Основы построения инфокоммуникационных систем и сетей

⌛ 2013 год
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Конспект лекции по дисциплине «Основы построения инфокоммуникационных систем и сетей», pdf

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Конспект лекции по дисциплине «Основы построения инфокоммуникационных систем и сетей», Word формат

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PasnoBHAHOCXH xonojiorHHecKHX cxpyKxyp HaH6ojibinee pacnpocxpaneHHe, noKasanw na pHcyHKe. uent Pcmtmaiax. I I I Tonojiormi ceien cDfl3H IlpocxeHHieH aBJiaexca xonojioraa To^Ka-xoHKa, npeACxaBJiaiomaa coSoft cemeHX cexH, CBasbiBaiomHH ABC cxaHiuiH. TonojiorHK) IlocjieAOBaxejibHaa jiHHeHHaa uenb Hcnojib3yiox, Kor^a cymecxsyex Heo6xoAHMOCxb oxBexBJieHHa B KaKOM-jffl6o nynKxe, rAe Moryx BBOAHXbca H BbiBOAHXbca KaHanbi. B cexH c xonojioraeH 3fle3Aa Jiio6bie cxanuHH (jiH6o aGonenxw) BsaHMOAeiicxByiox Me)KAy co6oH xojibKO nepea yseji. xonojiorna npe^nojiaraex najiHHHe necKOJibKHX ysjios c HMH cxaHii,HHMH (a6oHeHxaMH), coe#HHeHHbix flpyr c ApyroM. 3xy xonojiorHK) npHMCHfliox, nanpHMep, npn nocxpoeHHH xejie(J)OHHbix cexefi He6ojibiiiHX nojiHOCBfl3Haa xonojiormi, KorAa cxanii,HH coeAHHenbi no npHHu,Hny Ka»CAOH», naH6ojiee acHByna H naAe»CHa, HO AJI» ee nocxpoeHHa xpe6yexca MHOrO JIHHHH, OCo6eHHO CCJIH KOJIKHCCXBO CXaHIJHH BCJIHKO. Peuiexnaxafl xonojiorna o6ecneMHBaex HCCKOJILKO HesasHCHMbix nyxen cxaHij,HaMH H noaxoMy xan^ce o6jiaAaex nenjioxoH »CHBynecxbK). FIpH cosAaHHH coBpeMCHHbix cexeH see name Hcnojibsyiox KOJibij;eBbie xonoJiorHH. B cexH, HMeiomeii KOH^HiypaLtHio Konbii,o, cnrHaji nepeAaiox no JIHHHH B OAHOM HanpasjieHHH. Ha npaKXHKe o6biHHO npHMenaiox xonojioraio ^BOHHOC nocKOJibKy ona no3BOJiaex 3am,HXHXbca ox HeKOxopwx xapaKxepnbix xnnoB nanpHMep, ox o6pbiBOB JIHHHH nepeAann. Cexn, B xoxopbix ycxpaneHHe noBpe»AeHHH onepaxHBHO, aBXOMaxHHecKH, 6e3 nepepbiBa CBasn nasbmaiox HJIH caMO3ajieHHBaK>m,HMHca. TonojiorHH O6maa niHHa H ,3,epeBO naxoA^x npHMeneHne B KOMnbioxepHbix cexax. nepeAasaeMbiH AaHHoii cxaHiiHefi, OAHOBpeMCHHO noABOAHXca KO BCCM ApyrHM cxanu,HaM, HO BbiACJiaexca xojibxo OAHOH H3 HHX B COOXBCXCXBHH c aApecnoH HH(^opMau,HeH, coAep^cainenca B sarojioBKax naKexoB. Taxne CCXH AOBOJibHO npocxw c XOHKH spenna HX annapaxnoH H nporpaMMHOH peajiH3ai;HH. CeXH nOABH)KHOH nacxo cxpoax c COXOBOH xonoJiorHH. B HCH sea o6cjiy:acHBaeMaa xeppnxopHa na ynacxKH - coxw. B iienxpe coxbi ycxanoBJieHa Gasosaa cxaHii,Ha BC, npeACxasjiaiomaa co6on paAHocxaHu,HK> He6ojibinoH MOUIHOCXH. Ona noAA,ep»CHBaex csasb c Mo6HJIbHbIMH CXaHII,HaMH (aGoHCHxaMH), HaxoAam,HMHca B npeACJiax AaHHoii coxw. Basoswe CXaHI],HH COeAHH6HbI C Il,eHXpOM KOM- Myxa^HH UK, HXO nosBOJiaex a6oHCHxaM pasHbix cox csasbiBaxbca Tonojionia Me»CAy co6oH. ECJIH a6oHenx BO BpeMa ceanca csasn nepeMemaexca HS OAHOH coxw B Apyryio, ero xepMHHan HesaMexHO nepeioiioHaexca na csasb c BC HOBOH coxbi. 8 TeMa 2. nPHHLTHIIM IIOCTPOEHHfl E#HHOH CETH 3JIEKTPOCBJBH POCCHH. EC3 P(D HBJiaexca OCHOBOH ajieKxpocsasn Hainen cxpanw. 3xa cexb npeflcxasjiaex co6oH KOMnjieKC xexHOJiorHHecKH conpfl^KCHHbix cexeii 3jieKxpocB»3H o6mero nojibaoBaHHfl, BHitejieHHHX, TexHOJiorMiecKHX H ceTei cneimasH-aHeHHH. Ona npHHafljie»CHX K oco6oii KaxeropHH HauHOHajibHbix cexefi, nocKOJibKy xapaKxepHsyexca rnraHXCKHMH pa3MepaMH (oSmaa jiiiHHa JIHHHH 6ojiee 350 MJIH.KM.) H CCXH o6mero nojibsoBaHHa oxKpbixbi ffH% BCCX IOPH^HHCCKHX H (^HSHHCCKHX JIHU;. K HHM oxHOcaxca xejie(|)OHHaa (HanGojiee npoxa^ceHnaa H pasBexBJieHHaa), xejierpa^naa... H x.fl. JSH^ejienHHe ce-TH npeflocTaBJWDT yanyrH orpaHHT-ieHHOMy Kpyry no^tsoBaTejieH. TexHojioranecKHe QQTE npejijiasHaHeHH o<5scne^eHZH irpOHSBo^cTBeHHot fleHTejiiHocTH opraHKsauMfi H npou,e-ocaMB. UeTH oneupasHa^eHHH oOecne-TffiBa»T , odopoHn, desonacHocTH H oxpaHH npasonopfiflKa. £C3 nocxpoena na npHHiinnax opraHH3au,HOHHo-xexHHHecKoro Hcnojib3OBaHHe e^HHOH HOMeHKJiaxypbi xnnoBbix KanajioB H rpynnosbix • npHMeHCHHe MaKCHMaJIbHO yHH^HIlHpOBaHHblX XeXHHHCCKHX • npOBCfleHHC e^HHOH XCXHHHeCKOH HOJIHXHKH, • XpaKXOB. ApxHTeicrypa H reppHTopnajibHoe EC3 EC3 aejiax na xpn HepapXHnecKHx yposna: • nepBHHHyio cexb HJIH cexb cpe^cxB, • BxopHHHbie cexH HJIH cexH nepefl,aHH coo6meHHH (cexH YnpaBJieHHe Kanajiu CBHSH Onepaiopw YnpaBJieHne CCTH KOMMyrauiffl CBH3H YnpaRieinie ceib oOopyjoBamw TeneKOMMyHHKauHOHHLie CHCTeMLI H Ka6e.TL ApxHxeicxypa EC3 nepBHHHyio cexb cocxasjiaiox JIHHHH nepe^aHH, cexeBbie yajibi H cexeswe cxami,HH. Cexesaa cxamina - 3x0 OKoneHHaa xonica nepBHHHOH cexn. CexeBoii yseji pacnojiwKCH na nepeceneHHH HecKOJIbKHX JIHHHH nepe^anH. Ero 4)yHKn,H» - nepeKJiioHCHHe KanaJiOB H rpynnosbix xpaKxos. OCHOBHHM o6opyflOBaHHeM nepBHHHOH cexn aBJiaroxca MHoroKanajibHbie xejieKOMMyHHKanHOHHbie CHCXCMM, c noMombio Koxopbix coa^aiox Kanajibi H rpynnosbie xpaKxw (rpynnbi KaHajiofi). KanajiOM nepe^aHH nasbreaiox coBOKynnocxb XCXKHHCCKHX cpe^cxs (annapaxypa) H cpeflbi (jiHHHa nepe^aHH), oGecnenHBaiomHx nepeAany CHrnanoB MOK^xy cexesbiMH ysjiaMH H cexesbiMH cxaHU,naMH. Kanajibi 6biBaiox aHajiorosbiMH H u,H(|)poBbiMH, npocxbiMH H cocxaBHbiMH (npn HajiHHHH xpaH3Hxofi). FpynnoBOH xpaKx BioiiOHaex KOJIHHCCXBO KanajioB. THHOBOH rpynnoBofi xpaxx BMecxe c nnxepannapaxypoH HMenyiox cexesbiM xpaKxoM. TejieKOMMyHHKau,HOHHaa CHcxeMa HJIH CHcxeMa nepe^aHH npe^cxaBJiaex co6ofi KOMnjiexc XCXKHHCCKHX cpeflcxs, o6ecneHHBaioui,HX o6pa30BaHHe JIHHeHHOro xpaxxa, xnnoBbix rpynnosbix xpaxxos H nepe^anH nepBHHHOH CCXH. Ona MO^CCX 6bixb aHanorosaa HJIH u,H<^pOBaa onxHnecKaa HJIH paflHocHcxeMa. BxopHHHbie cexH opranHsyiox na 6aae nepBHHHOH. B cocxas BxopHHHoii CCXH BXOflHX OKOHCHHbie a6oH6HXCKHe yCXaHOBKH, a6oHeHXCKH6 JIHHHH, ySJIbl KOMMyxaUHH, Kanajibi nepe^anH, Bbi^ejieHHbie HS nepBHHHOH CCXH ^jia oGpasosaHHa BXopHHHOH cexH. B saBHCHMOcxH ox BHfla ncpeflasaeMbix coo6iu,eHHH cjie^yiomHe BxopHHHbie cexn: • xejie^oHHyio • xejierpacfmyio • nepe^aHH ^annbix • nepeflaHH raaex •3ByKOBoro BemaHHa •xejiesHSHOHHoro Bem,aHHa. CymecxBOBasmaa panee cexb (^aKCHMHJibHOH csasn saMenena cexbio a6oHenxcKHx 4>aKCHMHJibHbix ycxaHOBOK, cHH»caexca xpa(J)HK (HarpysKa) xejierpa(J)HOH CCXH. FlepBHHHyio H BxopHHHbie cexH no xeppHxopnajibHOMy npHBHaKy noflpa3fl,ejiaiox na xpn HepapXHnecKHx yposna (ynacxKa) : MarHcxpajibHbiH, BHyxpH3OHOBbiH, MecxHbiH. MecxHbie cexn pacnonaraioxca na xeppHxopHH ropo^a HJIH cejibCKoro panoHa. JIHHHH, coe^HHaionnie ysjibi MecxHOH cexn, nasbmaiox coe^HHHxejibHbiMH. MaKCHMajibHaa npoxa»ce'HHocxb Kanana MCCXHOH cexn 100 KM. BnyxpHSOHOBbie CCXH cos^aiox na xeppnxopHH o^Horo HJIH HecKOJIbKHX cy6i>eKXOB PO. B HeKoxopwx cjiynaax na xeppnxopHH o^Horo cy6i>eKxa Moryx ABC xaKHx cexn. Kaacflaa HS HHX cooxBexcxsyex SOHC nyMepai;HH xejie<|)OHHOH cexH - oxcio^a H HassaHHe. MaKCHMajibHaa npoxa)KeHHocxb Kanana BHyxpH3OHOBOH cexn 600 KM. MarncxpajibHaa cexb coe^HHaex see rjiaBHbie ysjiw BHyxpH30HOBbix cexency6beKXOB PO - Mexc^y co6on H c MOCKBOH. MaKCHMajibHaa npoxa^ce'HHOCXb MarHcxpanbHOH CCXH 12500 KM. (Bee paccxoanna flanbi c nejibio HopMHposaHHa xex HJIH HHbix noKasaxejien Kanecxsa cBasn). Hcnojibsyiox cjie^yK)iu,He coKpameHna: • CMI1 - cexb MarncxpajibHaa nepsHHHaa, • B3TTC - BHyxpnsoHOBaa nepBHHnaa cexb, • MI1C - Mecxnaa nepBHHHaa cexb. CoBOKynnocxb B3FIC H MTIC HaswBarox SOHOBOH cexbio, a B3I1C H CMTI 10 KpoMe xoro, cymecxsyex aGoHenxcKHH ynacxoK H, cooxsexcxBeHHo, - a6oH6HXCKa.fi cexi>, cBHabiBaiomaH xepMHHajibi nojibsosaxejieH (aGonenxoB) c 6jra>KaHiiiHM u,eHxpoM KOMMyxaijHH (ATC). Cxporo roBopa, a6oHCHXCKaa cexb B nepBHHHyio cexb He BXOAHX, a HBJiaexcfl nacxbio BXOPHHHOH xejie(j}OHHOH cexn. A6oH6HxcKyK> JIHHHK), coe^HHaiomyio xepMHHajibi nojib3OBaxejieH c ATC, xenepb na sarpaHHHHbin Manep nacxo nasbiBaiox «nocjieflHeH MHJieH». Ee cpe^naa ^JiHHa na FTC PO cocxaBJiaex 1,28 KM. Hnxepec K axoMy yqacxxy pesxo sospoc B pasBHXbix cxpanax B KOHu;e npoimioro , Kor^a cxajio SCHO, HXO O^HH jinuib ycnyrn aHanoroBOH xejie(|)OHHH nepecxaJIH aGonenxoB, H npoHsonijia u,H(J)pOBH3aLiHfl cexeft, nosBOJiHBiuafl noxpe6nocxb B HOEWX ycjiyrax. PIMCHHO B 3x0 BpeMH a6oH6HXCKafl cxana HanGojiee «y3KHM MecxoM», CAepacHBaiomHM paaBHxne 3JieKxpocB»3H. FIpo6jieMa «nocjie^HeH MHJIH» saioiioHaexca B Bbi6ope KaK cnoco6a opraHHsauHH a6oHCHXCKoro no^KJiiOHeHHa (^ocxyna) K xeneKOMMyHHKaiiHOHHOH cexn, xax H cooxBexcxByiomero o6opyj;oBaHHa. Bapnanxw peuieHHH 3xofi npo6jieMbi paccMaxpHBaioxca B paMKax cneijHajibHbix AHCU,HnjiHH. HSBCCXHO H ^pyroe - flByxypOBHesoe fleueHHe cexen: na xpancnopxHyio cexb H cexH Aocxyna. Ero cnnxaiox nepcneKXHBHbiM BBHfl,y Gojibinero cooxsexcxBHa BbicoKOCKOpocxnoH nepe^aHH CHrnajiOB. TpaHcnopxnaa cexb fljia xpansHXHoii nepeAann MomHbix u,H(J>pOBbix HOXOKOB cexaMH flocxyna. FIocjie^HHe o6ecneHHBaiox CXMK aGonenxa c cexbio H narpysKH juia nepe^aHH B xpaHcnopxHoii cexn. J],ByxypoBHeBoe pas^ejieHHe cexen II Cjiy:ac6bi 3JieKxpocBa3H npeflcxasjiaiox co6oH cxpyKxypbi, HenocpeflcxseHHO npe,n,ocxaBJiaK>iu,He nojibsoBaxejiaM ycjiyra CBJISH, BxopHHHbie cexH CHa6xcaiox cjiy»c6bi KananaMH CBJISH. Cjiy»c6a BKJitonaex B ce6a cooxBexcxsyiomyK) BxopHHHyio cexb, a xaoKe noflCHCxeMbi HyMepaiiHH, CHrHajiroaIIHH, xapucJfflKauHH, xexo6cjiy5KHBaHHa H ynpaBJieHHa. KpoMe xpa,UHLi,HOHHbix EC3 no3BOJiaex cos^aBaxb : • MyjibXHcepBHCHbie CCXH, nasbisaeMbie xaicace «cex«MH cjie,fl,yioiii;ero noKOJieHHa» c HeorpaHHHeHHbiM Ha6opoM ycjiyr; 3XH cexn, ocnoBaHHbie na KOMMyxanHH naKexos, cnoco6Hbi HanGojiee IIOJIHO peajinsoBaxb xeH^eHii,HK) KOHBepreHU,HH (cnnaHHa) cexefi flji» oKasaHHH ysKoro Kpyra ycnyr uQWRy co6oH, a xaK»ce c KOMiibioxepHbiMH cexaMH, • coxoBbie Mo6HjibHbie CCXH, npe^ocxaBJiaiomHe sosMO^CHOcxb nojib3OBaxejiio nojiynaxb ycjiyrn CBHSH B jno6oM Mecxe. CxpaxernH pa3BHXH« EC3 npe^ycMaxpHsaex K 2015 r. ^ocxH^eHHe POCCHCH KOH,ZI,HIJ,HH pasBHxoro HH(^opMaiLHOHHoro o6mecxBa, B nacxHOCXH, nonHoe yflOBjiexBopeHHe cnpoca na xpa^HUHOHHbie H HOBbie HH^oKOMMyHHKaitHOHHbie XeXHOJIOFHH. Tmibi JIHHHH nepeaaMH nepeuHHoii CCTH /JoMHHHpyiomee nojioaceHHe B EC3 saHHMaiox KaGejibHbie JIHHHH. Csasb no xapaKxepHsyexca cxa6HJibHocxbio H BWCOKHM KanecxBOM. OH Mano BHCHIHHM sneKxpoiviarHHXHbiM Bos^eHCXBHHM H KanpnsaM saxpaxu na cxponxejibcxBO H 3KcnjiyaxaH,Hio Ka6ejibHOH JIHHHH, a cxpOHxejibcxsa Moryx oKasaxbca BecbMa snaHHxejibHbiMH. Ka6ejiH o6biHHo nofl seMjien, HO cymecxsyiox H noABO^Hbie H noflBecHbie KaSejiH, nanpHMep, na onopax J13I1. CHMMexpHHHbiH Ka6ejib oxjiHnaexca ox KoaKcnajibHoro KOHcxpyKitHeH SJICKXPHHCCKHX ^e^eH: CHMMexpHHHaa ii,enb (BHxaa napa) - 3x0 psa HsojinpOBanHbix H CKpynenHbix Me>K#y co6oH npoBo^a. KoaKCHajibHaa Eienb BbinojmeHa B BH,a,e ^syx COOCHblX HHJIHHApOB, B HOHepCHHOM CeHCHHH OHa HMC6X {^OpMy KOHH,eHXpHHeCKHX oKpyMCHOcxefi. CepAenHHK Ka6ejia MO^CCX co^epacaxb HecKOJlbKO iienen. OCHOBHWM MaxepnanoM Ka6ejibHbix qeneH aBJiaexca Me#b. B onxHHecKOM Ka6ejie B KanecxBe (f)H3HHecKOH cpe^bi pacnpocxpaneHHa cHrnajiOB Hcnojibsyiox ne Me^Hbie ^CHJIM, a onxHnecKHe BOJIOKHa, o6biHHO KBapu,eBbie. IlponycKHaa cnoco6nocxb onxHHecKoro BOJIOKHa na HecKOJlbKO nopa^KOB 6ojibiue, HCM y flpyrnx cpe,n. OHO npe^cxaBJiaex co6oH xoHKyio flByxcnoHHyio HHXb H3 KBapiia SiOi c JierapyioiiiHMH aoSaBKaMH, OKpyaceHHyio 3am,HXHbiM noKpbixneM. BnyxpeHKHH CJIOH HasbiBarox cepflu,eBHHOH, BHenmHH - o6ojioHKOH. Cep^i^eBHHa HsroxoBJiena H3 onxHHecKH 6ojiee njioxHoro MaxepHajia: ee noKasaxejib npejiOMjieHHa neMHoro 6ojibuie, HCM y o6ojioHKH. OnxHHecKHH CHrnaji pacnpocxpanaexca B secbMa XOHKOH (d ^10 MKM) cepflii,eBHHe sa cnex MexannsMa HOJIHOFO BHyxpeHHero oxpa^ceHHH csexoBbix Jiynen ox rpaHHitbi pasflena cep^qeBKHbi H o6ojioHKH. 