Основы построения инфокоммуникационных систем и сетей
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Статья: Основы построения инфокоммуникационных систем и сетей
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Tonojiormi ceien cDfl3H
IlpocxeHHieH aBJiaexca xonojioraa To^Ka-xoHKa, npeACxaBJiaiomaa coSoft cemeHX
cexH, CBasbiBaiomHH ABC cxaHiuiH. TonojiorHK) IlocjieAOBaxejibHaa jiHHeHHaa uenb
Hcnojib3yiox, Kor^a cymecxsyex Heo6xoAHMOCxb oxBexBJieHHa B KaKOM-jffl6o nynKxe,
rAe Moryx BBOAHXbca H BbiBOAHXbca KaHanbi.
B cexH c xonojioraeH 3fle3Aa Jiio6bie cxanuHH (jiH6o aGonenxw)
BsaHMOAeiicxByiox Me)KAy co6oH xojibKO nepea yseji.
xonojiorna npe^nojiaraex najiHHHe necKOJibKHX ysjios c
HMH cxaHii,HHMH (a6oHeHxaMH), coe#HHeHHbix flpyr c ApyroM. 3xy
xonojiorHK) npHMCHfliox, nanpHMep, npn nocxpoeHHH xejie(J)OHHbix cexefi He6ojibiiiHX
nojiHOCBfl3Haa xonojiormi, KorAa cxanii,HH coeAHHenbi no npHHu,Hny
Ka»CAOH», naH6ojiee acHByna H naAe»CHa, HO AJI» ee nocxpoeHHa xpe6yexca
MHOrO JIHHHH, OCo6eHHO CCJIH KOJIKHCCXBO CXaHIJHH BCJIHKO.
Peuiexnaxafl xonojiorna o6ecneMHBaex HCCKOJILKO HesasHCHMbix nyxen
cxaHij,HaMH H noaxoMy xan^ce o6jiaAaex nenjioxoH »CHBynecxbK).
FIpH cosAaHHH coBpeMCHHbix cexeH see name Hcnojibsyiox KOJibij;eBbie xonoJiorHH.
B cexH, HMeiomeii KOH^HiypaLtHio Konbii,o, cnrHaji nepeAaiox no JIHHHH B OAHOM
HanpasjieHHH. Ha npaKXHKe o6biHHO npHMenaiox xonojioraio ^BOHHOC
nocKOJibKy ona no3BOJiaex 3am,HXHXbca ox HeKOxopwx xapaKxepnbix xnnoB
nanpHMep, ox o6pbiBOB JIHHHH nepeAann. Cexn, B xoxopbix ycxpaneHHe noBpe»AeHHH
onepaxHBHO, aBXOMaxHHecKH, 6e3 nepepbiBa CBasn nasbmaiox
HJIH caMO3ajieHHBaK>m,HMHca.
TonojiorHH O6maa niHHa H ,3,epeBO naxoA^x npHMeneHne B KOMnbioxepHbix cexax.
nepeAasaeMbiH AaHHoii cxaHiiHefi, OAHOBpeMCHHO noABOAHXca KO BCCM
ApyrHM cxanu,HaM, HO BbiACJiaexca xojibxo OAHOH H3 HHX B COOXBCXCXBHH c aApecnoH
HH(^opMau,HeH, coAep^cainenca B sarojioBKax naKexoB.
Taxne CCXH AOBOJibHO npocxw c XOHKH spenna HX annapaxnoH H nporpaMMHOH
peajiH3ai;HH.
CeXH
nOABH)KHOH
nacxo cxpoax c
COXOBOH xonoJiorHH. B HCH sea
o6cjiy:acHBaeMaa xeppnxopHa
na ynacxKH - coxw. B iienxpe
coxbi ycxanoBJieHa Gasosaa cxaHii,Ha
BC,
npeACxasjiaiomaa
co6on
paAHocxaHu,HK> He6ojibinoH MOUIHOCXH.
Ona
noAA,ep»CHBaex
csasb
c
Mo6HJIbHbIMH
CXaHII,HaMH
(aGoHCHxaMH), HaxoAam,HMHca
B
npeACJiax AaHHoii
coxw. Basoswe
CXaHI],HH COeAHH6HbI C Il,eHXpOM KOM-
Myxa^HH
UK,
HXO
nosBOJiaex
a6oHCHxaM pasHbix cox csasbiBaxbca
Tonojionia
Me»CAy co6oH. ECJIH a6oHenx BO BpeMa
ceanca csasn nepeMemaexca HS OAHOH
coxw B Apyryio, ero xepMHHan HesaMexHO nepeioiioHaexca na csasb c BC HOBOH coxbi.
8
TeMa 2. nPHHLTHIIM IIOCTPOEHHfl E#HHOH CETH 3JIEKTPOCBJBH
POCCHH.
EC3 P(D HBJiaexca OCHOBOH ajieKxpocsasn Hainen cxpanw. 3xa cexb npeflcxasjiaex
co6oH KOMnjieKC xexHOJiorHHecKH conpfl^KCHHbix cexeii 3jieKxpocB»3H o6mero
nojibaoBaHHfl, BHitejieHHHX, TexHOJiorMiecKHX H ceTei cneimasH-aHeHHH. Ona
npHHafljie»CHX K oco6oii KaxeropHH HauHOHajibHbix cexefi, nocKOJibKy xapaKxepHsyexca
rnraHXCKHMH pa3MepaMH (oSmaa jiiiHHa JIHHHH 6ojiee 350 MJIH.KM.) H
CCXH o6mero nojibsoBaHHa oxKpbixbi ffH% BCCX IOPH^HHCCKHX H (^HSHHCCKHX JIHU;.
