ = 90 ... 150 Ɇɉɚ, ɜɵɫɨɤɭɸ ɬɟɩɥɨɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶ, ɢɡɧɨɫɨɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶ, ɭɫɬɚɥɨɫɬɧɭɸ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ. 16.4. Ɍɢɩɨɜɵɟ ɬɟɪɦɨɪɟɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ (ɪɟɚɤɬɨɩɥɚɫɬɵ) ɋɜɹɡɭɸɳɢɟ – ɬɟɪɦɨɪɟɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɵ: x ɷɩɨɤɫɢɞɧɵɟ (ɫɨ ɫɬɟɤɥɨɩɥɚɫɬɢɤɨɦ – tɪɚɛ. ɞɨ 200 qɋ); x ɮɟɧɨɥɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɞɟɝɢɞɧɵɟ (ɞɨ 260 qɋ); x ɤɪɟɦɧɢɣɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ (ɞɨ 370 qɋ); x ɩɨɥɢɚɦɢɞɧɵɟ ɫɦɨɥɵ (ɞɨ 350 qɋ), ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɟɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɢɷɮɢɪɵ (ɞɨ 200 qɋ). Ɉɬɜɟɪɞɢɬɟɥɶ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɢɬ ɢɯ ɜ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɟ ɧɟɨɛɪɚɬɢɦɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ. ɋɜɹɡɭɸɳɢɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɬɶ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɚɞɝɟɡɢɟɣ, ɬɟɩɥɨ- ɢ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶɸ, ɦɚɥɨɣ ɭɫɚɞɤɨɣ. ɉɪɟɫɫ-ɩɨɪɨɲɤɢ (ɮɟɧɨɩɥɚɫɬɵ ɢ ɚɦɢɧɨɩɥɚɫɬɵ): ɧɚɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ (ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɚɹ ɦɭɤɚ, ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɚ) ɢɥɢ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ (ɬɚɥɶɤ, ɝɪɚɮɢɬ, ɤɜɚɪɰ) ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɨɜ. 107 ɗɬɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɦɚɫɫɵ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɬɨɣɤɢ, ɧɨ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɧɢɡɤɭɸ ɭɞɚɪɧɭɸ ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɶ. ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ: ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ, ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɧɟɫɢɥɨɜɵɯ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ. ɋɥɨɢɫɬɵɟ ɚɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɪɟɚɤɬɨɩɥɚɫɬɵ ȼɨɥɨɤɧɢɬɵ: ɧɚɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶ – ɨɱɟɫɵ ɯɥɨɩɤɚ. Ⱥɫɛɨɜɨɥɨɤɧɢɬɵ: ɧɚɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶ – ɜɨɥɨɤɧɢɫɬɵɣ ɚɫɛɟɫɬ, tɪɚɛ. ɞɨ 200 qɋ, ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɬɨɣɤɢ ɤ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚɦ, ɢɦɟɸɬ ɜɵɫɨɤɭɸ ɭɞɚɪɧɭɸ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ, ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɮɪɢɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ. ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ: ɬɨɪɦɨɡɧɵɟ ɧɚɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɢ ɜɫɬɚɜɤɢ. ɋɬɟɤɥɨɜɨɥɨɤɧɢɬɵ: ɧɚɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶ – ɜɵɫɨɤɨɩɪɨɱɧɵɟ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɢɟ ɫɬɟɤɥɹɧɧɵɟ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ. ɏɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɬɨɣɤɢɟ, ɧɟɝɨɪɸɱɢɟ, ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɟ. ɂɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɧɚɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɹ ɞɥɢɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɟɤɥɹɧɧɵɯ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ 3 ... 5 ɪɚɡ. ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ: ɜɵɫɨɤɨɩɪɨɱɧɵɟ ɤɪɟɩɟɠɧɵɟ ɞɟɬɚɥɢ ɢ ɞɟɬɚɥɢ ɦɚɲɢɧ. ɉɥɚɫɬɦɚɫɫɵ ɫ ɥɢɫɬɨɜɵɦɢ ɧɚɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ Ƚɟɬɢɧɚɤɫ: ɫ ɛɭɦɚɠɧɵɦɢ ɧɚɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ, ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɢ ɞɟɤɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɣ, ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɬɨɟɤ. ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ: ɳɢɬɤɢ, ɩɚɧɟɥɢ. Ɍɟɤɫɬɨɥɢɬ: ɫ ɯɥɨɩɱɚɬɨɛɭɦɚɠɧɨɣ ɬɤɚɧɶɸ. ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ: ɡɭɛɱɚɬɵɟ ɤɨɥɟɫɚ, ɜɤɥɚɞɵɲɢ ɩɨɞɲɢɩɧɢɤɨɜ. Ⱦɪɟɜɟɫɧɨ-ɫɥɨɢɫɬɵɟ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɤɢ (Ⱦɋɉ): ɧɚɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶ – ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɣ ɲɩɨɧ, ɛɟɫɲɭɦɧɵɟ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɢ ɞɨɥɝɨɜɟɱɧɵ. Ⱦɟɬɚɥɢ ɲɜɟɣɧɵɯ ɢ ɬɟɤɫɬɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɚɲɢɧ. Ⱥɫɛɨɬɟɤɫɬɨɥɢɬ: ɧɚɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶ – ɚɫɛɟɫɬɨɜɚɹ ɬɤɚɧɶ, ɮɪɢɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɢ ɬɟɪɦɨɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ. ɋɬɟɤɥɨɬɟɤɫɬɨɥɢɬ: ɧɚɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶ – ɫɬɟɤɥɨɬɤɚɧɶ, ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɬɨɟɤ. ɇɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ: ɚɧɢɡɨɬɪɨɩɢɹ ɢ ɧɟɜɵɫɨɤɢɣ ɦɨɞɭɥɶ ɭɩɪɭɝɨɫɬɢ. ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ: ɤɨɪɩɭɫɚ ɥɨɞɨɤ, ɤɭɡɨɜɚ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɲɢɧ. Ɍɪɭɞɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɶ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɥɚɫɬɦɚɫɫɨɜɵɯ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ ɧɢɠɟ ɜ 5 ... 6 ɪɚɡ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ (ɦɚɥɨɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɫɬɶ). 16.5. Ɋɟɡɢɧɨɜɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ Ɋɟɡɢɧɚ – ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɣ ɢɥɢ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨɣ ɜɭɥɤɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɤɚɭɱɭɤɚ ɫ ɫɟɪɨɣ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɚɦɢ. Ɋɟɡɢɧɵ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɬɨɣɤɢ, ɝɚɡɨ- ɢ ɜɨɞɨɧɟɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɵ, ɫɬɨɣɤɢ ɧɚ ɢɫɬɢɪɚɧɢɟ, ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɢɡɨɥɹɬɨɪɚɦɢ, ɢɦɟɸɬ ɧɢɡɤɢɣ ɦɨɞɭɥɶ ɭɩɪɭɝɨɫɬɢ (ȿ = 1 ...10 Ɇɉɚ), ɦɚɥɨɫɠɢɦɚɟɦɵ. ɇɚɬɭɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɚɭɱɭɤ (ɇɄ) ɢɦɟɟɬ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ U = 0,91 … 0,92 Ɇɝ/ɦ3, ɚɦɨɪɮɧɵɣ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪ, ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɛɟɧɡɢɧɟ, ɛɟɧɡɨɥɟ ɢ ɞɪ. ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɹɯ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɹ ɤɥɟɢ, tɪɚɛ. = 70 ... 130 qɋ, Vɜ = 24 ... 34 Ɇɉɚ. Ɇɹɝɤɢɟ ɪɟɡɢɧɵ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ 1 ... 3 % ɫɟɪɵ (S) ɨɬ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɤɚɭɱɭɤɚ, ɬɜɟɪɞɵɟ (ɷɛɨɧɢɬ) – ɞɨ 30 % S. Ⱦɨɛɚɜɤɚ ɯɥɨɪɢɫɬɨɣ ɫɟɪɵ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɭɸ ɜɭɥɤɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɸ. ɍɫɤɨɪɢɬɟɥɢ ɜɭɥɤɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ (MgO, ZnO) – 0,5 ... 1,5 %. ɇɚɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɢ ɪɟɡɢɧɵ: ɩɨɪɨɲɤɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɫɚɠɚ, ɬɚɥɶɤ, ɦɟɥ; ɬɤɚɧɟɜɵɟ – ɯ/ɛ, ɲɟɥɤ, ɤɨɪɞ. ɉɥɚɫɬɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɵ (ɩɚɪɚɮɢɧ, ɫɬɟɚɪɢɧ, ɤɚɧɢɮɨɥɶ) ɫɥɭɠɚɬ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɥɟɝɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɦɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɟɡɢɧɨɜɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ, ɩɪɢɞɚɧɢɹ ɟɣ ɦɹɝɤɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɦɨɪɨɡɨɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɢ. ɉɪɨɬɢɜɨɫɬɚɪɢɬɟɥɢ: ɜɚɡɟɥɢɧ ɢ ɞɪ. Ʉɪɚɫɢɬɟɥɢ: ɨɯɪɚ ɢ ɞɪ. ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ: ɪɟɦɧɢ, ɪɭɤɚɜɚ, ɲɢɧɵ, ɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɹ ɤɚɛɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɞɪ. ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ ɢɡ ɪɟɡɢɧ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ. ɋɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɟɡɢɧɵ 108 Ɇɚɫɥɨɛɟɧɡɨɫɬɨɣɤɢɟ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɧɚɢɪɢɬ, ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ U = 1,225 Ɇɝ/ɦ3, ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɷɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ, ɜɢɛɪɨɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶ, ɧɨ ɭɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɩɨ ɦɨɪɨɡɨ- ɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɡɢɧɚɦ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ. Ɍɟɩɥɨɫɬɨɣɤɢɟ, ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶɸ U = 1,7 … 2 Ɇɝ/ɦ3, tɷɤɫɩɥ. = 60 ... 200 qɋ. ɂɡɧɨɫɨɫɬɨɣɤɢɟ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɤɚɭɱɭɤɚ ɋɄɍ. ɂɡ ɫɩɟɰɪɟɡɢɧ ɢɡɝɨɬɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɪɟɦɧɢ, ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɟɪɧɵɟ ɥɟɧɬɵ, ɭɩɥɨɬɧɢɬɟɥɢ, ɦɚɧɠɟɬɵ, ɞɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɵ, ɝɢɛɤɢɟ ɲɥɚɧɝɢ. ɌȿɆȺ 17. ɂɁȽɈɌɈȼɅȿɇɂȿ ȾȿɌȺɅȿɃ ɂɁ ɉɅȺɋɌɆȺɋɋ ɂ ɊȿɁɂɇɕ 17.1. ɉɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɩɥɚɫɬɦɚɫɫ ɜ ɜɹɡɤɨɬɟɤɭɱɟɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɉɪɟɫɫɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɟɚɤɬɨɩɥɚɫɬɨɜ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɛɨɝɪɟɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɩɪɟɫɫ-ɮɨɪɦɚɯ ɧɚ ɝɢɞɪɨɩɪɟɫɫɚɯ. ɉɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ ɢɡ ɩɪɟɫɫ-ɩɨɪɨɲɤɨɜ ɢ ɬɚɛɥɟɬɨɤ. ɉɪɟɫɫɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɹɦɨɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 17.1, ɚ, ɛ, ɜ. Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɡɚɝɪɭɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɵ. ɉɪɟɫɫɨɜɚɧɢɟ + ɜɵɞɟɪɠɤɚ + ɩɨɞɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɤɚ (ɩɨɞɴɟɦ ɩɭɚɧɫɨɧɚ ɧɚ 2–3 ɫɟɤ ɧɚ 5–10 ɦɦ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɯɨɞɚ ɥɟɬɭɱɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɢ ɩɚɪɨɜ ɜɥɚɝɢ, ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɢɡɚɰɢɢ – ɨɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɢ). ȼɪɟɦɹ ɜɵɞɟɪɠɤɢ 0,5 ... 2 ɦɢɧ ɧɚ 1 ɦɦ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɵ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɞɟɬɚɥɢ. ɉɨɞɨɝɪɟɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɚɤɬɨɩɥɚɫɬɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɩɚɪɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɬɟɪɦɨɩɥɚɫɬɨɜ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɤɨɣ. ɉɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜ (ɞɨ ɮɨɪɦɨɜɤɢ) – Ɍȼɑ. ɂɡɝɨɬɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɞɟɬɚɥɢ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ, ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ, ɢɡ ɬɟɪɦɨɪɟɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɫ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɦ ɢ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɢɫɬɵɦ ɧɚɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ. ɉɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ: ɩɪɨɫɬɚɹ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹ ɩɪɟɫɫ-ɮɨɪɦɵ, ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ, ɬ. ɤ. ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɧɚ ɮɨɪɦɭɟɦɵɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ. ɇɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ: ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɧɤɢɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɪɟɫɫ-ɮɨɪɦɵ ɢ ɚɪɦɚɬɭɪɵ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɛɥɨɹ. ɉɪɟɫɫɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɥɢɬɶɟɜɨɟ (ɪɢɫ. 17.1, ɝ): ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɡɚɝɪɭɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɤɚɦɟɪɭ, ɝɞɟ ɨɧ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɥɢɬɧɢɤɨɜɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɱɭɸ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɟɫɫ-ɮɨɪɦɵ. ɉɟɪɟɩɚɞ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɨ 50 %. 