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Flpn OKasaHHH HHC^opMauHOHHbix ycjiyr, Koxopbie csasaHbi c o6pa6oxKoii HH^opMau;HH, ncnojibsyiox 6a3bi ^annbix, (jraiijiOBbie apxHBbi, Be6-cxpaHH^bI, 3JieKxpoHHyio nonxy. en^eHLtHfl pasBHxna Bcex BH^OB cexeii - HX KOHBeprenuHfl (cjinaHHe). cexH 6y^yx o^HHaKOBO xopomo nepe^asaxb H xpa<|)HK ^aHHbix H ou,H(j)poBaHHbie 3ByK H H3o6pa»ceHHe. Ho MHCHHIO cneuiHajiHCxoB, B OCHOBC SXHX cexeii 6yzjex Jiexaxb npHHqnn KOMMyxai^HH naKexos, HXO po^nnx HX c HbmeniHHMH KOMHblOXepHblMH C6X5IMH. 19 Teiwa 4 JIOFAPHOMHHECKHE AHAFPAMMA YPOBHEH. JIorapH(J)MHHeCKHe e^HHHIIbl nOBCCMeCXHO HCOOJIbSyiOX B 3JieKTpOCB«3H H B TeopHH, H na npaKTHKe. IJeHHOcxb jiorapH^MHHecKoro Mexo^a COCTOHT, rjiaBHbiM o6pa3OM, B TOM, HTO OH CBOflHX yMHOKCHHC H ^eJICHHe HHCCJI K CJIO5KCHHK) H BblHHTaHHK) -fl,CHCTBHflMMCHee TpyflOCMKHM. HanOMHHM, OM OCHOBaHHK) noKasaxejib KOTOpyK) HHCJia a x HTO no HaSblBaiOT cxeneHH Hy^CHO y, BO3BCCTH nonyHHTb HHCJIO B a, x: 3ra sanncb coBepineHHO sanncH Q — X OcHOBHbie CBoiicTBa jiorapn^MOB \og(AB) = logA + logB log— ^ = logA - \ogB B logAm = m log A B flajibHeHineM 6ynyx ncnojibsoBanbi xojibKO ^ecaxHHHbie JiorapHMbi. ^JIH xoro, Hxo6bi BbinojiHaxb JiorapH^)MHHecKHe BbiMHCJieHHa, ne HMCSI •pyKOH KajibKyji»xopa, nojiesHO noMHHXb, HXO lgl=0 IglO^l lglOO=2 Ig2=0,3 (c ^.ocxaxoHHo xopomeH xonnocxbio). lg4-21g2-Q6 lg5=lg[10/2)-lglO-lg2-Q7 lg8=31g2=Q9 Ig20= Ig2 + Igl 0= 13 lg(0,05) = l^O"1 = -13 H xax flajiee. ECJIH x-»0,xo lgx^-oo. CooxBexcxBeHHo, ltf' 3 =2 1(^=4 I*7 =5 1(F=8 Id'3 -20 l(ru=0,05 H xaK YpOBHH nepe^ann (npneivia). P YpOBCHb MOIIHiOCXH PH = 20 lg YpOBCHb U 20 YpOBCHB xoxa Pi ~ 201g ^ -*o P - OGBIHHO cpe^naa aKXHBHaa (HJIH nojinaa) MOIHHOCXB U, I - oGBiHHO 34>4>eKXHBHBie (cpeflHCKBaflpaxHHecKHe HJIH 3HaneHH5i nanpaaceHHa H xoKa, PO, UG, IG - «onopHBie» SHaneHHa MOIHHOCXH, nanpaaceHHa H xoKa. YpoBHH xoKa npaKXH^ecKoro npHMCHCHHa ne naxo^ax, nosxoMy B OHH He paccMaxpHBaioxca. VpoBHH HMenyiox flcuHGejuiaMH B HCCXB H3o6pexaxejLs xejie4>oHa A.BeJUia. 3x0 He 4>H3HHecKaa pasMepnocxB KaK, nanpHMep, aMnep HJIH BOJIBX, a JIHHIB jiorapH(J)M sejiHHHHa 6e3pa3Mepnaa, npocxo (nojiO5KHxejiBHoe, oxpHU,axejiBHoe HJIH paBHoe Hyjiio) HHCJIO. PasjiHHaiox a6cojuoxHBie, oxHocnxeJiBHbie H HSMepnxejiBHBie ypoBHH. ECJIH PQ—1 MBx na conpoxHBJieHHH Z0= 600 OM, a flencxByiomHe Ha SXOM conpoxHBJieHHH H xoKa, xexymero no HCMy, cocxasjiHiox /5T6 =0,775 B TO ypoBHH HasBisaiox a6cojiioxHBiMH H o6o3HaHaiox ^BM, flBn, Hxo6Bi flaxB onpe^ejieHHe OXHOCHXCJIBHOFO yposHa, paccMoxpHM Kanaji, na BXOA Koxoporo nocxynaex CHTHaji ox Hcxo^HHKa. Ha BBIXO^C BKjnoHeHa narpysKa, H KpoMe xoro, HMeexca neKOxopoe KOJinnecxBO KOHXponBHBix xoHCK x.x x.y x.z... O6BIHHO B KanecxBc xaKoro xanajia xonajiBHOH nacxoxBi c nojiocofi nponycKamia 0,3...3,4 KTn,, EXO^HBIM H conpoxHBJieHHJiMH 600 OM, KOxopBiH asjiaexca O.HHHM HS caMBix pacnpocxpaneHHBix KanajioB nepe^ann nepBHTHOH cexn. OxHOCHXCJIBHBie ypOBHH MOIHHOCXH H HanpJDKeHHfl B. X.X OXHOCHXejIBHO X.y onpeaejxaiox xaK U. POM = l°lg-f- flBOM , Pan an = 20 Ig y y OxHOCHxejiBHBie ypoBHH MO»HO BBipasHXB Hepes a6cojnoxHBie Pm = •* OM AHaJIOFKHHO P OH -My ~~ PHX Pny • HxaK, oxHOCHxejiBHbiH ypOBCHB B x.x pasen pasnocxH a6cojiioxHBix ypOBH0H B x.x H onopnoH x.y. OGBIHHO B KanecxBe onopHoii ncnojiBsyiox HanajiBHyio xo^Ky - BXO.H, Kanajt^- B 3XOM cjiynae nojioacHxejiBHBiH OXHOCHXCJIBHBIH yposenB B KaKOH-jinSo ^pyroft TO^KC cooxsexcxByex ycHJieHHio CHrnana no cpaBHCHHio c BXO^HBIM, oxpHu;axejiBHLj:H - 21 ocna6jieHHK). OrHOCHTejibHbra yposenb na Bxofle Kanajia TO5K,zjecTBeHHo paBen 0 #EOM, no3TOMy 3Ty TOHKy HasbisaioT TOHKOH nyjiesoro OTHocHTejibHoro ypOBHa, THOV. K HCH o6bIHHO HpHBOAaT MOIUHOCTH CHrHaJIOB H HOMCX C qCJIbK) HX HOpMHpOBaHHJL SHaneHHa a6cojnoTHbix ypOBHen CHrnajioB H HOMCX, HX MOIIIHOCTH H HanpaxceHHfl B THOy o6o3HanaK>T TaK: flfiMO, ^EnO, MBTO, MBO. HsMepHTCJibHbiM ypoBHCM HasbisaiOT a6cojiK)THbiH ypoBCHb B T.X Kanaiia, npn ycjioBHH, HTO K ero Bxofly noflKjnoHCH HSMepHTCJibHbiH reHepaTop rapMOHHHecKoro KOJie6aHHa. Ero xapaKTepHCTHKH sa^aeT aflMHHHCTpaitHa CBSSH H TeopeTHnecKH OHH MoryT 6biTb Jiio6biMH. Ha npaKTHKe B KanecTBe H3MepHTCJibHoro ncnojibsyioT renepaTop co cjie^yiomHMH xapaKTepncTHKaMH: nacTOTa fH3M=1020 Fii,, BHyipeHHee conpoTHBJieHHe Rr = 600 OM, 3^C E= 1,55 B (neficTByiomee sHaneHHe). TaKoii renepaTop nasbisaiOT "HOpMajibHbiM". RM=600 OM E=l,55 B Rr=600 DM noAKmoMeHiie HopManbHoro reHejjaiopa KO BXOJ>- KaHana T1! Hs npHBeflCHHoro Bbime pncyHKa cne^yeT, HTO npH noAKJiioHeHHH HopManbHoro ofly Kanana TH renepaTopa K Bxofly na STOM Bxo^e ycTaHaBJinsaeTca a6cOJIK)THbIH ypOBCHb MOIUHOCTH, 600 /^=101g H TOKa ... 0,7755 . = 201g ' =0 IjuBm IjuBrn 0,77 SB BblTCKaCT, HTO HSMepHTCJIbHblH ypOBCHb HHCJICHHO paBCH OTHOCHTeJIb- HOMy B jno6oH TOHKC KaHana, ccjiH K ero Bxo^y noflKJiiOHeH HopMajibHbiH reHepaTop. ypOBHH MOHJIHOCTH H HanpiDKCHHa OflHOFO H TOFO 2KC CHrHOJia B OflHOH H TOH TOHKC x Kanaiia BsaHMOcsaaaHbi P, = J O ' g l1- ^7 o1l _ t f > i ^ / - uTfJ T \ z,\u02 " u0 1 I _ „ , i A i 1r , 7L 1r o l _ „ _inir,LfL£_L 171 , m !„1 I7^o "\z,\0V Z x — conpoTHBJieHHe B T.X. ECJIH |ZX|=| Zol^OO OM, TO ypoBHH MOIUHOCTH, nanpa»ceHHa H TOKa HHCJICHHO coBna,n,aK>T. Hpn Zx|>600 OM PH>PM ,npn |ZX|<600 OM pHm,ero co6oti ajieiapoHHbiH BOJIKTMCTP (uiHpoKonojiocHbiH HJIH , niKana KOTOporo OTrpaflynpoBaHa B ,o,eij,H6ejiJiax oraocHTejibHO 0,775 B. 51cHO, HTO OH HSMepaeT a6cojnoTHbie ypoBHH HanpHMceHHfl. ECJIH COnpOTHBJieHHC B H3Mep«eMOH TOHKC H3BCCTHO, TO ypOBCHb MOII1,HOCTH JierKO paccHHTaTb no npHBe^eHHOH Bbiine opMyjie, CCJIH HCT, TO HaHTH ypoBCHb MOIU.HOCTH H6BO3MO5KHO. flji% H3MepeHH» ypoBHCH oniH^pOBaHHbix KOJie6aHHH 6e3 HX npeo6pa3OBaHHfl B anajioroBbie ncnojibsyioT cneitHajibHbie npn6opbi, HasbmaeMbie nOTOKOB. • AGcOJIIOTHblH ypOBCHb MOH1.HOCTH CHFHaJia B T.X C COnpOTHfiJieHHCM Zx = 135 OM cocTaBJiaeT 2,6 ^Bivt. PaccHHTaiiTe a6cojiK)THbiH yposcHb HanpjDKCHHfl CHrnajia B 3TOH TOHKC. Peinemie T.K. PM = p B + • Mom,HOCTb cnrHana B THOy pasna 50 MKBTO. PaccHHTaTb a6cojnoTHbiH ypOBCHb 3TOFO CHrHajia B T.X C OTHOCHTCJIbKblM ypOBHCM +3 PemeHHe HaxoAHM aGcojHOTHbiH ypOBCHb MomnocTH cnrnajia B THOy P 50- 10"6 \MBrn 10 PaccHHTbisaeM a6cojnoTHbiH yposeHb cnrHajia B T. x • MoiU,HOCTb HOMCXH B T.X C OTHOCHTCJIbHblM ypOBHCM -20 flBlVlO COCTaBJIflCT 10 nBT. PaccHHTaTb MoiinrocTb noMexH, npHBe^eHHyio K THOV. PeineHHe Flo onpe^ejieHHio pm = 10 Ig p ex = P .10"°' lp " = 10 -\Q2nBm = \nBrn . 23 , ocjia6jiemie (saxyxaHHe), KO3<|)<|)if uiieur aaxyxamiH. OycTb K Bxofly HeTbipexnojiiocHHKa no^KJiiOHeH corjiacoBaHHWH c HHM HCTOHHHK CHFHajia, a K Bbixofly - corjiacosaHHaa narpysica. O6o3HaHHM PBX - MOIUHOCTb, nOTpeGjIHCMaa HeTblpexnOJIIOCHHKOM OT HCTOHHHKa (MOIIIHOCTb Ha Bxo,n,e), UBX - HanpJDKCHHe na Bxo^e HCTbipexnomocKHKa (flencTByiomee 3HaneHHe), PBWX - MoiHHOCTb B HarpysKc (na UBMX - Hanpa^ccHHe na narpy3Ke (na HaSOBCM M =6bi*ex H A/ =euiex, COOTBeTCTBCHHO, KO^M)(^H^HeHTaMH nepe^ann HeTbipexnoniocHHKa no MOIHHOCTH H no nanpa^ceHHio. Onpe^ejiHM cjie/iyioiiiHe JiorapHc^MHHecKHe xapaKTepncTHKH: S=l(%gKM=pMeblx—pMex 5ia;B -ycHjieHHe HCTbipexnojiiocHHKa -ycHjiHTejia no MOIUHOCTH, SH -20lgKH =pHeblx-pHgx,fl£> -ycHJieHHe no HanpaaceHHio. 3aM6THM, HTO yCHJICHHC H OTHOCHTeJIbHblH ypOBCHb, HO CyTH, TO»Cfl,eCTBeHHbie HOH»THa, eCJIH CHHTaTb HTO T.JC - 3TO BblXOfl yCHJIHTCJIH, a T.y — erO BXOfl. A = lQ\gKMl =pMSX-pMeblx,K& - ocjia6jieHHe nOMOLUHOCTH. TH — pHex— PHeuaajs$ - ocjia6jieHHe no ECJIH BXOflHOe H BblXOflHOe COnpOTHBJICHHa HCTblpexnOJHOCHHKa OflHHaKOBbl RBX=RBi,lx TO ycHJieHHe (saTyxanHe) no Mom,HOCTHr paBHO ycHJieHHK) (saTyxaHHio) no Hanp5DK6HHK>, HOCKOJIbKy V _ TJ SHJC 2 / /? ebur _ v2 ^^7^T=K" , HTO OTpHuaTejibHoe ycHJieHHe O3HanaeT saTyxanne, a OTpnuaTejibHoe - ycHJieHHe. SaTyxanne, BHOCHMOC IKM JIHHHH nepe^anH, HasbmaioT KO3(J)4)HU,HeHTOM o6o3HanaioT a H HSMepaiOT B ^B/KM. SaTyxanne JIHHHH .ZLJIHHOH i ,KM paccHHTbisaioT TaK A = OC • I Ha Bxofl, TpaKTa, cocToamero H3 JIHHHH nepe^ann ^JIHHOH 10 KM c KO3(j}(j>HiiHeHTOM saTyxaHHa 2,5 flB/KM, H ycHJiHTejia c ycnjieHHCM 15 flE (no MomnocTH) nofl,aH cnrnaji c a6cojnoTHbiM yposneM -5 ^BM. PaccHHTaTb cnrnajia B HarpysKe 24 TOH o(=2,5jB;KM P =' SIR =10 PemeHHe a6cojiK>xHbiH ypoBCHb CHrnajia na Bbixo^e Momnocxb na Bbixo^e (B narpysice) 3aii|HiiieHHOCTb cnrnajia OT HOMCXH (noMexo3aii|Hii|eHHOCTb) Ho c n PC H pc - MOmHOCTb H a6cOJIK)THbIH ypOBCHb MOIU.HOCTH P n H pn- MOIU,HOCTb H a6cOJIK)THbIH ypOBCHb MOIXIHOCTH H MomHOCTb curnajia H MOiu,HOCTb noMexH AOJI^CHW onpe^ejiaTbca B O^HOH H 5KC TOMKC. 3amHIXl,eHHOCTb SBJiaeTCfl OflHOH H3 Ba»HeHIUHX XapaKTCpHCTHK CBa3H: HeM OHa 6ojibine, TCM jiynnie KanecxBO. ripuMep PaccHHxaxb MaKCHManbHoe paccxoaHHe Me>igry flByMfl COCCAHHMH H, CCJIH ypOBenb curnajia Ha Bbixo^e nepe^aiomeH cocxaBJiaex Pnep-0 ABM, yposenb noMexn, npHBCAeHHoii K Bxo/ty npHeMHoii , pasen pn--80 A.BM, KO34>^HU,HCHX saxyxaniw JIHHHH nepe^aHH a = 5 flB/KM, a flonycxHMaa BenHHHHa samnmeHHOcxn na axo^e cxaHUHH A3don = 40 dE PeuieHHe PaccHHXbmaeM 3am,HmeHHOcxb cnrHajia ox HOMCXH na BXOAG cxaHijHH H npHpaBHHBaeM ee K flonycxHMofi A3=Pnep-a't-Pn= Peuiaa ypaBHCHHe oxnocHxejibHo i ^ = KM. 25 ypoBHefi co6oii pacnpefleneHHe ypoBHefi B xapaKxepHbix xonicax Kanana HJIH xpaxxa nepe^anH (npeagne Bcero Ha sxoflax H Bbixo^ax ycHUHxejieH). Ha flHarpaMMe Moryx 6bixb yicasaHbi ypoBHH MOUJHOCXH HJIH HanpjDKCHHfl, a6cojnoxHbie, oxHocHxejibHbie HJIH HSMepnxejibHbie ypoBHH. PacnpocxpaneHbi ,n,Ba JI,HarpaMMy oxnocHxejibHbix ypoBHefi MOIUHOCXH o6biHHO cxpoax fljia Kanajia ^narpaMMa noKasbmaex pacnpeflejieHHe ypoBHen BHyxpn o6opyflOBaHH», - na Bxo^ax H Bbrxoflax OKOHCHHOH H npOMeacyxoHHoii annapaxypw. THOV BX on Al Annaj)3Bpa icpe^aro nc A2 nc on \ranpai\pa yueiia t> t> BbK fl,HarpaMMa oxnocHxejibHbix ypoBHen Kanajia HpesMepnoe yBejinneHHe a6cojnoxHoro ypoBHH CHrnajia B xonxax c oxHOCHxejibHbiM ypoBHCM (na Bbixo^ax ycHJinxejieii) Moacex npHBecxn K HX neperpysKe H pC3KOMy pOCXy HeJIHHCHHblX HCKa^CCHHH. CHH^ceHHe a6cojiK)XHbix ypoBHefi oxHocHxejibHbiMH yposHHMH (na Bxoflax CHrnajia ox HOMCXH. CHrnajioB B XOHKax ycHJiHxejieH) Bbowsaex c 26 IIoaxoMy B ycjioBnax 3KCiuiyaxauHH flnarpaMMy ypoBHen KOHxpojrapyiox, He anaHHxejibHbix ee OXKJIOHCHHH ox HOMHHana (o6biHHO aBxoMaxHHecKn). onxHHecKnx jiHHCHHbix xpaKXOB Hacxo cxpoax ^naqDaMMy a6cojiioxHbix ypoBHefi cpeflHCH MomnocxH onxHHecKoro cnrnajia. Xoxa BHeume ^HarpaMMbi oxHocHxejibHbix H a6cojiioxHbix ypoBHCH oHCHb noxoacH, pasHHqa Mexcjiy HHMH see ace BecbMa cymecxseHHa: no nocjie^Hen ^narpaMMe MO»CHO onpeflennxb MOIUHOCXH CHrHajroB B KOHxpojibHbix xoHKax,xorfla Kax nepsaa nosBOJiaex paccnnxaxb xojibKo HX oxHomeHHe. OV l> oy Al oy A2 S1=A1 S2=A2 Pnp=Pnep-Al Pnp=Pnep-A2 >y - onnraecwrii vcimnenb onxHHecKoro JIHHeilHoro xpaKxa 2? TeMa 5 OcHOBHbie xapaKTepucinKn peneBoro (Te/ie4>OHHoro) cuma/ia EcxecxBeHHbie 3ByKH (HaxypanbHbie SBynaHMfl) aemix Ha xpn rpynnw: H ixiyMbi. HacxoxHbiH cneKxp cubiujHMbix 3ByKOB cocpe^oxoneH B nonoce npHMCpno 20 FLU. 20 KFu. TejiecJ)OHHbiH CHrnaji no CBOCH npupo^e peneBofi. C XOHKH speHHfl .nHHrBHCxa pe4b npe^cxaBJiflex co6ofi nocjie^OBaxejibHOCxb (J)OHeM - XHXIHSHpOBaHHblX 3ByKOB, Ka}K^bIH H3 KOXOpblX, HCCMOXpfl Ha pa3HbI6 BapHaHXbl npOH3HOIXT6HH5I, CB5I3aH B COSHaHHH HCJIOBCKa C O.HHHM H X6M >K6 JTHHrBHCXH4eCKHM 3JieMCHXOM. HeJlOBCK B CpeflHCM npOM3HOCHX 10. ..15 CJ30H6M B C6KyHAy. B Ka>K^OM «3biKe HMeexca onpejieneHHoe KOJIMHCCXBO 4)OHeM, o6biHHO ox 30 /io 50, HanpHMep, B anrjTHHCKOM jnbiKe BbiaejiHrax 42 (jjoHCMbi, B pyccKOM - 41. B 6ojTbixiHHcxBe asbiKOB KOJ1M46CXBO ^OHCM HpeBblLQaeX KOJIH46CXBO 6yKB, nOCKOJlbK}' O^Ha 6yKBa MOK6X o6x.eaHH5IXB HeCKOJlbKO 3ByKOB. OopMa pe46Boro CHrnana, BecbMa cBoeoGpasna. Pe46BOH cnrHaji npeacxaBJiaex co6oH nocjie^oBaxenbHocxb pasrosopHbix (HJIH 3ByKOBbix) HMnyjibcoB, pa3^eneHHbix nay3aMH. H HMnyjibCbi, H nay3bi HMCIOX cjiynaHHyio OopMa pe4eBoro 3KcnepHM6HxajibHO ycxanoBJieHO, 4x0 cpe/iHee 3a ceKyH^y KOJIMMCCXBO nays H cooxsexcxByiomee eMy cpeziHee 3a ceKyn^y KOJIMHCCXBO 3ByKOBbix HMnyjibcoB /lOBOJibHO cxa6njibHa5i BenH4HHa, npnGiiHSMxejibHo paBHa5i AByM. MO>KHO CKasaxb, 4x0 ,aa>Ke y nenpepbiBHO roBOpamero aGonenxa OKOJIO 50% speMCHH pasrosopa cocxaBJiaiox nay3bi. Pe4b Ha4HHaexcji c xoro, 4x0 B Mosry nejiOBCKa BO3HHKaex HeKOxopoe coo6meHMe. OHO npeo6pa3yexc« CHanajia B nocjie^OBaxejibHocxb nepBHbix HMnyjibcoB, ynpaBjifliomHX apxHKyjisfUHOHHbiM annapaxow (ronocoBbie CBJBKH, 5i3i>iK, 3y6bi, ry6bi H ap.) • Annapax npHxo^nx B 4BH>KeHHe, pesyjibxaxoM Koxoporo «BJi5iexc5i aKycxHHecKHH cHrnaji, cooxeexcxByiomHH Hcxo^HOMy coo6meHHro. Bee 3ByKH peHH pasziejiarax Ha BOKajiHsosaHHbie H ((|)pHKaXHBHbie + B3pbIBHbie). K BOKaJTH3OBaHHbTM OXHOCHX TJiaCHbie H 3BOHKH6 cornacHbie. 