1 1 2 3 4 5 4 5 2 3 ɚ 6 ɛ ɜ ɝ Ɋɢɫ. 17.1. ɋɯɟɦɵ ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɥɚɫɬɦɚɫɫ: ɚ, ɛ, ɜ – ɩɪɹɦɨɟ; ɝ – ɥɢɬɶɟɜɨɟ; ɚ, ɛ, ɜ : 1 – ɩɭɚɧɫɨɧ, 2 – ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ, 3 – ɩɪɟɫɫ-ɮɨɪɦɚ, 4 – ɝɨɬɨɜɚɹ ɞɟɬɚɥɶ, 5 – ɜɵɬɚɥɤɢɜɚɬɟɥɶ ɝ : 1 – ɩɭɚɧɫɨɧ, 2 – ɡɚɝɪɭɡɨɱɧɚɹ ɤɚɦɟɪɚ, 3 – ɥɢɬɧɢɤɨɜɚɹ ɩɥɢɬɚ, 4 – ɝɨɬɨɜɚɹ ɞɟɬɚɥɶ, 5 – ɦɚɬɪɢɰɚ, 6 – ɜɵɬɚɥɤɢɜɚɬɟɥɶ 109 ɉɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ: ɧɟ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɣ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɪɟɫɫɮɨɪɦɵ ɢ ɚɪɦɚɬɭɪɵ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɶ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɢɟ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɹ, ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɬɶ ɫɥɨɠɧɭɸ ɢ ɬɨɧɤɭɸ ɚɪɦɚɬɭɪɭ, ɧɟ ɧɭɠɧɚ ɩɨɞɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɤɚ, ɬ. ɤ. ɥɟɬɭɱɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɜɵɯɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɡɚɡɨɪ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɟɣ ɢ ɥɢɬɧɢɤɨɜɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ. ɇɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ: ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɧɚɹ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɚɧɢɡɨɬɪɨɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɧɚɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɹ ɩɟɪɩɟɧɞɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɥɢɬɶɹ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɬɟɤɭɱɟɫɬɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ, ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɬɯɨɞɵ, ɫɥɨɠɧɟɟ ɩɪɟɫɫ-ɮɨɪɦɵ. ɗɬɢɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ ɢɡɝɨɬɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ, ɜ ɬ. ɱ. ɚɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ. Ʌɢɬɶɟ ɩɨɞ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ (ɪɢɫ. 17.2). ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɬɟɪɦɨɩɥɚɫɬɵ, ɧɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɪɟɚɤɬɨɩɥɚɫɬɵ ɫ ɯɨɪɨɲɟɣ ɬɟɤɭɱɟɫɬɶɸ. ȼɵɫɨɤɢɟ: ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ, ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ. Ɍɟɪɦɨɩɥɚɫɬɵ, ɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɪɟɚɤɬɨɩɥɚɫɬɨɜ, ɪɚɡɦɹɝɱɚɹɫɶ ɩɨɞ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ 50 ... 70 qɋ ɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɡɚɬɜɟɪɞɟɜɚɸɬ ɧɟ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɟ, ɚ ɩɪɢ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɢ. Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɜɵɞɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɨɛɨɝɪɟɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɚ (t = 185 ... 280 qɋ) ɜ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɟɦɭɸ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɭ. Ɋɟɠɢɦ ɥɢɬɶɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ: t ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ, t ɮɨɪɦɵ, ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ, ɜɪɟɦɹ ɯɨɞɚ, ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜɵɞɟɪɠɤɢ, ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɚɭɡɵ, ɫɢɥɚ ɫɦɵɤɚɧɢɹ, ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɩɥɭɧɠɟɪɚ. ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ 20 ... 40 ɪɚɡ ɜɵɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɚɧɢɢ. 3 4 12 5 6 7 8 9 Ɋɢɫ. 17.2. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɥɢɬɶɹ ɩɨɞ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ: 1 – ɩɪɟɫɫ-ɮɨɪɦɚ, 2 – ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɹɟɦɚɹ ɞɟɬɚɥɶ, 3 – ɫɨɩɥɨ, 4 – ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɶ, 5 – ɪɚɫɫɟɤɚɬɟɥɶ, 6 – ɪɚɛɨɱɢɣ ɰɢɥɢɧɞɪ, 7 – ɩɨɪɲɟɧɶ, 8 – ɡɚɝɪɭɡɨɱɧɵɣ ɛɭɧɤɟɪ, 9 – ɞɨɡɚɬɨɪ ɐɟɧɬɪɨɛɟɠɧɨɟ ɥɢɬɶɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɝɚɛɚɪɢɬɧɵɯ ɢ ɬɨɥɫɬɨɫɬɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ ɢɡ ɬɟɪɦɨɩɥɚɫɬɨɜ, ɩɨɥɢɚɦɢɞɧɵɯ ɫɦɨɥ, ɤɚɩɪɨɥɚɤɬɚɦɚ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɬɟɥɚ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ (ɬɪɭɛɵ, ɤɨɥɶɰɚ, ɲɤɢɜɵ, ɛɭɬɵɥɤɢ, ɮɥɚɤɨɧɵ). ȼɵɞɚɜɥɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɟ (ɪɢɫ. 17.3), ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɪɭɛ, ɥɟɧɬ, ɩɥɟɧɤɢ, ɧɚɧɟɫɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɳɢɬɧɵɯ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɟɤ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɚ, ɤɚɛɟɥɢ ɢ ɬ. ɩ. ɢɡ ɬɟɪɦɨɩɥɚɫɬɨɜ. 1 2 3 4 5 6 ɚ ɛ Ɋɢɫ. 17.3. ɇɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɟ ɜɵɞɚɜɥɢɜɚɧɢɟ: ɚ – ɫɯɟɦɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ; ɛ – ɩɪɨɮɢɥɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦɵɯ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ; 1 – ɛɭɧɤɟɪ, 2 – ɱɟɪɜɹɤ, 3 – ɪɚɛɨɱɢɣ ɰɢɥɢɧɞɪ, 4 – ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ, 5 – ɨɩɪɚɜɚ, 6 – ɤɚɥɢɛɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɩɨɤɨɜɤɚ 110 ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɦɚɲɢɧɚ ɫ ɱɟɪɜɹɱɧɵɦ ɜɢɧɬɨɦ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɦ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɭ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ n ɱɟɪɜɹɤɚ 20 ... 200 ɨɛ/ɦɢɧ, ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɟɦ ɢ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɬɪɟɧɢɹ. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɬɪɭɛ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɩɪɚɜɤɢ ɫ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɹɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ. Ɍɚɤ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɬ | 65 % ɬɟɪɦɨɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ. Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ ɜɵɞɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɤɨɥɶɰɟɜɭɸ ɳɟɥɶ ɢ ɪɚɡɞɭɜɚɸɬ ɫɠɚɬɵɦ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɦ ɩɥɟɧɤɢ ɢɡ ɩɨɥɢɷɬɢɥɟɧɚ, ɩɨɥɢɩɪɨɩɢɥɟɧɚ ɢ ɬ. ɩ., ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɫɦɚɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɫɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɜ ɪɭɥɨɧ (ɬɨɥɳɢɧɚ ɞɨ 40 ɦɤɦ, ɲɢɪɢɧɚ ɞɨ 1600 ɦɦ). Ʉɚɥɚɧɞɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ (ɜɚɥɶɰɟɜɚɧɢɟ) ɥɢɫɬɨɜ ɢ ɩɥɟɧɤɢ ɢɡ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɠɟɫɬɤɢɯ ɬɟɪɦɨɩɥɚɫɬɨɜ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɨɥɢɜɢɧɢɥɯɥɨɪɢɞɨɜ): ɪɚɡɦɹɝɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɬɟɪɦɨɩɥɚɫɬ ɩɪɨɩɭɫɤɚɸɬ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɜɚɥɤɚɦɢ (ɬɨɥɳɢɧɚ ɞɨ 0,050 ɦɦ, V ɩɥɟɧɤɢ  180 ɦ/ɦɢɧ). ɉɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɪɟɡɢɧɨɜɵɯ ɥɟɧɬ (ɪɢɫ. 17.4). 3 4 3 2 1 Ɋɢɫ. 17.4. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɪɟɡɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɤɚɧɟɣ: 1 – ɛɚɪɚɛɚɧ, 2 – ɬɤɚɧɶ, 3 – ɜɚɥɤɢ ɤɚɥɚɧɞɪɨɜ, 4 – ɪɟɡɢɧɨɜɚɹ ɫɦɟɫɶ ɉɥɟɧɤɢ ɢɡ ɧɢɬɪɚɬɨɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɵ, ɚɰɟɬɚɬɚ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɵ, ɜɢɫɤɨɡɵ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɢɜɨɱɧɵɯ ɦɚɲɢɧɚɯ: ɪɚɡɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɣ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɟ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɳɟɥɟɜɨɟ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɟ ɩɨɞɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɞɜɢɠɭɳɭɸɫɹ ɥɟɧɬɭ ɤɨɧɜɟɣɟɪɚ. ȼ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɚɦɟɪɚɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɶ ɢɫɩɚɪɹɟɬɫɹ, ɚ ɡɚɬɜɟɪɞɟɜɲɚɹ ɩɥɟɧɤɚ ɫɦɚɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɭɥɨɧ. ɋɥɨɠɧɚɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ, ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɟɣ, ɩɨɠɚɪɨɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɝɨɞɧɵ (ɮɨɬɨ- ɢ ɤɢɧɨɩɥɟɧɤɚ, ɰɟɥɥɨɮɚɧ). ɉɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɩɥɚɫɬɦɚɫɫ ɜ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɷɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ (ɞɥɹ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɝɚɛɚɪɢɬɧɵɯ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ ɢɡ ɬɟɪɦɨɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɵɯ ɥɢɫɬɨɜɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ). ɉɧɟɜɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɢ ɜɚɤɭɭɦɧɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɨɜɤɚ ɬɟɪɦɨɩɥɚɫɬɨɜ (ɜɢɧɢɩɥɚɫɬ, ɩɨɥɢɫɬɢɪɨɥ, ɩɥɟɤɫɢɝɥɚɫ, ɰɟɥɥɭɥɨɢɞ) (ɪɢɫ. 17.5). ɇɚɝɪɟɜ ɥɢɫɬɨɜ ɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɲɤɚɮɚɯ ɫ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚ, ɮɨɪɦɨɜɤɚ. Ɇɚɬɪɢɰɚ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɬɚ ɞɨ 40 ... 60 qɋ. ȼɨɡɞɭɯ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɸɬ ɞɨ 50 ... 70 qɋ. ȼɚɤɭɭɦɧɚɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɩɪɨɳɟ, ɧɨ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɜɚɤɭɭɦɚ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɬɨɥɫɬɵɟ ɥɢɫɬɵ (! 2,5 ɦɦ) ɢ ɠɟɫɬɤɢɟ ɬɟɪɦɨɩɥɚɫɬɵ. ɉɧɟɜɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɮɭɬɟɪɨɜɤɚ ɬɪɭɛ ɩɥɚɫɬɦɚɫɫɨɣ. Ɋɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɶ – ɮɨɪɦɨɜɤɚ ɛɟɡ ɩɭɚɧɫɨɧɚ ɢɥɢ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɵ: ɡɚɠɢɦɚɸɬ ɤɪɚɹ ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɢ ɫɠɚɬɵɦ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɦ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɬ ɜ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɫɮɟɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜ ɬɚɤɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɡɪɚɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ (ɤɨɥɩɚɤɢ ɤɚɛɢɧ ɫɚɦɨɥɟɬɨɜ, ɞɟɬɚɥɢ ɨɩɬɢɤɢ ɢ ɫɜɟɬɨɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ). ɉɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɢ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɜ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɮɨɪɦɨɜɤɚ ɜ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɚɦɟɪɚɯ. 111 3 3 2 2 1 1 ɒɬɚɦɩɨɜɤɚ ɢɡ ɥɢɫɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ ɧɟ ɡɚɦɤɧɭɬɵɯ ɜ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ ɮɨɪɦ – ɤɨɡɵɪɶɤɢ, ɨɛɬɟɤɚɬɟɥɢ, ɫɬɟɤɥɚ ɤɚɛɢɧ. ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɟɫɫɚɯ ɠɟɫɬɤɢɦ ɢɥɢ ɷɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɵɦ ɩɭɚɧɫɨɧɨɦ. ɉɪɢ ɲɬɚɦɩɨɜɤɟ ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɩɭɚɧɫɨɧ ɢ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɭ ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɸɬ ɡɚɦɲɟɣ ɢɥɢ ɛɚɣɤɨɣ. ȼ ɩɭɚɧɫɨɧɚɯ ɢ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɚɯ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɯɨɞɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ. 17.2. ɂɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ ɢɡ ɠɢɞɤɢɯ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɤɨɜ Ⱦɥɹ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ ɢɡ ɠɢɞɤɢɯ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɤɨɜ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɷɩɨɤɫɢɞɧɵɟ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɷɮɢɪɧɵɟ ɫɦɨɥɵ, ɨɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɤɨɦɧɚɬɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɩɪɢ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɨɬɜɟɪɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɭɫɤɨɪɢɬɟɥɟɣ. Ɉɧɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɜɵɫɨɤɭɸ ɚɞɝɟɡɢɸ ɤ ɧɚɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɹɦ (ɫɬɟɤɥɨɬɤɚɧɢ ɢ ɫɬɟɤɥɨɜɨɥɨɤɧɨ, ɯ/ɛ ɬɤɚɧɢ ɢ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ, ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɟɬɤɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɜɨɥɨɤɚ, ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɢ ɛɨɪɚ, ɧɢɬɟɜɢɞɧɵɟ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɵ ɢ ɬ. ɞ.). Ʉɨɧɬɚɤɬɧɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɨɜɤɚ: ɤɪɭɩɧɨɝɚɛɚɪɢɬɧɵɟ ɞɟɬɚɥɢ ɫ ɧɚɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɢɡ ɫɬɟɤɥɨɬɤɚɧɟɣ, ɫɬɟɤɥɨɦɚɬɨɜ. Ɏɨɪɦɵ ɢɡ ɞɟɪɟɜɚ, ɝɢɩɫɚ ɢ ɥɟɝɤɢɯ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ. ɇɚ ɪɚɛɨɱɭɸ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɧɚɧɨɫɹɬ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɣ, ɱɬɨɛ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɥɢɩɚɥɚ ɫɦɨɥɚ, ɡɚɬɟɦ ɩɨɨɱɟɪɟɞɧɨ ɫɜɹɡɭɸɳɢɣ ɫɥɨɣ + ɬɤɚɧɶ ɫ ɩɪɢɝɥɚɠɢɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɞɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɨɣ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɵ, ɨɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɤɨɦɧɚɬɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ 5 ... 