3xn leyKH nanGojiee npo/ioji>KMxejibHbie (ao 250 MC) H MomHbie. Cxeivia MX HH)Ke. LU,C,X) npezicxaBJiaiox co6oH rjrajiKHH B Xyp6yjlCHXHOH B03ZiyiHHOH Cpe^e. M C X O 4 H M K O M B3pbIBHbIX 3ByKOB (n,X,K) SBJl cKa4OK zwBJieHMfl, opraHOB. no-xynaiomHMCJi npn pe3KOM paiMbiKaHHH 28 IIOJLOCTfc pT3 Hoc POT PaCCMOTpHM CXeMy (})OpMHpOBaHH51 BOKaJTH- sosaHHbix 3ByKOB. JlerKHe H xpaxefl Hrpaiox po;ib aKKyMyjiflxopa sosjiyxa H nacoca. Csepxy xpaxea 3aKaHHHBaexcfl ropxanbio, BHyxpn Koxopofi pacnoJiO)KeHbi ronocoBbie CBM3KH H3 CBH3OMHOH H MbHUeHHOH XKaHH, (pesoHaTop) FopxaHb c rOJIOCOBWMH nacxHHHo nepeKpbisaiomHe npocsex ropxaHH. PeneBOH HJIM TOJIOCOBOH xpaxx npeflcxaBJiaex coGon xpy6y nepeMeHHoro ceneHH5i (pesonaxop). OH nanHHaexca y rojiocosbix CB5I3OK H 3aKaHMHBaexca ry6aMH. Ka>K^oiviy 3BVKy pe L in cooxsexcxByex onpe/ieneHHoe cxaxMHecxoe onpe^eneHHa5i jjHHaMHKa iKa, HejnocxeH, ry6, Ha3bisaUHeH. HMCHHO no3xoMy cooTBexcxsyiomHe opraHbi apXHKyj]5IUHOHHbIX. CxeMa BOKaJlH3OBaHHbIX 3B}'KOB O6pa3OBaHne rojioca CBJisano c paGoxoM TOJIOCOBUX CBMSOK, KOJieGaHMH Koxopbix Bbi3biBaiox MOAyjiauHto Bbi^bixaeMoro noxoKa B03.nyxa. Flepido/], KOJieGaHHM rojiocosbix CBJ13OK T onpe^enaeT ocHOBHyio nacxoxy (OCHOBHOH XOH) rojioca fi = l/T x . e . ero Bbicoxy. J^JIH Gaca f, ~ 70 Fu, zui« /ICXCKHX rojiocoB f] ~ 450 Fu. PaGoxa rojiocoBbix CBH3OK no^oGHa paGoxe renepaxopa : nivinynbCM HMnyjlbCOB CJ1OKHOM (|)OpMbl. HaCXOXHblH cneKxp nepno,nM4ecKOM nocjie/jOBaxejibHOcxH ronocoBbix 3XHX HMnyjlbCOB ^MCKpeXHblH M COCXOMX M3 rapMOHHK nacxoxbi OCHOBHOFO xona. rapMOHHK yGbmatox npHMepHO no 1/f2 (12 nE Ha oKxasy). PeneBOH xpaKx MOMCHO paccMaxpHBaxb KaK cj)Hjibxp, oGiiaaaK)inHH CJTWKHOH A4X c noai>eMOB H nposajiOB. CneKxp 3ByKa nojiynaexca Kai< peiyjibxax yMHOKCHMfl Kax/ioH rapMOHHKH OCHOBHOTO xona Ha KO3(J)(})HUMeHX nepe^anH peHesoro xpaKxa na ztaHHOH nacxoxe. CneKxp HMnyjTbcoB ronocoBbix CB«30K coziep>KHx aecaxKH rapMOHHK. Flocne npoxo>K/ieHH5i peneBoro xpaKxa, AHX Koxoporo cymecxBeHHO HepasHOMepHa, 29 aMnjiHxy,Kbi OOTHX rapMOHHK yBejTHHHBaioxcfl, apyrHx yMeHbiuaiOTCfl. O6jiacxH cneKXpajibHbix MaKCMMyMOB , oGycjiOBJieHHbie, rjiaBHbiM o6pa3OM, pesoHaHCHbiMH CBOHCTBaMH peHeBoro xpaKxa, nasbisaiox (J)opMaHxaMH. Ka>KflOMy ssyxy penn cooxBexcTByex CBOH (J)opMaHXHbiH PHCVHOK. PasjiHHHbie ssyKH HMCIOT Heo^HHaKOsoe KOJTHHCCXBO (JDOpivraHx: macHbie %o Hexbipex, myxne corjracHbie no 5...6. /Jse HanGojiee HH3KO4aCXOXHbie (JDOpMaHXbl H33bJBaK)X OCHOBHblMM, OCXaJlbHblC - BCHOMOraxeJlbHblMM. OcHOBHbie (J)opMaHXbi onpeaeji^iox npoH3HocHMbm 3ByK peHH, a BcnoMoraxejibHbie xapaKxepusyioT HHanBn^yajTbHbiH nun Ka>K^oro HeiroBeKa xe\i6p ("oKpacKy") ssyxa. KOHKpeXHbie 3Ha4eHM5I CJDOpMaHXHblX H3CXOX, MX KOJ1HH6CXBO H B3aHMHOe pacnojio>KeHHe ZIJIH O^HHX H xex »ce 3ByKOB, nporonocHMbix paaHbiMH niozibMH, Moryx cHjibHO pasuHHaxbCfl. J\j\n pyccKOH penn c})opMaHXHbie nacxoxbi xaKOBbi: F, - 200...900 TU, F2 - 700...2500 Tu, F3- 1900... 3 100 FLI, F4 - 2900... 4500 / / / / / 'v--^/ \' _/ \ s \>— I I 0 f, 2f, 3f, ... CneKxp FOJIOCOBblX CB330K AHX peneeoro xpaKxa f 't CneKXp 3BVK3 CxeMa B3aHMoaeHcxBHa sneMenxos peHesoro xpaxxa npn BOKaJTH3OBaHHbIX 3ByKOB XapaKrepHCTMKM penn 1 . LLlnpHHa nacxoxHoro cneKxpa. 9KcnepHMeHxa;ibHO ycxaHOBJieno, HXO uiMpHHa cneKxpa peneBoro cnn-ia.na cocxaBJiaex ox 100... 200 Fu ,no 7... 9 xFu. TaKne rpaHHuw cooxBexcxBytox 75%-OH cjryiiiaxejieH-3KcnepxoB 3aMe4aiox ero 2. TeKymaa cpe^HM^i MOiunocxb M AHHaMUHecKMM yposeHb. Flycxb S(t) - cj)yHKUH5i, onwcbiBaiomaH H3MeneHH5i HanpH>KeHH5i penesoro Ha HHxepBajre 0... T. CpeAHeH MoujHocxbK) CHrnajra na 3XOM HHxepBaue Ha3 cpe/iHeKBazipaxHHecKoe ro XOTH, cxporo roBOpa, 3x0 Boo6me ne MomHocxb, a KBa/xpax (3(j)c}3eKXHBHoro) 3Ha L ieHHfl Hanpa>KeHHa, se/ib pa3MepHocxb P ne Bx, a B 2 . Bbime oxMenanocb, HXO peneBOH cnrnaji npencxasjiaex co6oH nocneziOBaxejibHocxb pasrosopHbix HMny^bcos pa3JiHHHOH BejiHHHHbi H c{)opMbi, ' naysaMH. FlpH onpeaejieHHH xeKymen cpezineH MOIIZHOCXH BpeMa T Bbl6npaK3X ^OCXaXOMHO MaJlblM no CpaBHCHHK) C nOJlHOH flJlHXeJlbHOCXblD , Koxopaa MOKCX cocxaBJiaxb MHHyxbi M^H /la/xe nacbi; oGbiHHO T ~ 0,2 c. 30 coo5pa3HTb, HTO c TeneHHeM BpeMeHH P He ocTae'TCfl HOCTOJIHHOH: CCJTH T npnxo/iHTCfl npeHMymecTBCHHO Ha nay3y, TO P ~ 0, ecjin 3TOT HHTepsaji "HaKpbmaeT" MOIIIHHH 3ByK, TO P MOKCT OKasaTbca BecbMa 3HaHHTeJibHOH, 3ByKOBOH HMnyjibc HeBejiHK,TO H P 6y^eT ^ocTaTOHHO Majioii. HMCHHO no 3TOM HasbisaiOT "TeKymen" H oGosHanaiOT P(t). JlorapncfiMMHecKyK) Mepy TeKymen cpe^Hew MOUJHOCTH VpOBHCM P(t) 4 nay 3 a nays a nays a 3aBHCHMOCTb TeKymen cpeziHefi MOIJJ.HOCTH OT 3.MMHHMajibHa^[ H MaKCHMajibHaa Teicymafl cpeziHaa Mom,HOCTb M MMHHMajibHbiii H MaKCHMaJIbHblH OTHaMHHeCKHH ypOBCHb. MHHHMajIbHOH TCKymeH MOUJ,HOCTbK) (/IHHaMHHeCKHM ypOBHCM) HaSblBaiOT BeJTHHHHy, BepOHTHOCTb HpeBbIUJeHH« KOTOpOH 6lTH3Ka K 1 H COCTaBJTJieT oGblHHO 0,99. MO>KHO cKasaTb, MTO MHHMManbHaa MomnocTb (HJIH ypoBCHb) npeBbiiuaeTCJi B 99% MaKCHManbHOH TeKymen MomnocTtfo (^HHaMnnecKHM yposneM) , BepOMTHOCTb npeBbiiiieHHH KOTOPOH 6nH3Ka K 0 M cocTaejmeT o6bi4HO 0,01. MOKHO cKasaTb, HTO MaKCHMajibHaa MomHOCTb (HJIH ypoBCHb) npeBbiuiaeTca JiHixib B 1% BpeMeHH nepejiaHH. P(t) MHHHMajibHOH H MaKCHMaribHOM MOLHHOCTH (nav3bi HCKJHOHCHU) 4.Cpe/aH5I5I MOLUHOCTb H VpOBCHb Cpe/THCH MOLUHOCTH Opn BbiHHCJieHHH cpe/jHeH MOLUHOCTH CHTHajia P cp BpeM5i ycpeijHeHHH 6epyT paBHbiM HOJIHOH AJiHTejibHOCTH cHTHajia (speMCHH nepefla4H), HanpHMep, 31 MHHyxe HJTH j^ayKe nacy, rrpo^ojraHTejTbHocxH xejiecjjoHHoro pasrosopa H x.n. MOlUHOCXb B OXJIMHMe OX XeKVLUeM BeJlHHMHa nOCXOflHHafl M OX BpeMCHM HC 3aBHCMX. Ee ypOBenb 3x0 M ecxb xox caMbiH aGcojrioxHbiH ypoBCHb MOLLJHOCXM, Koxoporo 6biJio A&HO B iviaxepnajiax xeivibi 4. H riHK({)aKxop P D = W\g=~^ = Pmax ~ Pmin > "' Q = lOlg ^ = p m a x - p c p , Tcp B 3XHX 4>opMyjrax Pmdx H P m j n MaKCHMajitnoe H MHHHMaJTbHoe 3HaMeHH« xeKymen cxH, P cp - cpe^H5i5i MOLUHocxb CHrHana; p m;lx M p mm - MaKCHMautHoe H MMHHManbHoe SHaneHHM ^MHaMHnecKoro ypoBHH, p ep -a6cojiK)XHbiH ypOBCHb MOIU,HOCXH CHrnajra. J],ji« peneBoro cnrnajia D = 25. .35 ziB, Q ~ 12 ,aB. nacxo Hcnojibsypox /ipyroe onpe^eneHHe nHK(})aKxopa max U max - MaKCHMajibHoe (HJIH KBasHMaKCHMaubnoe) Hanpa>KeHHe CHrnana MFHOBeHHOe 3HaH6HHe HanpJDKCHHH, BepOHXHOCXb npeBblllieHHH KOXOpOTO 6lTH3Ka K ). U 3 - 3(J3(})eKXHBHoe (MJIM aeficxByiomee) 3HaneHMe HanpajKCHMM U 3 = MO>KHO Bbipa3HXb B Qf = 2 0 1 g l l . Hxo6bi, KaK roBopax, "nonyBCXBOBaxb pa3HHuy" MOK^y Q H Q' paccHMxaeM o6e 3XH xapaKxepMcxMKM zui« rapMOHMHecKoro KOJieGaHMs c a.MnjiMxy^oH U m M cpaBHMM MX CO6OH. exor H3 onpe/ieneHMH xeKymen cpe/iHen MOIUHOCXH, MO;>KHO saKjiionnxb, HXO rapMOHMHecKoro KOJieGaHMS c nocxo^HHOM aMniiMxy/tOM OHa He 3aBMCMX ox BpeivieHM pro • ~— —U-,— W = Pmax = Pcp = pmm 2 1 r r r , Q= 0 jiB, nocKOJibKy Ig 1 = 0. C apyroH cxopoHbi U 3 = A /U 2 n /2 = U m /\/2 . ECJTH nojio>KHXb U m a x =U m , TO II = V2, a Q^= 201g(2°':') = 3 ziB. KaK M cne^oBajio wKM^axb Q -i- Q* 32 XapaKiepMCTHKM Te/ie4>OHHoro CMma/ia 1 . IllMpMHa nacTOTHoro cneKTpa CTaHflapTHafl mnpHHa nacTOTHoro cneKxpa xenecjjOHHoro cHrnajia cocxaBraex 0 , 3 - - - 3 , 4 Kfu. B SXOH nojroce pasMematoTCH 3 . . . 4 (jjopManxbi, HXO rapanxHpyex ne xonbKO xopouxyto pasGopnHBOCXb, HO H ysHasaeMOCTb co6ece,nHHKa no OCoGeHHOCXflM CFO TOJIOCa. B 'H 'B 3JieKXpOCBfl3H UIHpOKO HOJTb3yK)XCfl yCJIOBHHM H3o6pa>KeHMeM cnnoujHoro cneKxpa B BHAC npflMoyrojibHoro xpeyrojibHHxa. HH>KH«« nacxoxa cnexxpa oGbTHHO cooxBeTCTByeT ocxpoMy yrny, B zianHOM cjiynae f,,= 0 , 3 Kfn, f H = 3,4 cnnoniHoro cneKTDa aKTHBHOCXH KOSCJJCJDHUHCHX aKXMBHOCXH K a paBCH OTHOLU6HMK3 BpeMCHM aKXMBHOCXM HCXOHHHKa K oGmen npoaoji>KHxejibHOCXH xe;ie(|)OHHoro pa3roBOpa. BpeMa aKXHBHOcxn MCHbuie npoziojDKHTejibHocTH pasrosopa H3-3a roro, HTO BO-nepBbix, aooneHT B TpaTHT o/iMHaKOBoe BpeMH Ha pasroBop H cjiymaHne, H BO-BTOPHX, H3-3a nays MOK^y cuoraMH, cuosaMH H cj)pa3aMH. 3KcnepHM6HTajibHo ycTanoBjieno, HTO Ka = 0,25 ... 0,35. 3.Pacnpe/iejieHHe cpeziunx (sa speMH pairoeopa) MOLUHOCTCH cnrHanoB pasnux aGoHCHTOB CHrnajibi OT aGoHCHTOB, npnxofl5nu,He na BXOZI, Kanaka TH( B THOy), Moryx HMexb oneHb paaHbie cpeziHHe MOLUHOCTH. BeiiHHHHa cpe^HCH MOLUHOCTH -saBHCHT OT Manepw roBopHTb, OT saTyxaHHH adOHsHTOi-coii JIHHHH, OT KOHicpeTHoro Te.necJ)OHHoro annapaTa. CireaoBaTenbHO, cpezinioio MomHOCTb MO^KHO paccMaxpHBaxb KaK cnynaHHyKD sejiHHHHy. B pesyjibxaxe MCCJieziOBaHMH ycxanoBJieHO, HXO na HHxepBanax aKXHBHOCXH cxaxHcxHHecKoe pacnpejiejieHHe a6cojiK)THbix ypoBHefi cpe^Hen MOLUHOCXH npH6;iH>KeHHo onucbiBaexcH 3aKOHOM faycca c napaiviexpaMH: cpe^nee. 3HaHeHHe(MaxeMaxH L iecKoe o^H^aHHe) yposHa cpe/iHen MOLUHOCXH B THOy p--10...-12 flEMO cpe^HeKBajipaxHHecKoe oxKuoneHne ox cpeanero o = 4.. .5 ziBMO. Mo>KHO nOflCHHTaTb, HTO C BepOHTHOCTblO 0,997 BeJTHHHHbl ypOBHCH HaXOflJITCH B npe/iejiax OT p-3a no p+3a(npaBHJio Tpex CMTM). HHBIMH cjiosaMH, TOJIBKO y xpex H3 1000 ypoBCHb MO>Kex OKa3axbca HHxe -22. ..-27 nBMO H Bbime 0. ..+5 . FpyGo roBopa, cpeaH«a MOLunocxb cnrHana, npHxo^amero ox aGoHCHxa B THOY, Gbisaex Gojibixie 1 MBxO (0 ^EiviO) H eme pe>xe Menbiue 1 MKBxO(-30 ziBMO). TaKMM oGpasoM, flMHaMHHecKHH zinanasoH xenecj)OHHoro CMFHajia B Kpymbix nncjiax cocxaBJiaex nop^flKa 30 ,nJ6. Cpe^HepacnexHoe 3HaneHHe cpe^Hen MOIUHOCTH xejiec|)OHHoro cnrHajra B THOy paBHblM 32 MKBTO, HTO COOTRCTCTByeT ypOBHK) -15 33 Te/via 6 OCHOBHblE XAPAKTEPMCTMKM HETE/lEOOHHblX CMFHA/IOB Cnma/ibi co6oH nocjre,noBaxejTbHocxb penesbix H My3biKajibHbix cooGmeHHH. PeneBOH CHrnaji - sxo penb .AHKxopa M aKxepcKaa pent, a xaioKe cojibnoe neHHe. CnrHaj: MysbiKanbHoro conpoBOK^eHHJi - 3x0 cojibnoe conpoBO)KzieHHe, aHcaMGjib, KaMepHbiH opKecxp, opKecxp. OCHOBHblMH XapaKXCpHCXHKaMH CHFHaJia 3ByKOBOrO BCLUaHHa 51BJ15HOXC51: 1. LLInpnHa nacxoxHoro cneKxpa o nacxoxHbix ^Hana3onax HeKOxopbix HCXOHHHKOB 3BVKa csezieHbi B FpaHHHHbie nacxoxbi HCXOHHHK 3ByKa HH/KHflfl My>KCKOH TOJTOC )KeHCKHH ro/ioc Pofljib CKpnuKa Ojienxa Tape.iKM JTHxaspbi LUyM maroB lOOFu 200 Fu lOOFu 200 Fu 250 Fu 400 Fu 65Fu 100 Fu 150Fu BepXHflfl 7KFu 9 KFu 6 KFu 14 KFu 1 4 K-Fu 12 KFu 3 KFu 1 0 K-Fu 15 K-Fu 3a BepxHToio HJTH HH>KHKDK> rpammy cnexxpa npHHHiviaiox nacxoxy cpesa orpaHHHHBaiomero cneKxp OBH HUH OHM, npn KoxopoH orpaHH^eHHe HacroTHoro ^Hana3ona 3aMeHaiox 75% SKcnepxoB. 3HeprexnnecKHe HJTH KaKnejiH6o zipyrne KpnxepHH mnpHRbi cneKxpa 3ByKOBoro BemaHHH HHKor^a He H3-sa oxcyxcxBHa o l . e K X H B H b I X flaHHblX O 3HaHHMOCXH X6X HJIH HHbix cneKxpairbHbix j\ns\o Ha OCHOBC ^aHHbix cyoteKXHBHO - cxaxncxHMecKHX 3KcnepxH3 mnpHHa nonocbi nponycKaHHJi Kanaiia 3BVKa Bbiciuero KJiacca npHH^xa pasHOH 30 Fn ... 15 3HaH6HH5I 3XHX XapaKXCpHCXHK ZIJ1H HCKOXOpbTX BH^OB HCXOHHHKOB yKa3aHbI B x xaojinuax. MCXOHHHK 3ByKa HCXOHHHK 3ByKa ,H,HHaMHHeCKHH flnana3OH D, ziB PCHb flHKXOpa AKxepcKaa penb Majibie aucaiviGjiH CHM(J)OHHHeCKHH opKecxp 25. ..35 35. . . 4 5 4 5 ... 5 5 HHKCjiaKxop Q, AB 10 POHJlb 12 Penb MncxpyMeHxajibKbie /— 19 CHM(})OHHHeCKHH 65. . . 7 5 opKecxp 28 34 Te/ieBM3MOHHbie OCHOBaHO na HHtjxipMauHH o apKocxH H usexe ClpOKM 3JieiVieHXOB M3o6pa}KeHM}l, KOTOpaa CHMXblBaeXCfl C (jjOTOMHiueHM nepe.fl.aK3 me M xpyGxn npn noMomn sjieicrpoHHoro Jiyna B npouecce passepTKZ. nOJIHbIM TeJieBMSHOHHbIM CMFHaJlOM, Tpn KOMROHeHxa: cHrnaji jipKOCTH, CHrnaji UB6XHOCXH H CHTHaJlbl CHHXpOHH3aUHH (flO CXpOKaM ripuHLjun paaeepiKM M no ClpOHHblM HMnynbc Gunman u^eiHOCxn 12 MKC Hynesoro noTeHU,na^a) ClpOHHbll/i cnHxpomvinynbC CxpyKxypa O^HOH cxpoKH nonHoro TB ocymecxBnHrax B BHfle nocneaoBaxenbHocxH Ka,n,pOB, nacxoxa Koxopbix cocxaBJiaex 25 Ka,n,p/c. Ka/K/ibiH Ka/ip cjioprvinpyiox aeiiPia HOMHHajibiio 625 cxpoK na Ka,up. Rn% yivieHbn TB cnrnaji (})opMHpyiox B BH^C nonyKanpoB, Koxopbie CMCHHIOX apyr c nacxoxoH 50 nonyKazipOB B cexyH/iy: B O.AHOM nonyKa^pe nepeziaiox nexnue cxpoKH, B apyroM - HenexHwe. HacxoxHbifi cneKxp TB cnrHana HaMHHaexca ox HyjTH, HXO oxsenaex nepejane noireM nocxoHHHOH HPKOCXH. BepxHioio rpaHHHHyio i iacxoxy cnexxpa MO>KHO oueHHXb cneziyK)mHM o6pa30M.ripezinojio>KHM, HXO na npoxa>KeHHH cxpoKH nepeaaexca nocnezioBaxenbHocxb Hepntix H Geitbix 3iieMCHXOB H3o6pa>KeHH5i MMHMMajibHoro pa3iviepa. ,^\ / \ \ KojiMHecxBO xaKHx 3neMeHXOB B cxpoice cocxaBHx 625-(4/3) = 8 3 3 , X . K . xejiesxpaH co6oH npHMoyrojibHHK c N \ cxopoH 4:3. ZUiHxe.ibHOCXb K paCM^ Be P XHe ^ ^ rpaHM 4 bi cneKxpa sneivteHxa pasna T=(64-12) • 10" 6 /833 = 6 , 2 4 - 1 0 " s c . xaKoro AOcxaxoHHO nepBOH rapMOHMKM cooxsexcxBywiuero cnrHana 35 f,=l/(2-i) = l/(2-6,24-10' 8 )= 8 MFii. PeajibHO BejiHHHHoM: AFTLi = 6 . . . 6,5 MFu. CxpyKxypa cneKxpa TB CHrHana noBOJibHO HecKOKbKo Menbine H onpeflejuiexcfl, B OCHOBHOM, 2f CT p ni (n+1)fcrf OOIIJ.HH BHa cneKxpa CHrHana CneKxp coAep>KHX nocxo^HHyio cocxasjiflKDmyK), Koxopaa Hecex HHCJiopiviauHK) o 5IpKOCXM HenOaBH)KHbIX /jexajTCH H3o6pa>KeHHa, HH3KO L iaCXOXHbIH K B ^Hanasone ox nyjia AO necKOJibKHX repu, necymHH HHcj)opMauHTO o cpeziHen , a XaK>K6 COCXaBJlHHDLUHe B OKpeCXHOCXH rapMOHHK CXpOHHOM "6 nacxoxbi f c l p = l / ( 6 4 - 1 0 " ) — 15625 Fu. Hn3K04acxoxHbie cocxaB^MK)Hj,He nepenocax HH(j)opMauHK) o KpynHbix aexanax H3o6pa>KeHH5i, a BbicoKonacxoxHbie - o MejiKHX. Ba>KHa5i ocoGeHHocxt cneKxpa COCXOHX B HajiHMHH cBo6o^Hbix HacxoxHbix nonoc Me>K/i,y cneKxpajibHbiMM KOMrioneHxaMH, pacnojio/KCHHbiMH B OKpecxHOCxnx rapMOHHK. HMCHHO B 3XH Hesanaxbie npOMe>KyxKH noMemaiox cneKxp UBexHocxH H no3xoMy LUHpHHa cneKxpa CHrnana usexHoro xejieBH^enHH xaxaa >ioTOTe/ierpa(|)Hbie) curHa/ibi 3xo CHrHanbi, cooxBexcxByromne nenoziBH>KHbiM H3o6pa>iKeHne Oxpa>KeHHbiM ^-^--"''~ CBGTOBOM nyn ^-^« 4 \f ^-^ d \ OaKCMMMflbHblM CBGXOBOM riyH OT HCTOHHHK3 CxeMa cJDopivinpoBaHna dpaKcuivinnbHoro cumana 36 HeGojTbixroe CBexoBoe anajiHSHpyiomee nsixHO nepeiviemaexcH no noBepXHOCXH opnrxiHajia, pasBepxKa (cKaHHpOBaHne) MO>Kex Gbixb MexaHnnecKOH HJIH 3JieKxpOHHOH. CBCXOBOH noxoK, oxpa>KeHHbiH sjieMenxapHbiMH miomaziKaMH H3oGpa>KeHH5i, cooxBexcxByiomHMH JO,naMexpy aHajiH3HpyK>iu,ero naxna d, nonajiaes B $OTOiipHei npeoGpasye xca B sjieKxpHMecKHH C}DOTOTOK, npe^cxaBJiJirciiJXHH coGon Ha HXO HHOB, nepBHMHbiH c^oxoxejierpacJDHbiH FTpn nepeaane inTpnxoBoro H3oGpa>iKeHna CHFHaJl JIBJIJieTCa KBaHTOBaHHbiM cHrHajioM HenpepbiBHoro BpeMeHH, HMeromHM ,KBa 3HaneHH5i no BejiHHHHe, cooxBexcxByrctiLiHX nepnoMy H GejiOMy. Hpn nepeaaHe nojiyxoHOBbix H3o6pa>KeHHH CHrnaji no (JDOpMe Majio HCM oxjiHHaexcfl ox xeneBH3HOHHoro CHTHaJia HpKOCTH. nacxoxa cneKxpa cJDaKCHMHJibHoro CHrnajia pasna nyjito; ero nacxoxy MO>KHO HaMxn XOHHO xaK >KC, KaK y TB CHrnajra, nonaraa HXO npeztcxasjiHex coGon nepe/iyioLUHeca nepHbie H Gejibie nojiocbi, HanpaBJieHHK) pa3eepxKH, mnpHHa Koxopbix pasna d f - V/ >-» ~ I2d ' D - cKopocxb nepeiviemeHHJi naxHa. nepe^aMH H3oGpa>KeHHH nnoma^bK) S xpe6yexc5i p= S/(ud). T n L .f,f M =S/(2d). MxaK, npoH3Be/ieHHe BpeMenn nepeaaMH x,, cp Ha mnpHHy cneKxpa He sasHCHT ox CKOPOCXH, a onpe/iejiaexcH xojibxo njioma;xbH3 opnrHHajia H paspeiuafomeH cnoco6nocxbK). HanpHMep, BpeMfl nepe/iaHH ra3exnoH HOJIOCU pasiviepOM 40x55 CM npn d= 0,065 MM B Kanajie c HOJIOCOH nponycKaHHa 0...180KFH cocxaBHX T llcp =S/(2f N1 d 2 )=0,4-0,55/(2- 1 80- 1 0 3 -(6,5- 1 0' 5 ) 2 )~ 1 45c. Eypnoe pa3BHxne KOMnbtoxepnon XCXHHKH npHBejio K npaKXHHecKH nojmoMy H noBceMecTHOMy BbixecHeHHK) cpejicxs (jjoxoxejierpacjwoH XCXHHKH H 3aMene ee aGoHCHXCKHMH 4^KCHMHJTbHbIMH yCXaHOBK3MH. B HaCXOHUjee BpeMfl npHHHHnaMH nepe/iaHH Heno/iBH>KHbix H3o6pa>iceHHH HBJIJHOXCM: •"6yMa>KHbiH" npHHunn, peajinsyeMbiH aGoHCHXCKHMH npeoGpaayiomHMH H3o6pa»:eHHe B 3JieKxpHnecKHH cnrHaji H nenaxb npHH^xoro H3o6pa/KeHHH Ha xepMOoyMare HJIH o6bi4HOH 6yi\iare; • "6e36yMa>Ki-ibiH" npnuunn, 3aKJiioHaiomHHOi B nepe^ane AOKyMenxa B 3J16KXpOHHOM BH^C lia JlpvrOH KOMnbKDXCp C H C n O J I b 3 0 B a H H e M (j)aKC-MOJXeMa. RapajiJiejibHoe pa3BHxne XCXHHKH Me/KKOMnbioxepnoro oGMena 3JieKxpOHHOH noHXbi no xejiecJ)OHHbiM Kai-iajiaM ooycjioBHJTO VHH([)HKauHK) xapaKTepHCTHK (|)aKCHMHjibHbix CHTHajioB H cHTHajioB nepeziaHH H 37 .qaHHbix FIpe,fl,CTaBJlfllOX C06OH UM(|DpOBbie CHTHaJlbJ, e^HHHHHblMH SJieiVieHXaMH KOTOpblX HBJUIIOXCJI HMnyjibCbi nocxo5iHHoro xoxa (BH^eoHMnyjibCbi). Tax KaK HCXOHHHKH xaxnx CHrnajiOB, KaK npaBHno, ziBOHHHbie, TO cHrnajibi HMCIOT Asa paspemeHHbix ypoBHfl: HH3KHH (o6bJ4HO 0) H BblCOKHH (oGblHHO 1). CMMBOJlbl 0 H 1 HM6HyK)T 6MXaMH, H6 o6pama5i BHHMaHne (KaK 3x0 ^enaexcfl B xeopnn HHCjoopMauHn) na sepoaxHOCXb HX nOHBJ16HH5I H HajlMMHC K O e J i a U H O H H b l X CBH36H. 1 -»• ^T 1 1 1 1 T <- nepe/iaHH OcHOBHbiMH -xapaKxepHCXHKaMH CHrnajia nepeaaMH aaHHbix FI^I, 1. TaKxoBbiH HHxepBau TT - npoiMe>KyxoK speivieHH, oxBezieHHbiH 0/],HOrO CMMBOJia, C. 2. TaKxosaH nacxoxa f T =l/T T - nacxoxa c.ie^OBaHHH CHMBOJTOB, Fu. 3. CKBa^KHOcxb q = TT/T. , rji,e T- ^jinxeiibHocxb e^HHHHHoro sneMeHxa, c. (Ha pncyHKe q=2). oo > q >, 1 . 4. CKOpocxb nepeziaHH B - KOHMHecxBO ABOMHHbix CHMBOJIOB, nepeziaHHbix 33 1 c, GHX/C. M3 onpeaeneHHH 2 H 4 cneziyex, HXO xaKxosafl nacroxa, Bbipa>iKH5i5i nacxoxa ero cneKxpa paBHa Hy^K). HxoGbi HafixH Bepxmoi-o Hacxoxy cneKxpa paccivioxpHM nepHOziHHecKHH BH/ieoHMnyjTbCHbiH ciirHaji, cooxBexcxByi-omHH Hepe^yiomeHC5i nocjieztOBaxejibHocxn 6nx ...1010101..., n p H H H B ZIJT« pa3Hoo6pa3HH q = 1 . nepsaa rapMOHUKa / / \ / \ \T \ \ /' \ \ // \ \ \ \ J /\ \ Mepe,qyK3Lu,aflc?i nocneflosaxenbHocTb HMnynbcoB n npoGenos n ee nepsaa rapMOHMKa Ha nepsbiH Bsrn^rzi mnpHHa cneKxpa xaKoro cnrnajia cxpeMHXca K 6ecKoH64HOCXH, X.K. CHCKXp BH^eOHMHyjlbCa KOH64HOH AUHXCJlbHOCXH H6 OrpaHH46H. O^HaKO Ha npneMe Hex Heo6xoziHMOCxH BOCCxaHaBJinsaxb ^opMY cnrnajia, aocxaxoHHO Ha^e>KHO oxunnaxb 0 ox 1 . M3 p n c y n K a BH^HO, HXO ZUTH 3xoro Bnonne aocxaxoHHO nepsoH rapMOHHKH, npeacxaBjiarameH coGon Kone6aHHe nonyxaKXOBOH nacxoxbi. FIo3xoiviy f n = f,/2, HUH xaK: BepxHaa nacxoxa cneKxpa BH/i.eoHMnyjibCHoro 38 cnrHajia HHCJICHHO pasna nonoBMHe CKOPOCTM nepe^anM. 3TOT BbiBou, He SaBHCHT OT CKBa>KHOCTM, T . K . npM 66 M3M6H6HMH MaCTOTa M6pBOH TapMOHMKM OCTaeTCfl HOCTOHHHOM. linage rosopfl, iiiMpHHa cneierpa nepBMHHoro CHrnajia FIJI, nojiHocxbio onpefle.i5ieTC5i CKOpocxbio nepe^a^H H HC 3aBMCHT OT /uiHTentHOCTH eflHHHHHoro 3JT6MeHTa. CnenoBaTenbHo, B Kanane c nojiocon nponycKaHMfl O...f n MO>KHO nepeziaTb flBOHHHblH BHJieOHMnyJTbCHblH CMFHaJl C MaKCHMaJTbHOM CKOpOCTbFO B, 6MT/C, HHCJ16HHO paBHOH 2-f u , Fu. /],aHHoe yrBep>KzieHHe Ha3bmaK)T npezienoM (MJIH Gapbepoivi) HaMKBHCTa. 6. Ko3{J)(j)HUH6HT McnojibsosaHHfl nojiocbi nacTOT y (Ha3biBaeMbiH Taicace y-343(J3eKTHBHOCTbK)) nOKa3b!Ba6T C K3KOM MaKCMMaJlbHOH CKOpOCTbK) GMT/C MO>IKHO HOJiyHHTb MaKCHMyM y = 2 (GHT/C)/FU (npejien HaHKBHcra). M3BecTHbi H Gonee 3cJ)4)eKTHBHbie cnocoGbi KOTOpbix y = 6 . . . 8£6HT/c)^u H ^a>Ke Gojibme. KO3cJ)cbHUHeHT y , MO>KHO sanncaTb Bbipa>K6HHe an» uiHpHHbi cneicrpa CMrnana nepeaann aaHHbix B BHjie AFM;i=B/y . HanGoiiee oGmnti npHHHHn, nosBojiaiomnH yBeiiMHHTb y, COCTOHT B npeoGpasoBaHMH ^,BOMM"Hbix CHrHanoB B MHoroypoBHCBbie. MaTCMaTHHecKMM anajior TaKoro npeoGpa3OBaHM5i nepexoa OT ^BOHHHOM CMCTCMbi CMHCJICHM^ K cncTCMe CMHCJieHHsi c GojibuiHM ocHOBaHMCM. FIpM 3TOM flOJT/KHO BbinOJTHHTbCfl HepaBCHCTBO 2"1 < L'\6 1T1 — KOJTMH6CTBO flBOMHHbTX B OAHOM GjioKe, n - KOJlMHecTBO pasp^oB B GnoKe L - ypoBHesoro KOfla. HanpMMep, nape GMT 00 0 1 10 11 MO>KHO nocTasHTb B cooTBCTCTBHe OZIMH npjuvio^TOJibHbifi BHjjeoHMnyjibc c BbicoTOH, npHHHMafomeH O^HO H3 HCTbipex pa3penie'HHbix 3HaneHHH (m = 2, L = 4, n - 1) Ka>K^OM TpOMKe GUT 000 00 1 ... 110 1 1 1 - OAMH BOCbMnypOBHeBbiM MMnynbC (m=3, L = 8,n = 1 ) HJIH ^sa TpexypOBHeBbJX HMnyjibca (m = 3 , L = 3 , n = 2) M T.n. Fipn TaKOM cnocooe npeoGpaioeaHHa TaKTOBaa nacTOTa CHH>KaeTca B m/n pa3, ay- 3cjxj)6KTHBHocTb BospacTaeT no 2 m/n (OMT/C)/FU. MaKCHjyiajibHaa BenHMHHa y ziocTMraeTCH npn 2'" = Fn M y = 21og2 L , (GHT/cj/Fu . K cwKaiieHHTO, yBenHHeHHe y H6H36e>KHo conpoBO>KjaeTca CHM>KeHH6M nOMeXOyCTOMHHBOCTH, nOCKOJlbKy C pOCTOM KOJTHHeCTBa ypOBHCM KO^a Ha^e>KHO pa3JlMHaTb MX npn HajiHHHH noMex H annapaxypHbix norpem HOOTCH CTaHOBMTca Bee TpyziHee. FIosTOMy Ha npaKTHKe L pejrKO npeBbimaeT 8. Teopn^ MHcbopMauHH aae'T cjieziypomyio oueHKy MaKCHwajibHO /IOCTH>KHMOH y - 3cbcJ3eKTHBHOCTH P,yPn oTHomeHne cpeziHHx MOIUHOCTCH cnn-iajia H rayccoscKOH noMexn na npneMHoro ycrpoHCTBa. 3Ty BejTMHHHy Ha3biBaioT npe/iejioM (HJIH GapbepoM) lileHHona. 