50 ɱɚɫɨɜ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɜɢɞɚ ɫɜɹɡɭɸɳɟɝɨ. Ɇɨɠɧɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɬɶ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɞɨ 60 ... 120 qɋ, ɬɨɝɞɚ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɨɬɜɟɪɞɟɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ. Ɇɟɬɨɞ ɦɚɥɨɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɧ, ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ, ɧɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɚɹ ɨɫɧɚɫɬɤɚ. ɉɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɜ ɨɩɵɬɧɨɦ ɢ ɦɟɥɤɨɫɟɪɢɣɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ. ȼɢɯɪɟɜɨɟ ɧɚɩɵɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɝɚɛɚɪɢɬɧɵɯ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ ɢɡ ɫɬɟɤɥɨɩɥɚɫɬɢɤɨɜ (ɤɭɡɨɜɚ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɟɣ, ɤɨɪɩɭɫɚ ɥɨɞɨɤ, ɟɦɤɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɬ. ɩ.). ɂɡɦɟɥɶɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɬɟɤɥɨɜɨɥɨɤɧɨ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɷɮɢɪɧɚɹ ɫɦɨɥɚ ɫ ɨɬɜɟɪɞɢɬɟɥɟɦ ɢ ɭɫɤɨɪɢɬɟɥɟɦ ɧɚɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɩɭɥɶɜɟɪɢɡɚɬɨɪɨɦ ɫɨ ɫɠɚɬɵɦ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɦ, ɭɩɥɨɬɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɜɪɭɱɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɢɤɨɦ. ɐɟɧɬɪɨɛɟɠɧɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɨɜɤɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɝɚɛɚɪɢɬɧɵɯ ɬɟɥ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ, ɬɨɥɳɢɧɚ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ S = 2...15 ɦɦ, ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ ɞɨ 1 ɦ ɢ ɜɵɫɨɬɚ ɞɨ 3 ɦ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɧɚɧɟɫɟɧɢɹ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɛɟɠɧɵɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɨɛɠɢɦ ɢɡɧɭɬɪɢ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɪɟɡɢɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɦɟɲɤɚ ɩɨɞ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɠɚɬɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ. 17.3. Ɉɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɩɥɚɫɬɦɚɫɫ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɟɦ Ɋɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɲɬɚɦɩɨɜɤɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɬɚɤ ɠɟ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɭ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɬɪɟɳɢɧ ɢ ɫɤɨɥɨɜ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɞɜɭɯɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɵɟ ɩɭɚɧɫɨɧɵ: ɩɪɨɛɢɜɤɚ + ɡɚɱɢɫɬɤɚ. ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɝɢɞɪɨ- ɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɟɫɫɵ. Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɟɦ. 112 Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɩɥɚɫɬɦɚɫɫɵ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹ ɭɫɚɞɤɢ ɩɪɢ ɡɚɬɜɟɪɞɟɜɚɧɢɢ ɞɟɬɚɥɢ, ɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ. ɉɪɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɟɦ ɧɚɪɭɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɚɹ ɫɦɨɥɹɧɚɹ ɩɥɟɧɤɚ, ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶ, ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɥɚɝɨɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ. ɉɥɚɫɬɦɚɫɫɵ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɧɢɡɤɭɸ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɧɢɡɤɚɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɜɭ ɪɟɠɭɳɟɝɨ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚ, ɨɛɭɝɥɢɜɚɧɢɸ ɢ ɩɪɨɠɨɝɭ ɪɟɚɤɬɨɩɥɚɫɬɨɜ ɜ ɡɨɧɟ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟ ɞɚɟɬ ɩɨɜɵɫɢɬɶ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ. Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɜ ɡɨɧɟ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɦɟɧɟɟ 60 ... 120 qɋ ɞɥɹ ɬɟɪɦɨɩɥɚɫɬɨɜ, ɢ ɦɟɧɟɟ 120 ... 160 qɋ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɚɤɬɨɩɥɚɫɬɨɜ. ɉɪɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɪɟɚɤɬɨɩɥɚɫɬɨɜ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɫɨ ɫɬɟɤɥɹɧɧɵɦ ɧɚɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɟɦ, ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚ. Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɬɟɪɦɨɩɥɚɫɬɵ, ɤɚɤ ɨɪɝɫɬɟɤɥɨ, ɩɨɥɢɫɬɢɪɨɥ, ɮɬɨɪɨɩɥɚɫɬ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɢɡ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɢɫɬɨɣ ɢ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɪɟɠɭɳɢɯ ɫɬɚɥɟɣ. Ɉɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɦɢ ɫɩɥɚɜɚɦɢ, ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɢɡ ɚɥɦɚɡɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɷɥɶɛɨɪɚ. ɉɪɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɪɟɚɤɬɨɩɥɚɫɬɨɜ ɫɨ ɫɥɨɢɫɬɵɦɢ ɢ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɢɫɬɵɦɢ ɧɚɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɋɈɀ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɜɨ ɢɡɛɟɠɚɧɢɟ ɧɚɛɭɯɚɧɢɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ. ɉɪɢ ɬɨɱɟɧɢɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɦɚɥɵɣ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɣ ɭɝɨɥ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ G. ɉɟɪɟɞɧɸɸ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɡɰɨɜ ɩɨɥɢɪɭɸɬ ɞɥɹ ɥɭɱɲɟɝɨ ɫɯɨɞɚ ɫɬɪɭɠɤɢ. Ɏɪɟɡɟɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨɩɭɬɧɨɟ ɜɨ ɢɡɛɟɠɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɫɥɚɢɜɚɧɢɹ. Ɂɭɛɶɹ ɫ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɢɦ ɭɝɥɨɦ 20…30q, ɱɢɫɥɨ ɢɯ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ – 2 ... 