39 TeMa 7 DpuHMunbi opraHMsauMM ayruiexcHoro KaHana TH B Maxepnajiax TCMW 2 OTMenajiocb, HTO ocHOBHbiM oGopy/ioBaiiHCM CCTH aBJiflioxcfl MTC, c noMombio xoxopbix cos^aiox Kanajibi nOCJieflHHe JIBJXHIOXCfl THIIOBblMH, T . C . HM6K)T HOpMaJIH3OBaHIIbIC XapaKXCpHCTHKH. B KanecTBe ociiOBHoro ranoBoro aiiaiioroBoro Kaiiajia iipHiiHT Kanaji TonajibHOH nacTOTbi c nojiocoH npoiiycKaiinn 0,3- -3, 4 KFn,, cooxBeTCxsyioinHH nrapHHe ciieKxpa xeJie4)OHHoro curnajia. BriponeM, no Kanajiy TH Moryr GbiTt iiepe^aHbi H flpyrne CHrnanbi: xejierpacJDHtie, nepeflann ^aHHbix c HCBWCOKOH CKOpocxbio, 4»aKCHMHJIbHbie. OxAe^bHO B3flXbiH Kaeaji TM HBJiaexca oflHOcxoponnHM HJIH CHMiuieKCHtiM, X.K. co;iep)KHx ycxponcxBa o/i,HOcxopoHHero ^CHCXBH-H, iianpHMep, VCHJIMXCJIH. /],JIH oGecneHeHHH ;i,BycropoHiieH CBHSH o6i>e;i,HHHK)x ;i,Ba Bcxpennbix CHMiuieKCHbix Kanajia, oGpasyji, xaKHM oGpasoM, O;.IHH ;iyiuicKcnwfi Kanaji, HaatmaeMbiH KanajioM TH c HexbipexiipoBo;i,HbiM oKOHHanHCM. Ho coo6pa>KeHHHM 3KOHOMHH MC/JHblX nap aSoHCHXCKHe JIHHHH flBJiaiOX flByXI"IpOBO;|IIbIMH. HMeilHO 3x0 oiipe^ejiHex neoGxoAHMOcxb (JDOpMHpoBanHH y xanajia TH ;i,ByxiipoBo;i,Horo Po , 2-x npoB. OKOHHaHUe THOV 4flB 4 n p . np. 4 n p . nep. 6 flB CxpyKxypiiafl cxeMa Kaiiana TH H cro ;jHarpaMMa oxnocHxejibUbix ypoBiicii 40 OcHOBHbiMH 3JieM6HTaMH flByxnpoBO^Horo Kanajra TH noMHMO CHMnneKCHbix KananoB flBJunoTca: • OKOHeHHbie AMCJDCMCxeMbi (flC), o6ecneHHBaiomne nepexoa OTK HexbipexnpoBojTHbiM. OcHOBHoe xpeGoBanne K ,H,C npn STOM - He CHrHaiia H3 o^Horo HanpaBjieHHfl nepejiann B zipyroe (napasHTHyro oGpaTHyro CBH3b) . B npoTHBHOM cjiynae B .nyruieKCHOM Kanajre BOSMO^KHO BO3HHKHOB6HHe renepanHH (noApo6Hee CM. TeMy 10 ). • y^nHHHTejiH - neTbipexnojnocHHKH, BHOcamne 3aTyxaHHe. OcoGoe HMCIOTTpaH3HTHbie yannHHTejiH (TV) c saTyxanneM no 3,5 ^B KajKjib TpaH3HTC OflHH M3 yAJlMMHTCJieH OTKJIlOMaeTCJI. HoflCHHM 3TO LiyTb HO/i,po6Hee. M3 AHarpaMMbi ypoBHen. BM^HO, HTO BHOCHMoe AsyxnpoBO^HbiM KaHanoM TH, cocTasjiJieT 7 ziB (ero oGbRHo HMenyroT ^CT) OieBHjiHO, HTO ecjTH BKjnoHKFb fiocjie^OBaTejibHO flsa Kanana, TO ocTaTonnoe 3aTyxaHHe TaKoro coeraBHoro Kanana OKa>KeTC5i paBHbiM 14 jiE, HTO HezionycTHMO. CoxpaHHTb ocTaTOHHoe saTyxanne paBHbiM 7 aB onenb npocTo: ^ocTaTonno B nyHKTe TpaH3HTa OTKinoHHTb napy TpaH3HTHbix y/uinHHTejien, coeziHHHB JJ.C MOKjy coGon nenocpeziCTBeHHO. Tj CxeMa 64 K6MT/C B COBpeMCHHblX CHCXCMaX H XejieKOMMyHHKailHOHHblX fleraflep KOMMyraUHOHHblX CTaHUHJIX CJjyHKUHH anajioro-nHCJDpoBoro, UH^po-ananoroBoro npeoGpasoBaxejien H flH^CHcxeMbi, KaK npaBHJio, COBMemeHbl B OOTOH MHKpOCXCMe, pOJIb COGCTBCHHO > qtp All Ha3bIBa6MOH Koflep KOCJDHfleKOM (OX CJIOB KOZiep-(J3HJIbXp-fleKO^ep) . IlpH 3TOM < 7JH(})CHCTeMbI UHC})pOBOH (J)HJIbTp LJ,O H nepsbiH (jjopjviHpyeT 3KBHBaneHT curnana, nocTynaiomero M3 TpaKTa npnema B TpaKT nepe^anH (T.C CHrHaji napaSHTHOii oGpaTHOH CBJISH), a BTopoe oGecneHHBaeT ero KOMnencannio. MO>KHO CKasaxb, HTO "LJ,O + BbiHHTaTenb" ycxpaHjnox napa3HTHyi-o oGpaTnyra cBH3b B aynneKCHOM Kanane (HJIH, no Mepe, cymecTBCHHO ee 41 TeMa 8 OcHOBHbie xapaKiepuciMKn KaHana TH M MX 1. Bxo^Hoe H BbixoflHoe BCJIHHHHa 3XHX COnpOXHBJieHHH H B flByxnpOBOflHOH, H B nacxflx Kanajia o^na H xa >Ke H cocxaBjxaex 600 OM (aKXHBHoe). OxKJioHeHHe peajibHoro conpoxHBueHHa Zp ox ZH = 600 OM xapaKxepnsyiox saxyxaHHCM oxpa>KeHHS[ —^ 7 Ero 6wxb ne Menee 20 H HMCKDX HJIH BblXOfl C OXHOCHXCJlbHO K onpeflejieHHK) saxyxannji acHMMexpHH SCMJIH cxpyKxypy. Saxyxanne xapaKxepH3yK)iu,ee cxenenb OXJIHHHS conpoxHBJieHHH Ka)K^oro H3 AByx oxHOCHxenbHO "seMJiH" (Kopnyca) fl,oji>KHO 6bixb ne Menee 43 2. /JuarpaMMa ypoBHen H ocxaxonnoe saxyxanne ^HarpaMMa oxHOCHxenbHbix ypOBHefi Kanajia TH npHBeflena B Maxepnajiax xeMbi 7. Hs nee BH^HO, HXO ypOBenb cnrnajia na Bbixo^e ^ByxnpOBOflHoro Kanana TH na 7 #E HH)Ke, HCM na Bxo^e. PasHOcxb ypoBHefi na Bxofle H Bbixo/i,e Kanaiia nasbmaiox ocxaxoHHbiM saxyxaHHCM AOCT = pBX — p BbIx . Cjie^osaxejibHO, HOMHHajr ocxaxoHHoro saxyxaHHfl flByxnpoBO^Horo Kanajia TH pasen 7 pE. Ero >Ke'cxKo HopMHpyiox na nacxoxe 1020 Fu,: oxKnoneHHe ox HOMnnana ne ^OIDKHO npeBbiuiaxb ±0,2 ^B 3a 10 MHH., ±0,5 ,n,E 3a rofl H ±1 ,n,E 3a secb cxpox cjxy>K6bi o6opy^,OBaHHJi (nopMbi fljiH KanajiOB iiH(|)poBbix CHCXCM). Run. cocxaBHbix KanajioB ,n,onycxHMbie oxxjioneHHa ^po^op^HOHaJIbHo Kopnio KBa^paxHOMy HS KOJiHnecxBa npocxwx KananoB B COCXaBHOM. 3. AMnjiHxy^Ho - nacxoxnaji xapaKxepncxHKa, AHX ox /H /B coGoii saBHCHMOcxb ocxaxoHHoro nacxoxbi ^ O CT(/)- rio HCH cyKJrr 06 - nacxoxHbix HCKa»ceHnax CHrnajra. AHX — npJiMaa JIHHHH, napajuiejibHaa OCH nacxox . YPOBHH Bcex cneKxpajibHbix cocxaBJijnouiHX cnrnajia, npomefluiero / AHX c H^eajibHOH AHX, HSMeHHKDxca na O^HO H xo KOJiHHecxBO fl,Qu^6ejui, a HX aMHUHxy/ibi — B o/mo H xo we HHCJIO pas, nosxoivry (jjopMa CHrnajra He HCKa)KaexcH. 42 AHX peajibHbix KanajiOB oxjiHHaioxcji ox HfleajibHOH. ^onycxuMbie OXKJIOHCHHH ocxaxoHHOro aaxyxannfl na pasHbix nacxoxax nopMHpyiox c noMombio cneiiHajibHoro ma6jiOHa no oxHomeHHio K sHaneHHio ocxaxoHHOro saxyxaHHJi Ha nacxoxe 1020 Fu, 'OCT' ECJIH HSMepeHHaa AHX npoxo^nx Bnyxpn nojia /jonycicoB uia6jioHa, ee HOpMe. 2,0- 1,0- 0,50,3 2,4 3,0 3,4 -0,5- HopMbi na AHX Lj,H(|jpoBoro Kanana T1! 4. Oaso-HacxoxnaH (HJIH a3 o^Horo H xoro TK.Q rapMOHHHecKoro KOJieGaHHa na Bbixo^e H Bxofl,e Kanajra (pM = a3o-HacxoxHbix HCKa>KeHHflx CHrnajia. M^eajibHaH OHX, npn KoxopoM HCKa>KeHHJi oxcyxcxsyiox, onHCbmaexca JIHHCHHOH (ftyHKUHefi nacxoxw = — T ± 2nn, n — 0,1,2 ... noneiviy npH nepe^ane B Kanajie c OHX cnrnaji He Flycxb na BXOA Kanana rapMOHHHecKoe Kone6aHHe nacxoxoH a) H HyjieBOH (7BX = cos (wt) . CeMCHCXBO 43 Tonia KOJie6aHHe Ha ^Bwx = cos[c*)t Kanajra MO)KHO sanncaxb B BH,n,e = cos(a)t — COT ± 2nn) = cos[oj(t — T)]. 3xo ypaBHCHHe KOJie6aHHfl XOH «e caMofi nacxoxbi, HO oxnocHxejibHO Bxo/iHoro na BpeMH T. ECJIH CHrnaji HMCCX cjioKHb cocxaB, xo xaKaa sanncb 6yn,ex cnpaBe^jiHBa AJIJI Ka>Kfl,oro ero cneKxpanbHoro KOMnoHCHxa. TaKHM o6pa3OM, npn nepe^aHe no Kanany c H^eajibHOH OHX cHrnan ne HCKa>KaexcH, a jiHuib sanasflbmaex KaK ijejioe na BpeMfl T. Hn nocxo^HHaa 3afl,ep}KKa, HH HSMeneHHe Macuixa6a no BejiHHHne ("njiocKoe" ycnneHHe HJIH ocjia6jieHHe) HCKa>KeHH5IMH H6 HBJI^K)XCa. OHX Kanajia xpy^no H3MepHXb, noaxoMy BMCCXO nee paccMaxpHBaiox xapaKxepHCXHKy FBF1, Koxopyio onpeflejiHKDx KaK nepsyio npoH3BO^Hyio C oGpaXHbIM 3HaKOM dco AT, MC 0,5 _ _ 0,1-. 0,6 /H 1,0 2,6 f, /B HopMbi na HacxoxnyK) xapaKxepHCXHKy FBFI fljiH ^H4)pOBO^o Kanana TH nacxoxnaa xapaKxepncxHKa FBFI Kanajia c n^eajibHOH OHX FBF1 ox nacxoxbi He saBHCHx: T(O)) = T. HacxoxHbie xapaKxepHCXHKH FBFI peanbHbix KanajiOB nepaBHOMepHbi. Flpn cnei^nanbHoro ma6jioHa nopMHpytox aonycxHMbie oxKJioneHHa FBFI na nacxoxax ox ero SHaneHHJi na nacxoxe 1900 Fn. HsMepenHaji xapaKxepncxHKa nnrfle ne flOJi>KHa nepeceKaxb rpannqy uiaGjiona. Oaso-nacxoxHbie HCKa>KeHH5i He OKasbiBarox npaKxunecKM HHKaKoro BJIH^HH^ na xejieaKC, aanHbie). AivinjiHxy^HO-HacxoxHbie H (J)a3o-MacxoxHbie HCKa>KeHHH HMenyiox Mxo6bi Kanaji ne BHOCHn JTHnenHbix HCKa>iKHO BbmojiHHXbCH nesaBHCHMOCXb ox nacxoxbi ero ocxaxoHHoro saxyxamifl H nHHeflHocxb xapaKxepHCXHKH. Hx HHor^a nasbmaiox ycnoBHflMH HeHCKa^Ke'HHOH nepe^ann. 44 5. AMIUIHXy,HHafl XapaKxepHCXHKa H KO3(|)4>HimeHX HCJIHHeHHblX HCKa5K6HHH xapaKxepucxHKOH nastiBaiox BaBHCHMOcxb yposHfl Ha ox ypOBHa Ha ero Bxo^e HJTH saBHCHMocxb ocxaxoHHOro saxyxanHH ox na BXO^C. npH HSMepeHHflx Hcnojibsyrox rapMOHHHecKoe KOJie6aHHe c nacxoxoM 1020 . B H^eaiie npn HSMeHeHHH BXO^Horo ypoBHH na 1 /iE Bbixo^HOH ypoBCHB ^ojr>KeH na xy ^ce caMyio BejiHHHHy: H^eajibHa^ saBHCHMOcxt npe^cxaBjiaex co6on jiHHHK), npoxoflHmyio no^ yrjioM 45° (npn o^HHaKOBbix Macuixa6ax no OCHM PBBIX PBX "• OCT cue^yex, HXO ocxaxoHHoe saxyxaHHe He ^OJDKHO aaBHcexb ox saBHCHMOcxb ^ OCT (p BX ) np^Moii ropH30HxajibHOH JIKHHCH 'BblX J OCT PE -A 7i xapaKxepncxHKH C noMouj[bK) maGjiOHa HopMHpyiox aonycxHMbie OXKJIOHCHHH ocxaxonnoro saxyxaHHJi ox SHaneHHH, nsMepeHHoro npn BXOAHOM ypoBHe pBX = —10 /],5MO Ha Hacxoxe 1020 FLI,. ECJIH rpa(J3HK peaubHOH aMnjiHxy^HOH xapaKxepHCXHKH npoxo^Hx BHyxpH nojifl ^onycKOB, ee cnnxaiox y^OBJiexBopaiomeH HopMe. 3,0 " 1,0 J k, PexAB -55 t-0 - 50 +3 ir - -1,0 " -3,0 Kanajra T1! HopMbi na aMHJTHxyflHyK) xapaKxepncxHKy 45 H HPVBlfBHBN Atf>K3J\ KHHKHLfa '9iqHH9aXOgOO) HXSWOII 9iqH£BdgOOH£Bd 0 9HaodA~ ndu 'HXHXOHd9X>IBdBX 'KHHB8OXHBaX XBIfBHBX 9 'OJOX 'T) STO'O > OJOHH9HHIf 'iiodoxa) OH HXOOHH9HH1T9H 3OXH9HHH(|)(|)eO>I 0 9>KNBX T3 • '£/] IOH XiqHH9HHE9H (HOHSOHOO) noadgii HofXxHiruivB o xnrnoiqa iqfXxHiruwB gmqKog N9X 'qxooHH9HHif9H 99HH9axo9niXo 0x9 BH xgBaiqsraA" '"' T /£'Vz HWBXOXOBH a XMHowd^x xninoiqa gfoxiqa BH 9HH3iraKOU AIMOXGOTJ 'MHHowdBX xiqHqirgfxo £H XKOXDOO OJ3 oxodxo 9H 'qxooHhHtfoHdgu HXOOHH3HHIT9H B£-£pJ 'T/ KHH9H9PM£H aHHBdxoo KXOX 'gnHBgairox soHfoxiqa HOXOXOBh 0 SHHBgSIfOX 9OM09hHHOWdB tfoxa EH 'downduBH ' qxoXjj 'BKBHJH3 oxoHfoxa 9dxM9UD a XHmaEaoaxoxXoxo 'XHHlCHKiraBXOOO BITBHXHO OXOHfOXiqa 9dXM3LIO a 9HH9iraKOU KOX3KIT3K HHH3>KB)IOH XiqHH9HHIT9H KHhHITBH JMOXBH£Hdu Wiandsg 'BITBHBM 9fOXiqa BH BITBHXHO XKHH9>KB>IOH XiqHH9HHIT9H O X9XaXOqK9X9fHaO H)IHXOHd9X>IBdBX TeMa 9 OKOHeHHaaflMcJDCpepemjManbHaflcucreivia Kanana TH n ee xapaKTepucTMKM , = z,,. J /J/\H COCXOHX H3 ^HCJD^epeHHHajibHoro xpanc(j)opMaxopa J\T H 6ajiancHoro KOHxypa BK. CHMBOJI w Ha pHcynice oGosHanaex KOJIKHCCXBO BHXKOB B o6MOXKax BejiHHHHy + Wd n = Wr, nasBmaiox K0^4){3)H^HeHTOM xpaHc4)opMa^HH. ripn HMCHHO xaxa^i HcnouBsyexca B Kanajie .zyia OKOHHaHHfl K HexbipexnpoBO^HOMy J\C ^ajiee ne paccMaxpHBaKJTO*. OcHOBHBie xpe6oBaHHH, npeAtHBnaeMbie K RC: • 6ojibinoe saxyxanne B HanpaBJieHMH pa3B«3KH A42 nepe^aHH A4l u A12 , • BXOflHblC COnpOXHEJICHH^ J](C wc = wd ^C HMenyiox oGecneneHHH nepexo^a ox H naoGopox. HoaxoMy H Majibie B HanpaBJieHH^x CO BCeX HCXblpeX CXOpOH flOJDKHbl 6bIXb paBHbl conpoxHBJieHHJiM narpysKH, co3#aBaeMOH BHeuiHHMH u,enHMH. KopoxKO roBOpa, 7JC fl,o;i>KHa Gbixb ypaBHOBeuiena (cGajiaHCHposaHa) H coraacoBaHHO narpy)KeHa. PaGoxa /],C ocHOBana na npHHU,Hne ypaBHOBemeHHoro Mocxa: B c6ajiaHCHpoBaHHbix MOCXOBWX cxeMax CHTHajr H3 O^HOH ^HaroHajiH B ^pyryio He npoxo,o,HX, x.e. mvieex MCCXO pa3BH3Ka fluaroHajieH. riepeHHCJieHHbie Bbime xpe6oBaHHH 6y,n,yx BbinojiHeHbi, CCJIH Z^ = Z3 = Z x.e. conpoxHBJieHHe narpysKH co cxopoHbi TV pasno conpoxHBJieHHio 6anaHCHoro yCJIOBHCM 6ajiaHca. KpoMe xoro, KOHxypa. 3xo 2Z Z2=—, n2 Z saxyxaHHe, BHOCHMOB /],C B HanpaBJieHHH pa3B«3KH, cxpeMHXCH K BHOCHMbie B cHrnana, 6ecKoneHHOCXH A ~* ° ; a paBHbi = A12 = 3 47 Ha npaxxHKe o6ecnenHXb XOHHOC BbinojineHHe ycjiOBHfl 6ajiaHca nocKOJibKy K RC no^Kjnonaiox pa3JiHHHbie JIHHHH c pasnbiMH BXOflHblMH COnpOXHBJICHHJIMH, a COnpOXHBJICHHe BK (J)HKCHpOBaHO. FIpH 3XOM TV yMCHbmaex ^HcGajianc, nrpaa pojib 6ycj)epa. ConpoxHBJieHHe JIHHHH HMeex KOMnneKCHbiH xapaKxep, SHannxejibHyio HepaBHOMepnocxb no nacxoxe H MOKCX MCHflXbca ^a)Ke B npouecce o^noro coeflHHCHHJi B saBHCHMOcxH ox nono>KeHHJi xejie(J)OHHOH xpy6KH. Ilpn Z^ =£ Z3 nponcxo^Hx pasSajiancHpoBKa RC H saxyxanne B HanpaBjieHHH pa3BJi3KH otcaBbiBaexoi KOHennbiM A42 — 6 + Ae,p,E, r^e Ae = 201g \(ZKeHbi na corjiacoBannbie conpoxHBjreHHJi. BH^HO, HXO npn Zl = Z3 XOKH 7X H 7 2 , xeKymne B nojiyo6MOXKax J\T, paBHbi no BenHHHHe H npoxHBonojio)KHbi no HanpaBJieHHK). Cjie^oBaxenbHo, MarnnxHbiH HOXOK B cep^eHHHKe pasen nyjiio, a nosxoMy paBHbi Hyjno H 3/l,C, HaBO^HMbie BO scex o6MoxKax, BKinonaH o6MOXKy 2 - 2 . TaKHM o6pa3OM, sneprna B HanpaBjieHHH 4 - 2 ne nepe^aexca H nosxoMy A42 = oo. Bnojine OHCBH^HO, HXO MoniHocxb cnrnajia H3 HanpaBJienHa 4 — 4 nopOBHy Me>Kfly HanpaBJiennjiMH 1 - 1 H 3 - 3 . HosxoMy cooxBexcxByiomHe 441 - A43 = 10 lg \/ Vp = 10 lg \/ Vp = 10 !g(2) = 3 H3-sa najTHHHa noxepb A4l « A43 ^ 3 , 5 ^B). ripn SXOM Bxo^Hoe conpoxHBueHHe co cxopoHbi 4 — 4 paBHO napajuiejibHOMy coe^HHCKHK) conpoxHBJieHHH ZI H Z3: Z4 = / > T - K - no ycnoBHK) GajiaHca/j = Z3 = Z. xenepb, HXO renepaxop noflKjnoneH K 3a)KHMaM 2 - 2, a ocxajibHbie, H panee, narpy>KeHbi na corjiacoBaHHbie conpoxHBjieHH^. T.K. Momnocxb B HanpaBjieHHH 2 - 4 ne nepeflaexca, xo BCJie^cxsne CHMMexpHH cxeMbi saKJiionaeM, HXO Momnocxb pacnpeflejiHexca nopoBHy Meac^y HanpaBjiennaMH 1 - 1 H 3 - 3. IlosxoMy A2i = 3 flB H A12 — 3 f(E, X.K. saxyxaHHfl naccHBHbix nexbipexnojnocKHKOB B npoxHBonojio^KHbix HanpaBJiennax nepe^anH o^HHaKOBbi (peajibHo Ai2 « 3,5 ^B). Hs cxeMbi RC BHflHO, HXO o6MOXKa /IT (vvc + w d ) HarpyjKena Ha ConpoxHBJieHHe Zl + Z2 = 2Z. ripn n = 1 Bxo^Hoe conpoxHBJieHHe co cxopoHbi 2 - 2 6bmo 6bi paBHOH SXOH . IlocKOJibKy B o6ui,eM cjiynae n =£ 1, TO Z2 = 2Z/n2. , npeanojio^cHM, HXO renepaxop noAKnioneH K x. 1 - 1 . B 3XOM cjiynae nojiOBHHa MOUI.HOCXH cnrnajia nona^ex B HanpaBJienne 2 - 2, a Apyraa nonosHHa - B HanpaBJienne 4 — 4, X.K. saxyxanne B Ka^oM H3 HHX cocxaBJi^ex 3 ^,B. Hpn SXOM B BK ne 6y,o,ex, cjieflosaxejibHO, A13 = oo. 48 ECJIH Z^ ^ Z3, xo A42 ^ co. YnpomeHHO npouecc nepe^aMH cnrnajia HS HanpaBjieHHfl 4 - 4 B HanpaBJieHHe 2 — 2 B ycjiOBHax flncGajianca MO>KHO A OTp paccMaxpHBaxb cjie^yiomHM o6pa3OM. CnrHaji ox x. 4 - 4 nona^aex K x. 2 - 2 ne Henocpe/jcxBeHHo, a nepes x. 1 - 1 .ripHHe'M B 3XOH xoHKe OH npexepneBaex oxpajKenne* H ero yposenb yMeHbuiaexca na BejiHHHHy saxyxaHHH oxpa>KeHHJi (HecoraacoBaHHOCXH) ^0^**. TaKHM o6pa3OM, K pacHeTy.442 saxyxaHHe MOKjiy x. 4 - 4 n x . 2-2 cocxaBHx = A^ + A,-, + Amn = 6 + AQTp, flB. 6ajiaHCHbiM saxyxaHHCM H 3axyxaHHe paccHHXbmaiox no (JDOpMyjre, npHBe^e'HHOH Bbiixie . PeajibHO K x. 1 - 1 noflKJHOMe'H TY, noaxoMy A42 = 6 + 2A™ = 13+A Ty '+ -"OTp — --' ' -"^OTp = 201g J — saxyxanne HecoraacoBaHHOCXH JTHHHH H TY, Zn — Bxo^Hoe conpoxHBneHHe JIHHHH, Zc — xapaKxepHCTHHecKoe conpoxHBjieHHe —> oo. TY***. ECJIH Z J I = Z C , xo i4OTp -> oo , KoxopbiM MO5KHO H3 axoro pacnexa, xaKOB: TY yjiynuiaex J\C npn paBJIHHHblX JIHHHH. Kpoivie xoro, TY oxpa>KeHHbie BO3HHKaK>u;He B JIHHHH H3-3a A "OTp ^y > ^S 2 1 /1MHMH HaJlHHH5I (XOHCK njioxoro 1. PeajibHbie ^C Moryx HMexb K pacnexy A42 necKOJibKO 6ojiee cjio^cHyio cxpyKxypy, o6ecneHHBaioix],yK) CHMMexpHHHoe BKJiiOHeHHe scex BHeuiHHX u,eneH. TaKHg CXCMbl HO3BOJIHIOX yMCHblXIHXb HaBOJJ,KH CO CXOpOHbl BH6IHHHX HCXOHHHKOB noMex. 2. KpOMe xpanccJDOpMaxopHbix H3BecxHbi aKXHBHbie ^C na pesncxopax, a xaK)Ke /],C, B fleHCTBHTCJIbHOCTH, OTpaHKHbI TOJlbKO B Uenax C pacnpeflCJieHHblMH napaMBTpaMH (flJIHHHblX rae nepeaana cnrHana HMCBT Bbipa>KeHHbiH BOJIHOBOH xapaKTep. npe/xnaraeivioe o6tacHeHHe ocHOBano Ha peajibHoro npouecca "npocanHBaHHa" CHrnajia nepes pa36ajiaHCHpOBaHHyioflHcfiCHCTeMy3KBHBajieHTHbiM, MTO ynpocTHTb pacneTbi H c/jejiaTb HX 6ojiee HarjiaflHbiMH. **MO>KHO CK333Tb, 4TO SaTyXBHMC OTpa>KeHHa paBHO pa3HOCTH y p O B H e t l HCXO/JHOrO H OTpa>KeHHOrO CHTHajlOB. CjieflOBaxejibHO, CCJIH AOTp = 0 ^B, TO npOHCxojiHT no/inoe oTpa^KCHne CHrnajia (KOpOTKoe 3aMbiKaHHe \\n» XOJIOCTOH xo/j.), a npn Amp = oo oTpa>KeHHbiH CHFHaji OTCyTCTByeT (naeajibHoe cornacoBaHHe). ***HanoMHHM, HTO MeTbipexnojirocHHK CHHTaroT corjiacoBaHHO Harpy>KeHHbiM, ecuH conpOTHBJieHHe HarpysKH paBHO ero xapaKTepHCTHHCCKOMy conpoTHBJieHHK). IlpH corjiacoBaHHoii HarpysKe Bxoanoe conpOTHBJieHHe paBHO xapaKTepHCTHHCCKOMy conpoTHBjieHHK). B aaHHOM cjiynae conpoTMBJieHHe BK o6biHHo xapaicrepHCTHHecKOMy conpoTHBJleHHK) XV (600 OM). 49 TeMa 10 YcTOMHMBOCTb flynneKCHOro KaHana TH. ns-3a o6paTHOM CBH3M. npe^cxaBJiaex coGow saMKnyxyio 3JieKxpHHecKyio nenb. B xaKnx iienax BOSMWKHO BOSHHKHOBeHne caMonpoH3BOJibHbix KOJie6annH - renepauHH. B pe>KHMe renepauHH nepe^asaxb CHrnajibi no Kanajiy H6BO3MO>KHO. Mo^ejibio Kanana saMKHyxasi cncxevia. yCTOHHHBOCTb OflHHOHHOH SaMKHyTOH CHCTCMbl. nexbipexnojiiocHHKa naccHBHoro HexbipexnojriocHHKa oGpaXHOH CBH3H. O6e CxpyKxypnaa cxeMa nepe^axoHHbie 4)ynKu,HH KOMDJieKCHblMH. CBH3H Ms npHBefleHHofi CXCMM cne^yex OflHHOHHOH SaMKHyXOH CHCXCMbl BaMKnyxofi CHCXCMW, a k(ja)~) pasoMKHyxoH cncxeMbi. B flanbHefiiiieM TUXH ynpomenna sanncn onymeH. ECJIH \koc\ \k\, xo o6paxHyK> csasb nasbmaiox oxpHii;axejibHOH, CCJIH l ^ o c l > |/f|, — nOJ!O)KHXeJTbHOH. Ms nojiyneHHoro Bbipa)KeHHa cne^yex, HXO npn /c • ft = 1 /coc = oo. OHSHHCCKM 3x0 osnanaex renepai^HK) (caMOBO36y>KAeHHe) HJIH noxepio ycxoHHHBOcxH (xejie(|)OHHCXKH roBOpmiH: - "Kanajr syMMepHx"). PasyivieexcH, xaxoH pe^KHM ^JIH Kaeaiia KaxeropHHecKH nenpHCMJieM (nepe^ana cnrHajia neBO3MO)KHa). npoHSBe^eHne KOMnjieKCHbix HHCCJI paBHO e/jHHMue, ecjiH npOHSBe^eHHe HX MOAyneH paBHO a cyMMa apryMenxoB Kpaxna 2n. Oxcto^a cne^yex, HXO cncxeMa HeycxonnHBa, CCJIH HMCIOXCJI nacxoxbi, Ha xoxopbix ,n,Ba ycnoBHa: cyMMa (J>a30Bbix C^BHFOB pasoMKHyxoH cncxeMbi pasna yHKLi,HH |fe||/?| > 1 (6anaHC aMnjinxyzi). TaKHM o6pa30M, CCJIH na scex nacxoxax paGonero fl,Hana3OHa \k\\fi\ 1, xo reHepauHJi neBO3MO)KHa. Ilo3XOMy HepaseHCXBO HMCHyiox ycnoBHCM ycxoMHHBOcxH. ECJTH TK.Q B paGoHCM nacxox \k\\(3\ 1, xo renepauiHfl B AByxnpoBo^HOM Kanajie TH HenpeMCHHo 50 BO3HHKH6X, n6o (J)a3OBbie CflBHIXl B KaHaJlC 3aBHC5TT OX MHOFHX (J)aKXOpOB, H yCJlOBHC 4>a3 Ha KaKOH-Jin6o nacxoxe BbinonHflexcfl o6«3axejibHO. cnoBHe ycxoHHHBOCXH B JiorapHc[)MHHecKOH 4)opMe = 201g|/c| + 201g|/?| < 0; 201g|fc| - 201g|/?r1 < 0. Flo onpe/iejieHHK) S = 20 \g\k\ = 201g \fi\. Oxcio^a ycnoBHe ycxoHHHBOCXH HMCCX BHfl A > S. ECJIH B SaMKHyXOH CHCX6M6 HMeCXCfl HCCKOJlbKO aKXHBHblX H HaCCHBHblX HexbipexnomocHHKOB, xo ycnoBHe ycxoHHHBOCXH MO>KHO sarmcaxb o6pa3OM HxaK, oflHHOHHaa saMKHyxaa cucxeMa 6y^ex GesycjioBHO ycxoMHHBa, CCJIH cyMMa saxyxanHH B cooxsexcxByiomeH paaoMKHyxofl CHCXCMC 6ojibine cyMMbi ycHJieHHH. HHbiMH cjTOBaMH, Hxo6bi CHCxeMa 6biiia ycxoHHHBa (ne Bos6y)Kfl,ajiacb) cyMMa saxyxaHHH B nexne fl,oji)KHa 6bixb 6ojrbine cyMMbi y HMenyiox sanacoM ycxoHHHBOCXH, a a = X/2 — ycxoHHHBocxbio. npon3Be,n,eHHe nepe^axoHHbix (J)yHKUHH cooxBexcxByio6j,HX VcnoBHe ycxoHMHBocxH MO>KHO sanncaxb .H xaic: X > 0; ffe VUITA a > 0, ,o,B. kH ycroiiHHBOCTb ^ByxnpoBO^Horo Kanajia TH. •"OCT! TV 2 np. /IHH. AS 2 /\ ^1 4 Si A2 S2 /\ < 4 •"orpl TV 2 np. /inn. AB 2 A OTp2 A OCT2 cxeMa AByxnpoBo^noro Kanajia sanac ycxoHHHBOCXH ziynjieKCHoro Kanana TH c OKOHHaHHHMH. J\JIK 3XOXO Ha^O O6OHXH SaMKHyXblH KOHXyp, COflCpacamHH RBSi CHMnjieKCHbix xanajia H TIBC flH(J)CHCxeMbi, npocyMMHpOBaB ox^ejibHO Bce 3axyxaHH?i H see ycHJieHHH, a 3axeM Bbinecxb us nepBOH cyMMbi Bxopyio 51 K coKajieHHK), sxa <|)opMyjia fljia npaKxunecKHx pacnexos HenpHro^na, nocKOJibKy B nee saxyxaHHfl H ycHJieHHfl HenocpeflcxBCHHO He flanw. Hpome Bcero pacnexHyio c|)opMyjiy, CCJIH Bbi6paxb flpyroH Konxyp: ox o/iHoro OKOHnanHH #0 flpyroro H o6paxno. CyMMa saxyxaHHH B SXOM KOHxype cocxaBjmex Aocri + AOTp2 + AOCT2 + Aorpl a cyMMa ycHJieHHH pasna Hyuio, X.K. OH He corjep^KHX HH o^Horo ycHJiHxeji«. CnerjOBaxejibHO, Hxax, sanac ycxoHHHBOCXH ^ByxnpOBOAHoro Kanana TH pasen cyMMe ocxaxoHHbix saxyxaHHH npoxHBonono>KHbix HanpaBneHHH nepe^aHH H saxyxaHHH OXpa>KeHHH B XOHKaX nO^KJIIOHeHHH /],ByxnpOBOfl,HbIX J1HHHH Ha npOXHBOnOJTO>KHbIX cxoponax. HocKOJibKy AOTp > 0, renepauHH BO3MO>KHa xoubKO B onenb CHJibno pasperyjinpoBaHHOM Kanane, y Koxoporo AOCT < 0, x.e. ocxaxonnoe saxyxanne npeBpaxHJiocb B ocxaxoHHoe ycHjieniie. B ycjioBHHx 3KcrLxyaxauHH ^OTp > 5 fl,E. Tor^a npn Aocr — 7 3HaneHHe) X > 24 ^B. B poKHMe xojiocxoro xo^a, Kor^a ox TV, AOTp = 0 ^B. B SXOM cnynae sanac ycxoHHHBOCXH f~ AOCT2- / Sanac ycxoHHHBOCXH MOKCX aonojiHHxejibno yMCHbinaxbCH sa cnex oxpa>KeHHH B AByxnpoBOflHOH JIHHHH. 3xH oxpa«eHHH o6ycjioBjieHbi nnoxHM corjiacoBaHHCM annapaxypbi c JiHHMeH. Flpn najiHHHH Heo^HopoAHocxeH (XOMCK nnoxoro corjiacoBaHHa) oxpa)KeHHaH Bonna npoxo^Hx nepes £(C B HanpaBJieHHH 1 - 2, sanac ycxoHHHBOCXH. 2 OTpa>KCHHe ^ <— f\- ~ r^tpHMP ^_ o |-> 1 ,B HeOAHOpOflHOCTt H3 JIHHHH CHH)KeHHe sanaca ycxoHHHBOCXH H3-sa oxpa>KeHHH B H3-33 napa3HTHOH oSpaTHOH CBH3H. O6paxnaH CBflSb B ^ynneKCHOM Kanane c ^ByxnpoBO^HbiMH OKOHHaHH^MH HMeex cno>KHbiH xapaKxep: Ha O^HHX Hacxoxax B nonoce 0,3... 3, 4 KFu, ona nojio^KHxejibHa, na flpyrax oxpH^axeJIbHa. J\eno B XOM, HXO Kanaji coaepJKHX sjreMCHXbi, snocauiHe saMexHbie nacxoxHOsaBHCHMbie (|)a3OBbie c^BHrn (HanpHMep, (j^HJibxpbi). DpH nojio^cHxejibHOH o6paxHOH CBHSH ycHJienHe CHMnjieKCHoro Kanajia yBejiHHHBaexcH, npn oxpHU,axejibHOH yMeHbiiiaexca. Floaxoiviy ocxaxoHHoe saxyxanne flByxnpoBO^Horo Kanajia npno6pexaex Hacxoxnyio saBHCHMOCXb: na nacxoxax, oGpaxnaji CBfl3b nojio>KHxejibHa, OHO yivieHbiuaexcH, na nacxoxax, r^e oSpaxnaji 52 oxpnuaxejibHa - yBejiHHHBaexca. Taxne Hcxa>KeHHfl KOppeKxuposaxb H3-sa HX cjiynaHHoro xapaKxepa. 3XH HCKa>KeHHa OIjeHHBaiOX BeJIHHHHOH npaKXHHecKH MaKCHMaJlbHoro HCBOSMOKHO OXKJIOHeHHfl ocxaxoHHoro saxyxanna ox ero snaneHH^ npn oxcyxcxBHH oGpaxnoH CB^SH. MaKCHMyM ocxaxoHHoro saxyxaHHfl cooxBexcxsyex MHHHMajibHOH BenHHHHe Mo^yjia nepeaaxoHHOH (jjyHKHHH saMKHyxon CHCXCMM, x.e. MHHHMyMy ycHJieHHfl. OH flocxnraexcji, Kor^a nepe^axoHHaa (JDyHKUHH pasoMKHyxon cncxeMbi AeHcxsHxejibna H oxpHijaxejibHa k OC M H H (i + HJIH B norapH(|3MHHecKHx e^HHHuax 5 MHH = 20 \g\k\ 201g(l + /c^). FlepBoe cnaraeMoe ecxb HH HXO HHOC, KaK ycHjienHe cHMnneKCHoro Kanaka 6es o6paxHOH CBH3H, a Bxopoe Bbipa»:aex BejiHHHHy MaKCHMaJlbHoro oxKJTOHeHHH ycHJienna, o6ycjiOBJieHHoe HaJiHHHeM o6paxHOH CBHSH. B ^anHOM cnynae ycHJieHne yMeHbmaexca, X.K. o6paxnaa CBM3b oxpHijaxejibHa. HanpoxHB, ocxaxoHHoe aaxyxanne yBenHHHBaexca na xy 5Ke caMyio BejiHHHHy &A+ = 20 lg(l + A:/?) = 20 lg(l + 10-°'05X). MO^KHO noxaaaxb, HXO jviaKCHMamHoe oxxjioneHHe npn nojio^KHxenbHOH o6paxnoH CBSSH cocxaBJiaex ocxaxoMHoro _ = 201g(l-10-°' 05X )- 1< OXMCXHM, HXO A^4_ Bcer^a 6ojibme, HCM B ycjiOBHax 3Kcnjryaxau,HH X > 24,0,5, noaxoMy _ < 201g(l - 1Q-1'2)-1 = 0,57 < 201g(l + 10~ 1<2 ) = 0,53 / \. CBH3H C O6p. CBflSBK) AA+ f, 0.3 3.4 AHX, o6yciiOBjieHHbie o6paxHOH TeMa 11 3neKTpMH6CKoe axo v\a c HUM 3JieKTpHHecKoro axa saKJHOHaeTCfl B TOM, HTO CHrnaji oGpaTHOH CBJBH, npOHHKaiomHH H3 npHMoro HanpaBJieHHfl nepe^ann B oGparaoe, BOSBpamaeTCfl c 3a,a,ep}KKOH B TCJietjDOH a6oH6HTa H BOcnpHHHMaeTCH HM KaK aKycTHnecKoe sxo, Memaiomee nopMajibHOMy TeneHHio pasrosopa. ITpHHHHaMH sjieKipHHecKoro sxa, TaK)K6 KaK H HCKa^KCHHH H3-3a oGpaTHOH CBJI3H, flBJIJIIOTCfl H6C6aJiaHCHpOBaHHOCTb AHCJKHCTCM H OTpa>KeHHJI B ^ByxnpOBOZlHblX JIHHH5IX. O TOM, KaKOH H3 3THX (J)aKTOpOB oGbiHHO npeo6jiaflaeT, B O^HOH cTapon aMepHKancKOH KKHFC cKasano Tax: "/],H(^CHCTeMy nacTO nenpaBHJibHO OGBHHJHOT B co3,u,aHHH sxocnrHajia, KOTopbin. B OCHOBHOM,flBJLgeTCHpesyjibTaTOM HJioxoro saTyxaHHH oTpa>KeHHa". Memaiomee CMTHa/l T6M HCM MeHbme saTyxanne na nyTH sxocHFHajiOB A3 H neM Gojibme HX A \AOTp2 OTpl I T3. 'T L0 I 3X0 PaccMOTpHM nepBoe 3x0 CxeMa ero o6pa3OBaHHfl FlepBoe 3x0 roBOpjimero pncyHKe. AOTpl H AOJ.p2 - saTyxaHHfl OTpa>KeHH5! Ha npOTHBonojio)KHbix cToponax 3KcnjiyaTaqHH, ^ Aocrl H AOCT2- ocTaTOHHbie saTyxanna Kanajia B npoTHBonojio^KHbix Tp - BpeMa pacnpocTpaneHHH CHraajra B O^HOM HanpaBJieHHH. Torfl,a speMfl sanasflbmaHHH sxa cocTaBHT T3Tl = 2T p , a saTyxanne 3xocnrHaJia paBHO + ^orp2 + ^ocT2- ECJIH npHHHTb Aocrl = Aoc^2 = 7 flB, a AOTp = 5 #E, TO Hs npHBCAeHHoro rpa(J3HKa BH^HO, HTO 3x0 Gy^eT MeniaTb npn A3Tl = 19 Gojiee 60 MC, T.e. npn Tp > 30 MC. TaKHe 3a^ep>KKH BO3HHKaK)T B KaGeJlbHblX J1HHHHX CB5I3H npOTJDKe'HHOCTbK) 5000 KM. C OKOJIO 30 yne'TOM pasGpoca BOCnpHHTHJI 20 MC3-T 3xocnrHajioB COHD3 10 CCKTOp 3J16KTpOCBH3H, T;,MC Mep npn pacnpocTpaneHHH, npeBbimaiomeM 25 MC B O^HOM HanpaBJieHHH. SaMCTHM, HTO 20 40 60 80 100 120 SaBHCHMOCTb : Heo6xo^HMoro saTyxaHHfl sxa roBopam,ero OT BpeMenn ero 3XO BO3MO)KHO H B KOpOTKHX 6CHH BCJIHKO BpCM« 3a,0,ep5KKH 54 o6pa6oxKe curaajiOB B annapaxype (nanpHMep, BCJICACXBHC Hcnojib3OBannfl cjio>KHbix ajiropuxMOB o6pa6oxKn). B KanecxBe eme o^noro npHMepa paccMoxpHM nepsoe 3x0 cjiymaiOLixero. CxeMa ero o6pa3OBaHHJi noKasana na pncyHKe. BpeMH sanasflbiBaHHH sxoro 3xa cocxaBnx T3Cl — 3Tp, a saxyxaniie 3xo roBOpamero Meuiaex BOcnpHHMMaexca xax HapymaroinHH KOHxaxx 3xo cjiymaromero Jiniub BHHXHOCXb pCHH. CHJibnee, X.K. xapaKxepusyexcji MenbiiiHM saxyxaHHCM H nepecnpoc, a6oHenxoB. A T •"OCTl' ' p yMCHbiuaex 3axeM BO3HHKaex Bxopoe 3x0 Bxopoe 3x0 cjiymaiomero H xaK nponecca. 