4. ɉɪɢ ɫɜɟɪɥɟɧɢɢ ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɞɟɥɚɸɬ ɦɚɥɵɟ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɹ, ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ 5 ... 6 ɦɦ, ɡɚɬɟɦ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɢɯ. ɋɜɟɪɥɨ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɚɡ ɜɵɜɨɞɹɬ ɞɥɹ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɜɚ. ɇɚɪɟɡɚɧɢɟ ɪɟɡɶɛ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɬ ɫɨ ɫɦɚɡɤɨɣ ɢ ɦɚɥɵɦɢ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɹɦɢ. ɉɪɢ ɲɥɢɮɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɪɟɚɤɬɨɩɥɚɫɬɵ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɚɛɪɚɡɢɜɧɵɦɢ ɤɪɭɝɚɦɢ; ɬɟɪɦɨɩɥɚɫɬɵ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɷɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɤɪɭɝɚɦɢ ɫ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɚɫɬ ɢɡ ɩɟɦɡɵ (ɩɵɥɶ) ɫ ɜɨɞɨɣ. ɉɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɤɪɭɝɚɦɢ ɢɡ ɯ/ɛ ɢ ɲɟɪɫɬɹɧɨɣ ɬɤɚɧɢ; ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ – ɫ ɩɚɫɬɨɣ, ɨɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ – ɛɟɡ ɩɚɫɬɵ. ɋɜɚɪɤɚ (ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɥɹ ɬɟɪɦɨɩɥɚɫɬɨɜ): ɧɚɝɪɟɜ ɞɨ ɜɹɡɤɨɬɟɤɭɱɟɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɜ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɦɢ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚɦɢ (ɧɚɝɪɟɬɵɦ ɝɚɡɨɦ, ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɢɫɚɞɨɱɧɵɦɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚɦɢ) ɥɢɛɨ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɬɟɩɥɚ, ɝɟɧɟɪɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɜ ɫɚɦɨɣ ɩɥɚɫɬɦɚɫɫɟ (ɬɪɟɧɢɟɦ, Ɍȼɑ, ɍɁɄ). ɋɤɥɟɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɧɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ. Ɍɟɪɦɨɩɥɚɫɬɵ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɬ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɢɥɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɥɟɟɜ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɨɥɢɫɬɢɪɨɥ ɫɤɥɟɢɜɚɸɬ ɛɟɧɡɨɥɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ ɩɨɥɢɫɬɢɪɨɥɚ ɜ ɛɟɧɡɨɥɟ; ɨɪɝɫɬɟɤɥɨ ɢ ɜɢɧɢɩɥɚɫɬ – ɞɢɯɥɨɪɷɬɚɧɨɦ, ɚɰɟɬɨɧɨɦ ɢ ɢɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɦɢ ɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɠɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɹɯ. Ɉɛɟɡɠɢɪɢɜɚɸɬ, ɞɚɸɬ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɜɵɞɟɪɠɤɭ 2–6 ɱɚɫɨɜ. Ɋɟɚɤɬɨɩɥɚɫɬɵ ɫɤɥɟɢɜɚɸɬ ɤɥɟɹɦɢ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɮɟɧɨɥɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɞɟɝɢɞɧɵɯ ɫɦɨɥ, ɩɨɥɢɭɪɟɬɚɧɨɜɵɯ, ɷɩɨɤɫɢɞɧɵɯ ɢ ɞɪ. ɒɢɪɨɤɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɤɥɟɢ ȻɎ-2, ȻɎ-4 ɢ ɞɪ. 17.4. ɂɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɡɢɧɨɜɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ ɉɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ ɪɟɡɢɧɨɜɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ. ɉɥɚɫɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ: ɤɚɭɱɭɤ ɦɧɨɝɨɤɪɚɬɧɨ ɩɪɨɩɭɫɤɚɸɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɚɥɶɰɵ, ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɬɵɟ ɞɨ 40 ... 50 qɋ, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɨɧ ɩɟɪɟ- 113 ɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɢ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɫɦɟɲɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚɦɢ. ɋɦɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɱɟɪɜɹɱɧɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɜɚɥɤɨɜɵɯ ɫɦɟɫɢɬɟɥɹɯ. Ɏɨɪɦɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɬ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ (ɬɟɯɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵ ɩɥɚɫɬɦɚɫɫɚɦ): 1. Ʉɚɥɚɧɞɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɵɪɨɣ ɪɟɡɢɧɨɜɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɥɢɫɬɨɜ ɢ ɥɟɧɬ; 2. ɇɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɟ ɜɵɞɚɜɥɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɫɫɚɯ ɱɟɪɜɹɱɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ (ɲɩɪɢɰɟɜɚɧɢɟ); 3. ɉɪɟɫɫɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɝɢɞɪɨɩɪɟɫɫɚɯ (ɫ ɚɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɬ. ɱ.): ɝɨɪɹɱɟɟ ɧɚ ɝɢɞɪɨɩɪɟɫɫɚɯ ɫ ɨɛɨɝɪɟɜɚɟɦɵɦɢ ɩɥɢɬɚɦɢ, ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɪ = 20 ... 100 ɚɬɦ., t = 140 ... 155 qɋ, ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ – ɮɨɪɦɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɜɭɥɤɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ (ɤɥɢɧɨɜɵɟ ɪɟɦɧɢ ɜɭɥɤɚɧɢɡɢɪɭɸɬ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ); 4. ɏɨɥɨɞɧɨɟ (ɢɡ ɷɛɨɧɢɬɨɜɵɯ ɫɦɟɫɟɣ – ɛɚɬɚɪɟɢ, ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɢ), ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɚɧɢɹ – ɜɭɥɤɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ. 5. Ʌɢɬɶɟ ɩɨɞ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɪ  120 Ɇɇ/ɦ2 (1200 ɚɬɦ.) ɩɪɢ t = 80 ... 120 qɋ, ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ – ɜɭɥɤɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ. ȼɭɥɤɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɫɵɪɨɣ ɨɬɮɨɪɦɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɡɢɧɨɜɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɫɟɪɨɣ, ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɧɚɬɪɢɟɦ ɢɥɢ ɞɢɚɦɢɧɛɟɧɡɨɥɨɦ. Ƚɨɪɹɱɚɹ ɜɭɥɤɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ: ɜɵɞɟɪɠɤɚ ɩɪɢ t = 130 ... 150 qɋ ɩɨɞ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ 0,1 ... 0,4 Ɇɇ/ɦ2 ɜ ɚɜɬɨɤɥɚɜɚɯ ɢɥɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɬɥɚɯ. ɏɨɥɨɞɧɚɹ: ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ ɩɨɥɭɯɥɨɪɢɫɬɨɣ ɫɟɪɵ. 114 ɋɉɂɋɈɄ ɊȿɄɈɆȿɇȾɍȿɆɈɃ ɅɂɌȿɊȺɌɍɊɕ 1. Ⱦɪɢɰ Ɇ. ȿ., Ɇɨɫɤɚɥɟɜ Ɇ. Ⱥ. Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ: ɍɱɟɛɧɢɤ ɞɥɹ ɜɭɡɨɜ. – Ɇ.: ȼɒ, 1990. – 447 ɫ. 2. Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ: ɍɱɟɛɧɢɤ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ ɦɚɲɢɧɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɜɭɡɨɜ/ Ⱦɚɥɶɫɤɢɣ Ⱥ. Ɇ., Ȼɚɪɫɭɤɨɜɚ Ɍ. Ɇ., Ȼɭɯɚɪɤɢɧ Ʌ. ɇ. ɢ ɞɪ.; ɉɨɞ ɪɟɞ. Ⱥ. Ɇ. Ⱦɚɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ. – 3-ɟ ɢɡɞ., ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛ. ɢ ɞɨɩ. – Ɇ.: Ɇɚɲɢɧɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ, 1993. – 447 ɫ. 3. Ⱥɧɫɟɪɨɜ ɘ. Ɇ. ɢ ɞɪ. Ɇɚɲɢɧɵ ɢ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɚɲɢɧɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ: ɍɱɟɛɧɢɤ ɞɥɹ ɜɭɡɨɜ. – Ʌ.: ɉɨɥɢɬɟɯɧɢɤɚ, 1991. – 363 ɫ. 4. Ɏɟɬɢɫɨɜ Ƚ.ɉ. ɢ ɞɪ. Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ: ɍɱɟɛ. ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ / – Ɇ.: ȼɒ, 2000. – 638 ɫ. 115 ɋɈȾȿɊɀȺɇɂȿ ɉɪɢɧɹɬɵɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ……………………………..……… ȼɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ. ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ..…….................................... ɊȺɁȾȿɅ I. ɆȿɌȺɅɅɈȼȿȾȿɇɂȿ ɂ ɌȿɊɆɂɑȿɋɄȺə ɈȻɊȺȻɈɌɄȺ........ Ɍɟɦɚ 1. Ʉɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɢ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ ..... 1.1. ɋɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ……………………......................………. 1.2. ȼɢɞɵ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ……………………………………...........…... 1.3. Ɇɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ………………………………….....…… 1.4. Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ………………………………....…... Ɍɟɦɚ 2. ɀɟɥɟɡɨɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɢɫɬɵɟ ɫɩɥɚɜɵ. Ɍɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɢ ɯɢɦɢɤɨɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɫɬɚɥɢ …………..................…………… …. 2.1. ɋɩɥɚɜɵ …………………………………………………………… 2.2. Ɍɟɪɦɨɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ …………………………………………………. 2.3. ɏɢɦɢɤɨ-ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ................................................... Ɍɟɦɚ 3. Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ, ɦɚɪɤɢɪɨɜɤɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɢ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ.................................................................................................... 3.1. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɢ ɠɟɥɟɡɨɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɢɫɬɵɯ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ ….………… 3.2. Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɫɬɚɥɟɣ …………..…………….……………….. 3.3. Ʉɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɢɫɬɵɟ ɫɬɚɥɢ………………………... 3.4. ɂɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɢɫɬɵɟ ɫɬɚɥɢ...................................... 3.5. Ʉɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɬɚɥɢ....................................... 3.6. ɂɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɬɚɥɢ………………………. 3.7. ɋɬɚɥɢ ɢ ɫɩɥɚɜɵ ɫ ɨɫɨɛɵɦɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ....................................... 3.8. ɑɭɝɭɧɵ …………………………………………………………… 3.9. ɐɜɟɬɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɵ ɢ ɫɩɥɚɜɵ …………………………………….. ɊȺɁȾȿɅ II. ɅɂɌȿɃɇɈȿ ɉɊɈɂɁȼɈȾɋɌȼɈ................................................ Ɍɟɦɚ 4. ɋɭɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɥɢɬɶɹ. Ʌɢɬɶɟ ɜ ɪɚɡɨɜɵɟ ɩɟɫɱɚɧɨ-ɝɥɢɧɢɫɬɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ... 4.1. Ʌɢɬɶɟ ……………………………………………………………... 4.2. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɢ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɮɨɪɦɨɜɨɱɧɵɦ ɫɦɟɫɹɦ …………............................................................…………... 4.3. Ɏɨɪɦɨɜɤɚ ………………………………………………………… Ɍɟɦɚ 5. ɉɥɚɜɤɚ ɱɭɝɭɧɚ ɢ ɫɬɚɥɢ ……………………………………….…. 5.1. Ʌɢɬɟɣɧɵɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ …………………………………….. 5.2. ɂɫɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɞɥɹ ɩɥɚɜɤɢ ………………………………. 5.3. ɉɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɱɭɝɭɧɚ ɜ ɞɨɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɟɱɢ ..………………………….. 5.4. ɉɥɚɜɤɚ ɫɬɚɥɢ ……………………………………………………... 5.5 ɇɨɜɵɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ (ɩɟɪɟɩɥɚɜɚ) ɫɬɚɥɢ ……………... Ɍɟɦɚ 6. ɋɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɥɢɬɶɹ …………………………………... 6.1. Ʌɢɬɶɟ ɜ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɨɜɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ …………………………………… 6.2. Ʌɢɬɶɟ ɩɨ ɜɵɩɥɚɜɥɹɟɦɵɦ ɦɨɞɟɥɹɦ ……………………………... 6.3. Ʌɢɬɶɟ ɜ ɤɨɤɢɥɶ …………………………………………………... 6.4. ɐɟɧɬɪɨɛɟɠɧɨɟ ɥɢɬɶɟ …………………………………………….. 6.5. Ʌɢɬɶɟ ɩɨɞ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ………………………………………….…. ɊȺɁȾȿɅ III. ɈȻɊȺȻɈɌɄȺ ɆȿɌȺɅɅɈȼ ȾȺȼɅȿɇɂȿɆ (ɈɆȾ)................. Ɍɟɦɚ 7. ɋɭɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ. ɇɚɝɪɟɜ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɩɨɞ ɈɆȾ ………………...........................………………………….… 7.1. ɏɨɥɨɞɧɚɹ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ …………………………... 7.2. Ƚɨɪɹɱɚɹ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ …………………………….. 116 3 4 7 7 7 9 11 14 14 14 18 22 23 23 24 24 25 25 26 26 26 28 30 30 30 31 33 34 34 36 36 38 42 44 44 44 45 46 47 48 48 48 48 Ɍɟɦɚ 8. ɉɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɲɢɧɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɟɣ …………….…… 8.1. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɟɣ ………………………………….…… 8.2. ɉɪɨɤɚɬɤɚ …………………………………………………….……. 8.3. ȼɨɥɨɱɟɧɢɟ ………………………………………………………... 8.4. ɉɪɟɫɫɨɜɚɧɢɟ ………………………………………………….…... Ɍɟɦɚ 9. Ʉɭɡɧɟɱɧɨ-ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ……………………………. 9.1. ɂɫɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ……………………………………….…… 9.2. Ʉɭɡɧɟɱɧɨ-ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɨɟ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ …………………………….. 9.3. ɋɜɨɛɨɞɧɚɹ ɤɨɜɤɚ ɪɭɱɧɚɹ ɢ ɦɚɲɢɧɧɚɹ ………………………….. 