1 OTpl ; nojinoro 6opb6t,i | T A T' p /1 OCT2' A ^OCTl' 'p A OTp2 3XO IlepBoe 3x0 cjiymaiouiero c SJieKXpHHCCKOrO 3Xa cneuHajibHbie ycxpoficxBa, nojiynHBiiiHe HaasaHHe 3xonoflaBjuiK)Lu,Hx. MX na xpH Kjracca: a^anxHpyeMbie H a^anxHBHbie flH(j)CHCxeMbi, nasbisaeMbie xaioKe caMo6ajiaHCHpyiouj,HMncM, sxoBarpa^nxejiH n sxcKOMnencaxopbi. B A,fl,C no^aBJieHHe 3xa flocxuraexcji sa cnex flHcjDCHCxeM, o6ecneHHBaiomero yBenHHeHHg^^axyxaHH nepe/iaHH. Hcnojibsyioxcfl cjio>KHbie cxpyKxypu GanancHbix KonxypoB, HacxpaHBaeMbix c ynexoM KOHKpexHbix xapaKxepncxHK ^ByxnpoBOflHbix JIHHHH H xejie(J)OHHbix annapaxoB. HacxpoHKa ocymecxBJiaexcfl jinGo no c^e^HaJIbHOMy xecx ^C) Jin6o no nepeflasaeMOMy peneBoiviy (a^anxHBHbie). Hx , o6biHHo na saxpenjienHbix Kanajrax, Bcne^cxBHe CJIO>KHOCXH nacxpoHKH, HCAOCxaxoHHoro 3axyxaHH« B HanpaBJiennH passflSKH, Hecnoco6HocxH no^aBJiaxb 3x0 H3-3a 5...7AB oxpa>KeHHH B (J)yHKnHOHHpyK)x no npHHUiHny B 6ojibmoro o6paxHoe npn nepe^ane /I,JiH flBycxopOHHero cnrHajioB B Kanan BKJiioHaKDx REO. no o^HOMy na cxopone. CxpyKxypnaji cxeMa 55 npHHHiin flencxBHJi 3xo3arpa,fl,Hxeji5i COCXOHX B • ripH OXCyXCXBHH pCHCBblX CHFHaJIOB AaJIbHeiX) H 6jIH5KHerO a6OHCHXOB KJI.l H KJI.2 SaMKHyXbl (pOKHM IIOKOJl). • IlpH oflHocxopoHHCM pasroBope co cxopoHbi 6jiH>KHero a6oH6Hxa 3xo3arpa,n,Hxejib ocxaexca B noKoe. • IlpH oflHocxopoHHCM pasroBope co cxopoHbi ,n,ajibHero a6oH6Hxa KJI.I saMKHyx, a KJi.2 pasoMKHyx. 3xo pe^KHM no^aBjieHHa sxociirHajia. B poKHMe nepeGoH flajibnero a6oH6Hxa SJIJOKHHM B caMbra nepBbiM MOMCHX KJi.2 3aMbiKaexca, nxo6bi nponycxnxb cnrHaji 6jiH)KHero aGoHCHxa, a KJI.! paaMbiKaexca, BHOCJI npn SXOM B xpaxx npHCMa 3axyxaHHe 5...1 ^B, nosxoMy ypOBenb curHana flajibnero aGoHenxa yMeHbinaexca H o6paxHbra nepexoA B pe>KHM noflaBJieHHH npOH3OHfl,ex xojibKO Kor^a yposeHb B xpaxxe nepe^aMH cxanex HH>Ke ypOBHH B xpaKxe npucMa Ha xe )Ke 5...1 flB, HXO oGjiernaex ycjioBna BcxpeHHoro pasroBOpa. Kpoivie xoro, HajiHHHe npH Bcxpe^HOM pasrosope AByx yfljiHHHxejieM c o6ixi;HM saxyxanneivi 10... 14 flE npHBO^Hx K noHXH HOJIHOH MacKHpoBKe axocHrnajioB 3xo3arpa,o,HxejiH npaKXHMecKH nojinocxbio no^aBjmiox sjieKxpHHecKoe 3x0. OHH xopomo paGoxaiox ,u,a>Ke Ha cexjix HHSKOFO KanecxBa. B xpaKxe nepe/i,aHH (KJI.2) npHBo/iHx K Bbina^eHHio ox^ejibHbix npn BCXpenHOM pasroBOpe (S^CJDCKX KJinnnHpoBaHHa), oco6eHHO saMexnoMy na HanajibHbix ynacxKax curnajia. ***** Ha cero^HH OCHOBHWM MCXO^OM no^aBjieHH^ sxa HBjmexcfl 3xoKOMneHcau,H5i. B ocHose pa6oxbi sxoKOMnencaxopa ne>KHX npn 4>HJibxpa KOHHH sxocHrHajia H ee H3 CHrnajia o6paxHoro Ba>KHo HXO no^aBJiHa 3x0, CxpyKxypnaa cxeMa sxoKOMneHcaxopa KOMnencaxop He BJIHHCX na nepe^any peneBoro CHrnajia 6jiH>KHero a6oH6Hxa, HCM oGycjioBJieHo BbicoKoe xejiec[)OHHOH no KanajiaM, o6opyflOBaHHbix xaKHMH ycxpOHCXBaMH. 3xoKOMneHcaxopw xopomo paSoxaiox na xopoumx cexax, HanpiiMep, H,H4)poBbix. Ha cexax HHSKOFO Kanecxsa HOJIHOFO no^aBJieHHJi sxocHrHajiOB ne npoHCxoflHx. Bojiee xoro, BO3MO)KHbi cjiynan, Korfla HX BKJiioHeHHe MO)Kex eme Gojiee HCHOpXHXb H 663 XOFO CKBepHblH KBHaJI. SaMenaHHe. Bojibuiaa 3a^,ep)KKa cnrnajia B Kanajie MOKCX npHBecxn K noxepe Hyscxsa KOHxaKxa MOK^y co6ece,u,HHKaMH. MaKCHMajibHO ^onycxHMoe BpeM5i pacnpocxpaneHHa cnrnajia Me>Kfl,y cexeBbiMH ysjiaMH ycxaHOBJieno paBHbiM 90 MC. fljix cnyxHHKOBbix cooxBexcxByiomaji BejiHHHHa cocxasjiaex 390 MC. B nocjieflHCM cjiynae AOJi>KHbi Gbixb npe^ynpoKAeHbi, HXO penjiHKH coGece^HHKOB Moryx . 3a,o;ep5KKa, npeBbimaiomaH 500 MC, oneHb cnjibHO saxpy^naex 56 Teiwa 12 OEOIIJEHHAfl CTPYKTyPHAfl CXEMA MHOrOKAHAJItHOH TEJIEKOMMYHHKAIJHOHHOH CHCTEMW. H#EH HPK, BPK, PKKe UCIIH CBH3H. LJenb CB«3H - 3TO pacnojioxceHHbie B Ka6ejie npOBO^a HJIH onTHHecKHe BonoKHa, HcnojibsyeMbie ftiia nepe^ann o^Horo MHoroKaHanbHoro CHrnajia. B Ka6e;ie o6biHHO HecKOJibKo u;eneH. AHanoroM 3Toro nonaTH^ B paflHOCHcreMax asjiaeTca CTBOJI Sarparbi, py6. MTC: oGecneMHBaiOT ^opMnposaHHe Momnbix nyHKOB npn MHHHMajibHOM BO3fleHcxBHH Ha cpefly o6HxaHHfl, nosBOjiaiox yMCHbniHTb Bea MTC Ha KaHajIO-KHJIOMCTp CBH3H! €=(€]-+ py6/KaH'KM, r^C C\ CTOHMOCTb OKOHCHHOrO C npuw. MTC o6opyflOBaHH», €2 - CTOHMOCTb Ka6ejia H npoMeacyTOHHbix CTanuHH, I - npOTH»CeHHOCTb JIHHeHHOrO TpaKTa. CpaBHHM flsa BapnaHTa opraHH3ai;HH CB33H no saxpaxaM Ha npoH3BOACXBO MTC He MTC MTC 6wcTpo sospacTaiOT BbiroflHa npn ConocTaBJieHHe BapnaHTOB HOCKOJIbKy C pOCTOM KOJIHH6CTBa KaHajIOB H HX IIpOTS5KeHHOCTH JIHHHH see 6ojiee coopyaceHHCM. rTpHMeneHHe MTC Tpe6yeT KanBJioxceHHH B CTanitHOHHoe oSopy^oBaHHe, HO floporaa jiHHHfl HcnojibsyeTca npn STOM 6ojiee 3(^<^eKTHBHo, nocKOJlbKy ee CTOHMOCTb flejiHTCfl na 6ojibnioe KOJiHHecTBo opraHHSOBaHHbix na HCH KanajioB. Pacnerbi noKasbmaiOT, HTO SKOHOMKHCCKH Bbiro^Hbi ^aace ManoKaHajibHbie MTC, Ha KOpOTKHX JIHHHflX. W(t) VN(t)r ypN SN(t) flN CxpyKTypHaa cxeMa MTC (O^HO HanpasjieHHe) 57 V(t) — KanajibKBiH /I, — /jeMOflyjuixop S(t) - nepBHHHbiH Ha CXCMC o6o3HaH6Ho: M — MOflyjwxop OOJ1T - OKOHCHHoe oSopyflOBEHHe W(t) - rpynnoBOH jiHHeiiHoro xpaKxa yP - ycxpoiicxBO pasfleneHHfl L(t) - jiHHeiiHbiH EIC - npOMeacyxoHHafl cxaHijHfl r(t) - nepenocHHK KaHajibHbie CHrnajibi yHKi^HH. HafifleM BejiHHHHy CHPHajia na Bbixo,n;e Koppejiaxopa i-ro Kanajia B MOMCHX HHxerpHpOBaHHH (npn t=T) T Ho ycjioBHio opxoroHajibHOcxH see HHxerpajiw axoii cyMMbi npHHHMalox 3a HCKJiioHeHHeM oflHoro, BejiHHHHa Koxoporo pasna , CHrnaji na Bbixo^e i-ro Koppejiaxopa pasen Sj HXO 06 oxcyxcxBHH nepexo^HOH noMexn. AHanorHHHbie cooxnonieHHa MO^CHO sanncaxb HHXepBanoB T...2T, 2T...3T H x.fl., HMC« BBHmy, HXO nepenocHHRH H BecoBbie asjiaioxca nepHO^HHecKHMH c nepHO#OM T. MHO^cecTBa ancaMGnefi JIHHCHHO HesaBHCHMbix nepeHOCHHKOB npaKTHMecKoe npHMenenHe HauiJiH xojibKO opxoroHajibHbie ancaiviGjiH, cocxoaruHe us yzjOBJiexBOpaiomHx ycjioBHio opxcronajibHocxH , HXO HcnojibaosaHHe opxoroHajibHbix nepeHocHHKOB o6ecnenHBaex MaKCHMaJIbHyK) nOMeXOyCXOHHHBOCXb MTC IIpH BO3^eHCXBHH aaU,HXHBHOH HOMCXH. Pa3,nejieHHe CHraajioB Ha npneMC ocymecxBJiaexca c noMombio Koppejiaxopos, BCCOBbie (^yHKll,HH KOXOpblX XO»CfleCXBeHHbI nepCHOCHHKaM gi(t)=Ti(t). fe X I - (0+^2(0 ' r,(t) X 1 r I /t\a pasaejiemw opToroHajibHbix Tewa 13 KJIACCHHECKAH AM, BAJIAHCHAfl H O^HOIIOJIOCHAfl AM HJIH /JEIIH (JJ.BC 6oKOBbie H Hecyman). YpaBHCHHe AM CHrnajia UAM(t)=U0[l+m-Sn(t)]-cosfi;0t, Sn(t) - HopMajiH3OBaHHbiH CHFHaji (1 > Sn (0 > -1 ), u)0 - necymaH AHarpaMMa /j,bllH m - rnyGHHa MOflyjiaii,HH ( 1 > m > 0 ). CneKxp CHrnajia /T,EnH COCXOHX us Hecymeii H AByx 6oKOBtix nojioc (HJIH nacxox) UAivi(t)= Uo-cos^0t+mUo-Sn(t)-cos^0t. necymaa ^BC GOKOBLIC \M HER HEM BBH f f Jo Jc Cneicrp npw M3CTOTOM J o f-fJe Jo Jo Jc He cyme Kone6aHneM c o-f, fo fo+f, Cneiap npn Mopynnnvivi Hecpiet CMTHSJIOM CO CIMOfflHHM OneK.TpOM B f f f Jc ./„•••./ g BX. * M T—T—* M == BBIXI—1 . . CxeMa flexeiexopa ora6aK>meH H BpeMCHHaa #HarpaMMa ero paGoxw OxHOUICHHe MOIHHOCXH HCCymCH K MOUi;HOCXH JIK)6oH 6oKOBOH COCXaBJIflBX 2-(n/m)2, r^e IT — nHK(j)aKxop MOflyjiHpyiomero CHrHana. ^JISE penn Ils4. OxcK),na cjie^yex, HXO Monmocxb GOKOBOH ne npeBbiuiaex «3% ox MOIUHOCXH Hecymefl. ^OCXOHHCXBO /^BllH: npocxoxa MOflyjwijHH/fleMOflyjijiijHH. He^ocxaxKH: 6ojiee HCM flByxpaxHoe pacuinpenHe cnexxpa no oxHouieHHio K MOflyjinpyiomeMy cHrnajiy =2fe HHSKaa noMexoycxoiiHHBOCxb, nocKOJibicy MajioMoiu,Hbie SoKOBbie, Hecymne A apMainiio, Jierno nopa^caioxoi ^a»ce cjia6oii noMexoH. B MTC HC Hcnojibsyexca. IlpHMeHaexca, nanpHMep, B 3^npHOM na fljiHHHbix, cpe^HHx H KopoxKHx BOjiHax, rflc rnasHoe — npocxoxa npHe'MHHKa. 61 fo-fc BajiaHCHan BM HJIH ,3BII (use SOKOBWC 6e3 Hecymeii) BM — cHraajia HMCCT \ UBM(t)=S(t>COSfl>0t. •: V ; T V; i| / v V BpeMCHHaa BM-cnrHajia fo fo+fc f f-f Jo Je Cneicrp BM-cumana npii )7 »/O v/H fo f fo+f,, fo+fe Cneicrp BM-cumana npn cumanoM co cnnoiiiHbiM cneiapOM B nonoce fc M3CTOT /„.../. IlocKOJibKy npH BM omdatomasi cooTBeTCTByex He cnrHajiy S(t), a a6cojiiOTHOH TO BejiHHHHe ornGaiomeH HenpHroAen. flexeKxopa. T ero BM-CHrnajia BO3MO»cHa npn noMomn cnnxpoHHoro JH -f J e Jo Js Jo CxpyKxypnaa cxeMa cHHXpoHHoro ^exeKxopa H cneKxpanbHaa flHarpaMMa CHrnajia na Hecymaa nacxoxa, noflaBaeMaa Ha nepeMHO)«Hxejib, flOJi«Ha 6wxb CHHxpoHna H HecymeH nacxoxe na nepeflane. Tor^a Bbipa»ceHHe AJM CHrHana na MO^CHO sanncaxb B Sx(t)=2UBM(t)-cos co0t-2S(t)-cos2 co 0t=S(t)+S(t>cos2 to Ot. 62 HacxoxHbiH cnexxp, nocxpoeHHbiH na OCHOBC axoro BbipajKCHHa, co^ep^cHx MOflyjinpyiomero CHraana S(t) (nepsoe cuaraeMoe), KoxopbiH aBjwexca npo/ryKXOM H Bbmejmexca HH, a xaioKe — napy SOKOBWX npn y^BoeHHOH HecymeH nacxoxe (sxopoe cjiaraeMoe). ECJIH 2f0-fe>fe, x.e. f0>fe, xo HH^KHaa 6oKOBaa ne nepeKpbmaexca co cneKxpoM CHraajia S(t) H ero 4)HJiBTpaii,Ha oKaawBaexca BosMoacHon. /!,OCXOHHCXBOM BM aBJiflexcfl 6ojiee BbicoKaa noMexoycxoHHHBOcxb no cpaBHCHHio c AEI1H, o6ycjioBjieHHa« oxcyxcxBHCM Hecymen B cneiope. He^ocxaxKH: IHHPOKHH nacxoxHbiH cneKxp AFBM^?/^, Heo6xo,o,HMOCxb CHHXpoHHoroflexeKXHpoBaHHfl,a cjieflOBaxejibHO - BoccxanoBJieHHa Hecymefi na npHCMC C XOHHOCXbK) flO 4>a3H- ECJIH HCCymHC paSJIHHHbl, XO B03HHKaK)X COBepmeHHO neflonycxHMbie nepno^HHecKHe HSMeneHHa BejiHHHHbi ^eMo^yjiHpoBaHHoro cHrnana ox nyjia ^0 MaKCHMyMa H x.,a. (GneHHa) c nacxoxoii, paBHOH pasnocxH necymnx nacxox na npHCMe H nepe^ane. BM Hcnojibsyiox He fljm nepe^anH, a KaK npoMeacyxoHHyio cxyneHb npn H OflHOHOJIOCHOrO OM HJIH OBn (o^na 6oKOBan 6es Hecymefi) BBM > HBH J I 1 J— > Jf rapMOHI/meCKMM " \s ~^A\ I \J I \Jwl i 1 f f—f f £ BBH HBO s\\ ^ ' / f0 fo+fH fo+fe MoflynfiMMfi curHanoM co cnnoiiiHbiM cneicrpOM B ^\ —' nonoce Bes MHBepcuM -^—'—> f°~f« J H '" J8 C UHBepcweii HacxoxHbie cneKxpw OM-CHrHauoB OM npome scero npe^cxaBHXb KaK nepenoc cneKxpa nepBHHHoro CHrnajia B oGjiacxb BbicoKHx nacxox (cooxsexcxBeHHo, ^eMOflyjiaiiHK) OM - CHrnajia MO»CHO xpaKxosaxb KaK oGpaiHbm nepenoc). IlepeHoc cneKxpa ssepx Mo»ex conpOBO)KflaxbCH HHBepcHeH: HH cocxaBJWK)iu,He nepBHHHoro (MOAyJinpyiomero) CHrHana nocjie nepeHoca oKasbraaioxcji Bbiine no Hacxoxe, HCM BM cocxaBJiaiomHe. ^CHO, HXO BOSHHKaex npn HcnojibsosaHHH HH^CHCH 6OKOBOH BM OM - cHrnajia HMCCX UOM(t)=A(t)-cos[w0t±0)(t)], - cooxBexcxseHHO, orHSaiomaa H nojinaa MrHoseHHaa (t) 63 nacxoxa OM - CHraajia pasna mero CHrnajia ^ ^f\O ne c caMHM cHrnajiOM, AM), a MrHOBCHHaa nacxoxa pasna jiH6o cyMMe, jiH6o pasHocxH Hecymen nacxoxbi n nacxoxbi MOAyJiHpyromero KOJie6aHH» ox xoro, KaKaa HS GOKOBHX asjiaexca none3HOH. O^naKO ecjiH Mo/jyjiHpyiomee KOJieGanne asjiaexca OM-cnrHJia rapMOHHHCCKHM, XO OflHOHOJIOCHblH CHrH3JI, HanpoxHB, Bbirjifl^HX o^eHb npocxo: OH xo»cbunpe^cxaBJiaex co6oH rapMOHHHecKoe KOJie6aHHe, xoxa H c flpyroH Hacxoxoii. PasyMeexca, aexexxop ornGaiomeH .zyuifl,eMOflyjum,HHOAHonojiocnoro CHrnajia i, nocKOJIbKy OH BbmejiHx ne Mo^yjiHpyiomHH CHraaji, a ero orH6aK)myio. Hcnojibsyiox paccMoxpenHyio Bbime cxeMy CHHXpoHHoro oSoCHOBaXb BO3MO)KHOCXb QTO npHMeHCHHH, SaHHUICM BblpaMCCHHC CHraajia Ha Bbixo^e ) = 2- UOM (0 • cos coat = 2A(t) • cos[00t ± 0>(r)] cos o)0t = A(t) cos O(0 IlepBoe cuaraeMoe npe^cxasnaex co6oH MOflyjinpyiomnH CHrHan S(t), KoxopbiH OHH, Bxopoe - oflHonojiocHbiH CHrnaji na y^BoeHHOH necymeii, KoxopbiH nepes 3xox opMHpOBaHHH o^HonojiocHoro CHrnana oSbinno ncnojibsyiox ^HJibxposoH Mexofl . S^ecb 4>opMHpoBaHHe OM - cHrnajia nponcxo^HX B ppa axana. Ha nepsoM axane npn XIOMOIUH nepeMHO^CHxejia (ero 6anaHCHbiM MOflyjiaxopoivt) A r(r) = cneKxp Koxoporo co^epKHx ^BC SOKOBWC. Ha BXOPOM sxane c noMombio HOJIOCOBOFO ^ v (J3HJIbXpa BblflCJIfllOX OflHy H3 6oKOBbIX CxeMa ^.