9.4. Ɉɛɴɟɦɧɚɹ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɚɹ ɢ ɝɨɪɹɱɚɹ ɲɬɚɦɩɨɜɤɚ ……………………. 9.5. Ʌɢɫɬɨɜɚɹ ɲɬɚɦɩɨɜɤɚ ………………………………………….…. 9.6. Ɋɨɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɤɨɜɨɤ.............................. ɊȺɁȾȿɅ IV. ɋȼȺɊɈɑɇɈȿ ɉɊɈɂɁȼɈȾɋɌȼɈ.............................................. Ɉɛɳɢɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ ɨ ɫɜɚɪɤɟ ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ………………….… Ɍɟɦɚ 10. ɋɜɚɪɤɚ ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ (ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ) …………………….……... 10.1. ɗɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɞɭɝɨɜɚɹ ɫɜɚɪɤɚ …………………………...……. 10.2. ɉɥɚɡɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɫɜɚɪɤɚ ………………………………………..……. 10.3. Ɉɫɨɛɵɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɫɜɚɪɤɢ……………………………..…….. 10.4. Ƚɚɡɨɜɚɹ ɫɜɚɪɤɚ ……………………………………………..…… Ɍɟɦɚ 11. Ɍɟɪɦɨɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɜɚɪɤɚ ………………... 11.1. ɋɜɚɪɢɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɢ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ............................................ 11.2. ɉɚɣɤɚ………………………………………………………..…… ɊȺɁȾȿɅ V. ɆȿɏȺɇɂɑȿɋɄȺə ɈȻɊȺȻɈɌɄȺ ɁȺȽɈɌɈȼɈɄ..................... Ɍɟɦɚ 12. ɋɭɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɟɦ, ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɪɟɠɭɳɢɟ ɫɬɚɧɤɢ ɢ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬ ……………………………………………….. 12.1. ɉɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ..…………………………..………. 12.2. Ɉɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ................... 12.3. ɂɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ …………………………..……. 12.4. Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɪɟɠɭɳɢɯ ɫɬɚɧɤɨɜ ................................ Ɍɟɦɚ 13. Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ............ 13.1. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɨɤ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ ɦɚɲɢɧ …………………………………………………... 13.2. ɋɬɪɨɝɚɧɢɟ, ɞɨɥɛɥɟɧɢɟ, ɩɪɨɬɹɝɢɜɚɧɢɟ......................................... 13.3 Ɉɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɣ ɧɚ ɫɜɟɪɥɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɪɚɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɧɤɚɯ.... 13.4. Ɏɪɟɡɟɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ................................................................................. 13.5. ɒɥɢɮɨɜɚɧɢɟ .............................................................................… 13.6. Ɇɟɬɨɞɵ ɨɬɞɟɥɤɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɟɣ.................................................... ɊȺɁȾȿɅ VI. ɌȿɏɇɈɅɈȽɂə ɗɅȿɄɌɊɈɗɊɈɁɂɈɇɇɈɃ ɈȻɊȺȻɈɌɄɂ..... Ɍɟɦɚ 14. ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ................................................................................................. 14.1. ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɷɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ........................................................ 14.2. ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ …………………………...…… 14.3. Ⱥɧɨɞɧɨ-ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ …………………..….……… 14.4. ɏɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ................................................................. 14.5. ɍɥɶɬɪɚɡɜɭɤɨɜɚɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ …………………...…………..…… 14.6. Ʌɭɱɟɜɚɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ………………………………………..…… ɊȺɁȾȿɅ VII. ɂɁȽɈɌɈȼɅȿɇɂȿ ȾȿɌȺɅȿɃ ɂɁ ɄɈɆɉɈɁɂɐɂɈɇɇɕɏ ɆȺɌȿɊɂȺɅɈȼ................................................................................................ 117 51 51 51 52 53 54 54 54 55 57 58 60 61 61 61 61 67 67 68 71 74 77 78 78 80 81 82 82 83 83 85 89 90 93 95 98 98 98 100 100 101 101 101 102 Ɍɟɦɚ 15. ɂɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ ɢɡ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɨɜɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ................. 15.1. Ɇɟɬɚɥɥɨɤɟɪɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɢ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ............................. 15.2. Ʉɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ………………………………..… 15.3. Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ.............................................. Ɍɟɦɚ 16. ɉɨɥɢɦɟɪɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ – ɩɥɚɫɬɦɚɫɫɵ ɢ ɪɟɡɢɧɚ ……………………………………………..…………….…... 16.1. ɉɥɚɫɬɦɚɫɫɵ ……………………………………………………... 16.2. Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɨɜ ɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɦɚɫɫ ……………………… 16.3. Ɍɢɩɨɜɵɟ ɬɟɪɦɨɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ (ɬɟɪɦɨɩɥɚɫɬɵ)............. 16.4. Ɍɢɩɨɜɵɟ ɬɟɪɦɨɪɟɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ (ɪɟɚɤɬɨɩɥɚɫɬɵ)............ 16.5. Ɋɟɡɢɧɨɜɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ………………………………………….. Ɍɟɦɚ 17. ɂɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ ɢɡ ɩɥɚɫɬɦɚɫɫ ɢ ɪɟɡɢɧɵ ………….…… 17.1. ɉɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɩɥɚɫɬɦɚɫɫ ɜ ɜɹɡɤɨɬɟɤɭɱɟɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ................... 17.2. ɂɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ ɢɡ ɠɢɞɤɢɯ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɤɨɜ ……………...…. 17.3. Ɉɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɩɥɚɫɬɦɚɫɫ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɟɦ ………………..….…………... 17.4. ɂɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɡɢɧɨɜɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ ….…….…….. ɋɩɢɫɨɤ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɦɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ.......................................................... ɋɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ................................................................................................... 118 102 102 102 103 105 105 105 107 107 108 109 109 112 112 113 115 116