^ , OM-CHrnana (6e3pa3JiHHHO KaKyio, H6o OHH Hecyx Hycxb, nanpHMep, S(t) = UM -coscoct. Tor^a 64 99,7 G)c}'t A/" = 0,6/cTz/ HBH 96,6 BBH 100 100,3 103.4 IlpHMep cneKTpajibHOH .zmarpaMMbi BM-CHrnajia £,= 100 KTll, H fc=\, HMCCM fnfa=99 KPiJ, /B6q~101 ECJIH S(t) - Tejie(])OHHbiH, TO cneicrp CHrnajia BM COCTOHT H3 flsyx GoKOBbix HOJIOC: HBH H BBR. HeflocraTOK (J)HjibTpOBoro MCTO^a — BbicoKHe TpeGosaHHa K Kpyrasne no (oHCHb KpyTbie cpesbi AMX).CjioacHOCTb (J)HJibTpa HiHpHHbi nepexo^HOH o6jiacTH ueyKjiy nojiocaMH nponycKaHHfl H A/ K cpe^HCH nacTOTe ero HaerpoHKH fcf , a Taxace - Tpe6yeMbiM B nojioce saflepacaHHa A^ . B flannoM cjiynae fcv»f0 , A/// 0 = 0,006 H ATpT «65 OTMBTHM, HTO yace npn A/// 0 « 0,02 nocTpoeHHe xoponinx LC saTpyflHCHO. IlosTOMy npnxoflHTCH Hcnojib3OBaTb ^OBOJibHO floporne 3JieKTpOMexaHHH6CKHe ^HJIbTpbl. OM uiHpoKo HcnojibsyeTca B 3JieKTpocB»3H. Ee ^ocTOHHCTBa: - Majiaa mnpHHa cneKTpa, Taicaa »ce, Kax y MO^ynnpyiomero cnrnajia (caxia BO3MO5KHOCTb noflasjieHHa ofl,HOH H3 6oKOBbix o6bacHaeTca TCM, HTO OHH nepeHOcaT HH(J)OpMaU,HIo). Gojibinaa no cpaBHCHHio c KJiaccHHecKoii AM noMexoycTOHHHBocTb, HTO o6'bacHaeTca OTcyTCTBHCM Hecymen B cneiope. ECJIH necymne na nepe^ane H npneMC oTJinnaiOTca no HaCTOTC, HCKaaceHHa, TO Cnetcrp na npneiye BOSHHKaiOT cyrb KOTOpbix Cnenrp na nepefl COCTOHT B CflBHFe BC6X HaCTOT cneiopa cnrnajia Ha i pasHocTH Hccymnx. ECJIH HesejiHK (A/0 =1...2rz/), OH CJIBHT cneicrpa H3-33 HeoflifflaKOBOCTH Hecynmx cymecTBCHHO He BJinaeT na KanecTBO CBHSH. 65 PaccMOTpHM npou,e,o,ypy OJJHOIIOJIOCHOH KOHKpeTHOM npHMCpe: necyman nacTOTa 100 KTu,, «nojie3Haa» 6oKOBaa MOflyjrapyiomHH cnrHa/1 Tejie4)OHHbiH (0,3... 3, 4 CneKip cHrnajia na Cneicrp MOAynnpyioLJuero cumana GajiaHCHoro (nepeMHO^CHTCJifl) COCTOHT H3 6oKOBbix noiioc: BBI1 B 3,4 0,3 OT 100+0,3=100,3 100+3,4=103,4 KTu H HER B Cneicrp BM-cumana flHanasoHe OT 100 - 3,4= 96,6 KTu, no 100 - 0,3=99,7 KFu,. IIOJIOCOBOH (j)HJibTp na Bbixo^e MOflyjiaTopa 96,6 99,7 100,3 103,4 BWACJIHT HBH 96,6... 99,7 K^^ KOTOpaa HBJiaeTca B ^anHO OM - CHFHaJIOM. CneKTp cHrnajia Ha i, no-cymecTBy, HHHCM He OT KpOMC TO5K6 COCTOHT H3 flfiyX 6oKOBbIX: BEIT B nojioce OT 100 + 96,6 = 196,6 KFq flo 100 + 99,7 = 199,7 KFu, H HEI1 B nojioce OT 100 - 99,7 = 0,3 KFu, flo 100 - 96,6 = 3,4 KFu, 3ro H ecTb nojiesHbin npeo6pa3OBaHHfl, KOTOporo — saflana OHH. flpiiycTHM Tenepb, HTO necymaa nacTOTa Ha npHCMe He 100 KTq, a 100,01 KTii. Jlerao HOflCHHTaTb, HTO CIieKTp HOJICSHOrO npo^yKTa cocTaBHT He 0,3...3,4 icTix, a 0,31...3,41 Krii,. TaKHM o6pa3OM, BenHHHHa c^BHra ' paBHa 10 Fu,. r * 0,3 Ha Cneicrp OM-cnmana 96,6 99,7 Cneicrp cumana na Bbixofle cnHxpoHHoro flereicropa 3,4 196,6 199,7 Cneicrp cumana Ha Bbixofle OHM 0,3 /".Kill 3,4 npeoGpasoeaHne MacrorHbix cneicrpOB cumanoB npn r 66 TeMa 14 IIPHHIJHII HACTOTHOFO PA3#EJIEHHfl KAHAJIOB. CTPyKTYPHAH CXEMA MTC C HPK H OAHOIIOJIOCHOH HacxoxHoe pasflejienne iimpoKO ncnojibsyiox B 3JieKTpocB5i3H, , onxHHecKOH CBH3H. ripHHu,HnBi HPK cocxoax B cjie^yioineM. Ka^KflOMy nepeflasaeMOMy curHajiy BHACJiaiox onpeflejieHHyio nojiocy nacxox. riepeHoc nacxoxHoro cneKxpa cHrnaiia B 3xy nonocy ocymecxBJiarox npn noMonpi MOflyjiau;nH. MO^CHO npHMenaxB Jiio6oH BH^, Mo^yjiapHH, o^HaKo, name Bcero HcnojiBsyiox AM KaK HanGojiee yBKonojiocHyio. B Kanecxse nepenocHHKOB Hcnojib3yiox rapMOHHHecKHe KOJie6aHHa c pasHbiMH nacxoxaMH, Koxopwe Hasbisaiox HecymHMH. rpynnoBOH CHrnaji (^opMHpyiox KaK cyMMy KaHanbHbix, ero pas^ejieHHe na npHe'Me ocymecxBJiaiox npH noMonni HOJIOCOBHX (JmjibxpoB. nacxoxHoro cneKxpa rpynnoBoro cnrnajia cocxaBJiaex + A/3 - HiHpHHa nojiocbi Ha N - KOJIHHCCXBO KaHanoB, A/KC - HiHpHHa cneKxpa KanajibHoro CHrnajia, A/3 - sanac Ha pac^HjibxpoBicy. • ECJIH npn <|)opMnpOBaHHH KanajibHbix CHrnajiOB npHMenaiox OM, xo HOMHHajiw Hecymnx Hacxox na nepe^ane H npneMe flOJi»CHbi 6wxb OflHHaKOBblMH. PaccMoxpHM npaKXHHecKyio peajiH3aii,Hio >H MTC c HPK H OM. EM no SXHX npHHi^Hnos na npHMepe no fl OHM 7\ '02 CTpyKxypnaa cxeMa TpexKaHajibHOH MTC c HPK c OM 6? BanancHbie Mo^ynaxopbi H nojiocosbie (J)HJibxpbi Ha nepejjane (j>opMHpytox IlojiocoBbie (j)HJibxpbi H na 4)HJIbXpbI npne'Me HH5KHHX pasAenaiox H3CXOX rpynnoBOH flCMOflyJIHpyiOX cHrnaji Ha OflHOHOJIOCHbie CHraajibi. OXMCXHM eme pas, HXO SajiancHbiH Mo^yJiaxop H fleMO^yjiaxop, no cyxn, oflHO H xo )Ke ycxpoiicxBO - nepeMHO»CHxejib. PasHHqa B nasBaHHH o6ycjiOBJieHa xojibKO TQM, HXO Mo^yjiaxopw pacnojio»ceHbi na nepe^aiomeH cxopone, a ACMOflyjiaxopbi - na npneMHOH. FeHepaxopHoe oGopy^OBaHHe asjiaexca HCXOHHHKOM necymnx nacxox. npHMep Saaana xpexxaHajibHaa MTC c MPK H OM. Hecymaa nacxoxa HH^cnero no nacxoxe xanajia pasna foi=4 KTif, «none3Hbie» 6oKOBbie sepxHHe, nepBHHHbie CHFHajibi xejie^oHHbie. Tpe6yexca paccHHxaxb H nocxpoHXb cxeMy nacxoxHbix npeo6pa3OBaHHH PeuieHHe. Bbi6HpaeM Hecymne nacxoxbi ^na ocxajibHbix KanajiOB, HMea B HXO B MTC, npeflHasHaneHHbix ^na nepe^aHH xejie(})OHHbix CHraajioB, Ha O^HH OXBOWIX nojiocy AfK = 4 icTi;, H3 Koxopbix KanajibHwii CHrHan saHHMaex nonocy nacxox A/vc = 3,1 KTu;, a sanac na pac^HJibxpoBKy cocxaBJiaex Af3 = 0,9 KTu;. Cjie^OBaxejibHo, fo2=8 KTi^, f Q3=12 KfLt. PaccHHXbmaeM BBFI H cxpoHM cxeMy nacxoxHbix npeoSpasoBaHHH. 12 3,4 4,3 7,4 11,4 8,3 12,3 15,4 CxeMa nacxoxHbix npeo6pa3OBaHHH ECJIH na BXOA Ka5K,o,oro Kanana BMCCXO no^axb rapMOHHHecKoe KOJieSanHe c nacxoxoii 1 KTn,, xo cneKxp rpynnoBoro cnrnajia 6y^,ex cocxoaxb HS xpex nacxox 5 KTu,, 9 KTii, H 13 13 68 nepexo^Hbie (nepeicpecTHbie) noMexn HejinneiiHoro HeKoxopbie sjieivteHXbi rpynnosbix H JiHHeHHbix xpaxxoB, HanpHMep o6"jia#aiox HejiHHCHHOcxbio. Pa^H npocroxbi HX paccMaxpHBaiox KaK 6e3biHepiiHOHHbie. 3xo osHanaex, HXO MrHoseHHoe snaneHHe Bbixo^Horo nanpaxceHHa UBMX(t) onpe/jejiaexca snaneHHeM BXOAHOFO HanpaaceHHa UBX(t) xojibKO B xox ace MOMCHX BpeMCHH t H ox npeflbLflymHX ero 3HaneHHH HC saBHCHX. saBHCHMOCxb UBbIX ox UBX HasbiBaiox xapaKxepHcxHKOH HejiHHeHHoro 3jieMenxa. ECJIH 3Ke ona jiHHCHHa UBHX=aiUBX, xo H SJICMCHX asjiaexca JiHHeHHbiM,Ee HCKa»caioiu,HM i. B npoxHBHOM cjrynae BO3HHKaiox HejiHHCHHbie HCKaaceHHH. xapaKxepHCXHKy HejiHHeHHoro sjicMenxa annpoKCHMHpyiox IIOJIHHOMOM a B KanecxBe MO^CJIH rpynnoBoro CHrnaJia Hcnojibsyiox cyMMy rapMOHHHecKHX KOJie6aHHH c pasHbiMH nacxoxaMH 6>,,-0) fi,f2---fm ~ nacxoxbi BXOflHoro KOJie6aHH«, ei, €2 ... em - u,ejibie nonoacHxejibHbie HJTH oxpHLiaxejibHbie HHCJia HJIH CyMMy Mo^yjieH SXHX KO3^<^HqHCHxoB HasbiBaiox nopa^KOM npo^ynxa . OH ne MO^CCX npeBocxo^nxb CXCHCHH noJIHHOMa, Koxopaa BbiGnpaexca, H3 xpe6yeMOH XOHHOCXH annpoKCHMaiiHH. /^Jia rpynnoBbix H JiHHeHHbix ycHJTHxejien MTC c ^K, BHocanpix HeSojibnine HejiHHeHHbie HCKa»ceHHa, ^ocxaxoHHo noJIHHOMa xpexbefi cxenenn. Ilpn SXOM BO3HHKaiox xojibKO npo^yKXhi Bxoporo nopa^Ka 2fi,ft+fj,frfjH npoflyKXbi xpexbero nopa^xa 3ft , 2fl+fj , 2frfj , ft+2fj , fr2fj , fi+fj+fk , fi+frfk , frfrfk .3«ecb f i . f j . f k - npoHSBOJibHbie nacxoxw B cnexxpe rpynnoBoro CHrnajia. CneKxpw npo^yKxoB HeJIHHeHHOCXH Moryx nepexpbiBaxbca co cneKxpoM CHrnajra, HXO sefle'x K noaBjieHHK) nepexo^Hbix OOMCX HejiHHeHHoro npoHcxoac^eHHa B Kanajiax MTC. 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IlpHMep CneKxp rpynnoBoro CHrnajia cocpefloxoneH B nojioce nacxox/^ ...fe. Paccnnxaxb rpaHHijbi nacxoxHbix nonoc, saHHMaeMbix npo^yKxaMH HejiHHCHHOcxH Bxoporo H xpexbero nopa^KOB. PemeHHe. BnaHane paccMoxpHM npoflyxxbi Bxoporo nopa^Ka. Bnojine OHCBH^HO, HXO cneKxp Bxopwx rapMOHHK 2fi saHHMaex nojiocy nacxox 2fH ...2fe. B 3XOH »e nojioce cocpe^oxoHCH cneKxp cyMMapHoro KOM6HHauHOHHoro npo^yKxa ft+fj , noxoMy HXO cyMMa MHHHMajibHa, eciiH o6a cjiaraeMbix npHHHMaiox HaHMeHbinne 3HaH6HHa^^=/, H cyMMa MaxcHMajibHa, Kor^a cjiaraeMbie ^.ocxHraiox MaKCHMyMa fi=fj=fe . Bepxnaa nacxoxa cneKxpa pasHocxnoro KOM6HHau,HOHHoro npo^yKxa f-fj pasna fe-fu , X.K. pasHocxb MaKCHMaiibHa, CCJIH yMCHbinaeMoe MaKCHMajibHO, a BbinnxaeMoe MHHHMajibHO. OopMajibHO HH»cHaa rpaHHiia cnexxpa 3xoro npo^yKxa cocxaBjiaex/^-ye, nocKOJIbKy pasHocxb MHHHMajTbna, KorAa yMCHbinaeMoe MHHHManbHO, a BbiHHxaeMoe anaKO fljia Jiio6bix fK H fB 3xa pasnocxb oxpHu,axejibHa. , HH^CHaa nacxoxa cneKxpa ^aHHoro npo^yKxa pasna nyjiio. 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Kpoivie TOTO, OTHOuueHMe CMrna/i/iuyM MO>KHO yBe/iMMMib sa cner nacTOTbi AMCKpeTM3au,Mki: ec/in ee, nanpn/vtep, yflBonib no cpaBneHMK) c MHHMYMOM /aMHH = 2/6/ TO OTHOiueHMe curna/i/iuyM ro>Ke TaKOM nyib cHmaioT HesbiroAHbiM n MM ne no/ib3yH3TCfl. nenaMHoro npeBbiniaer 2/Q/ nanpMMep, p,nn ie/iec()OHHoro curna/ia /^= 8 Kfu,, a ,, Bbinrpbiuj cociaB^aeT Bcero 1,176 M/IM nyib 6o/ibiue 0,7 Bbino/iHennn pacne'TOB ero native Bcero He yqnTbisaraT Boo6uj,e. 93 ABOMHHblX 3aK/iKDHMTe/ibHbiM aranoM MKM - npeo6pa3OBaHna. OHO co6oM oro6pa>KeHne KBaniOBaHHoro AMM - cnma/ia B BMAG coHeraHMfl KOAOBblX CMMBO/1OB. OopMa/lbHblM 3Ha/lOr 3TOM Onepau,MH - u,e/ibix nuce/i B ABOMMHOM CMCTewe CMMC/iennfl. Flpn KOflnpoBaHMM KBanroBaHHOMy oicMeiy craBflT B coorBeicTBue KOflOByK) KO/v\6nHaiJ1Mio onpefle/ieHHOM cipyKrypbi, cocTOflm,yK) us CMMBO/IOB 0, 1 M Ha3biBae/viyK) Ko,qoBbiM C/1OBOM. Ko/lMHeCTBO CMMBO/1OB B KOflOBOM C/IOBe Onpefle/lflGT paSp^AHOCTb ripn noMouj,n m-paspaAHoro KOAS MOMKBT 6biTb o6pa3OBano 2 C/1OB, Ka>KflOe H3 KOTOpblX OTBGMaeTTOMy H/1M MHOMy ypOBHK) M3B6CTHO necKO/ibKo cudeM Hy/v»epau,MM 111 101 cucie/via, ocnoBaHHaa na cuMMerpHHHOM 110 Sflecb paccMarpuBaeTCfl ro/ibKO ABOMMHOM KOAG. Ee ncno/ib3yK)T npn 100 6nno/iflpHbixcnrHa/iOB. B 000 oTl nojinpHOGTB Ko^MpyeMoro oTC'ieTa: 010 c/iesa) pasp^A KOAOBOFO c/iosa yKasbisaei 001 CMMMeipMHHOM KOAG CTaplllMM (KpaMHMM I cooTBeTGTByeT noJiOKHTCJiLHOM^ RpMMep 0 - oTpHuaiejaHOJi HOJUIPHOOTH. ____________________ 28 5 /iMHMfl Hy/iesoro noTeHU,na/ia —8 —28 —35 o6pa3OBaHMfl cuMMeipMMHoro KOAa. QcTajiLHKie paspyiflH onpeseJiniOT ero ad cojiJOTHyio BejinTMHy. Hy/iesoMy ypoBHKD, /leHOiAeMy na/iHHMM Hy/iesoro noTeHu,na/ia, cooTBeicTB\KiT KOAOBbix c/iosa: 1000. ..00 M 0000. ..00. FlepBoe C/IOBO Bbi6npaeTOi, KorAa Be/iHHkina orcMeia 6o/ibiue ny/ia, HO Menbiue 8, Biopoe - Korfla Menbine ny/ia, HO 6o/ibuie - 8. PaccMorpuM na KOHKpeiHOM npuMepe npou,eAypbi fl c nocioflHHbiM maroM 8 Hanpa>KeHna Usx. flycrb U B X = . 91 MB u 8 = 1,2 MB. HatfAe/vi UBX OTHOtueHne — = 91/1,2 = 75,8. Pesy/ibiar s , HTO saAannoe nanpameHMe naxoAMTca we>KAy 75-M n 76-M ypoBH^MM. B COOTBGTCTBMM C npaBM/lOM KBaHTOBaHMfl C/lGAyGT OKpyr/lHTb 3TO HMC^O. OAH3KO pea/ibHbiM KOAep Bbino/iHaer ne onepau,HKD OKpyr/ieHi/m, a onepau,mo BbiAe/ienkia « u,e/ioki nacTM ent(x)^ noaiOMy HOMep ypOBHH KBaHTOBanna B AecaiMHHOM cncieMe CMMC/lGHMfl paCCHMTblBaKDTTaK N10 = ent(UBx/6) = ent (75,8) = 75. 3annujeM STO HMC/IO B ABOMHHOM 4>opMe 7510=10010112. 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