K HHM oxHOcaxca xejie(|)OHHaa (HanGojiee npoxa^ceHnaa H pasBexBJieHHaa),
xejierpa^naa... H x.fl. JSH^ejienHHe ce-TH npeflocTaBJWDT yanyrH orpaHHT-ieHHOMy
Kpyry no^tsoBaTejieH. TexHojioranecKHe QQTE npejijiasHaHeHH
o<5scne^eHZH irpOHSBo^cTBeHHot fleHTejiiHocTH opraHKsauMfi H
npou,e-ocaMB. UeTH oneupasHa^eHHH oOecne-TffiBa»T
, odopoHn, desonacHocTH H oxpaHH npasonopfiflKa.
£C3 nocxpoena na npHHiinnax opraHH3au,HOHHo-xexHHHecKoro
Hcnojib3OBaHHe e^HHOH HOMeHKJiaxypbi xnnoBbix KanajioB H rpynnosbix
•
npHMeHCHHe MaKCHMaJIbHO yHH^HIlHpOBaHHblX XeXHHHCCKHX
•
npOBCfleHHC e^HHOH XCXHHHeCKOH HOJIHXHKH,
•
XpaKXOB.
ApxHTeicrypa H reppHTopnajibHoe
EC3
EC3 aejiax na xpn HepapXHnecKHx yposna:
• nepBHHHyio cexb HJIH cexb cpe^cxB,
• BxopHHHbie cexH HJIH cexH nepefl,aHH coo6meHHH (cexH
YnpaBJieHHe
Kanajiu CBHSH
Onepaiopw
YnpaBJieHne
CCTH
KOMMyrauiffl
CBH3H
YnpaRieinie
ceib
oOopyjoBamw
TeneKOMMyHHKauHOHHLie
CHCTeMLI H Ka6e.TL
ApxHxeicxypa EC3
nepBHHHyio cexb cocxasjiaiox JIHHHH nepe^aHH, cexeBbie yajibi H cexeswe
cxami,HH. Cexesaa cxamina - 3x0 OKoneHHaa xonica nepBHHHOH cexn. CexeBoii yseji
pacnojiwKCH na nepeceneHHH HecKOJIbKHX JIHHHH nepe^anH. Ero 4)yHKn,H» - nepeKJiioHCHHe KanaJiOB H rpynnosbix xpaKxos. OCHOBHHM o6opyflOBaHHeM nepBHHHOH cexn
aBJiaroxca MHoroKanajibHbie xejieKOMMyHHKanHOHHbie CHCXCMM, c noMombio Koxopbix
coa^aiox Kanajibi H rpynnosbie xpaKxw (rpynnbi KaHajiofi).
KanajiOM nepe^aHH nasbreaiox coBOKynnocxb XCXKHHCCKHX cpe^cxs (annapaxypa)
H cpeflbi (jiHHHa nepe^aHH), oGecnenHBaiomHx nepeAany CHrnanoB MOK^xy cexesbiMH
ysjiaMH H cexesbiMH cxaHU,naMH. Kanajibi 6biBaiox aHajiorosbiMH H u,H(|)poBbiMH,
npocxbiMH H cocxaBHbiMH (npn HajiHHHH xpaH3Hxofi). FpynnoBOH xpaKx BioiiOHaex
KOJIHHCCXBO KanajioB. THHOBOH rpynnoBofi xpaxx BMecxe c nnxepannapaxypoH HMenyiox cexesbiM xpaKxoM. TejieKOMMyHHKau,HOHHaa CHcxeMa
HJIH CHcxeMa nepe^aHH npe^cxaBJiaex co6ofi KOMnjiexc XCXKHHCCKHX cpeflcxs,
o6ecneHHBaioui,HX o6pa30BaHHe JIHHeHHOro xpaxxa, xnnoBbix rpynnosbix xpaxxos H
nepe^anH nepBHHHOH CCXH. Ona MO^CCX 6bixb aHanorosaa HJIH u,H<^pOBaa
onxHnecKaa HJIH paflHocHcxeMa.
BxopHHHbie cexH opranHsyiox na 6aae nepBHHHOH. B cocxas BxopHHHoii CCXH
BXOflHX OKOHCHHbie a6oH6HXCKHe yCXaHOBKH, a6oHeHXCKH6 JIHHHH, ySJIbl KOMMyxaUHH,
Kanajibi nepe^anH, Bbi^ejieHHbie HS nepBHHHOH CCXH ^jia oGpasosaHHa
BXopHHHOH cexH. B saBHCHMOcxH ox BHfla ncpeflasaeMbix coo6iu,eHHH
cjie^yiomHe BxopHHHbie cexn:
• xejie^oHHyio • xejierpacfmyio • nepe^aHH ^annbix • nepeflaHH raaex
•3ByKOBoro BemaHHa •xejiesHSHOHHoro Bem,aHHa.
CymecxBOBasmaa panee cexb (^aKCHMHJibHOH csasn saMenena cexbio a6oHenxcKHx
4>aKCHMHJibHbix ycxaHOBOK, cHH»caexca xpa(J)HK (HarpysKa) xejierpa(J)HOH CCXH.
FlepBHHHyio H BxopHHHbie cexH no xeppHxopnajibHOMy npHBHaKy noflpa3fl,ejiaiox
na xpn HepapXHnecKHx yposna (ynacxKa) : MarHcxpajibHbiH, BHyxpH3OHOBbiH,
MecxHbiH. MecxHbie cexn pacnonaraioxca na xeppHxopHH ropo^a HJIH cejibCKoro
panoHa. JIHHHH, coe^HHaionnie ysjibi MecxHOH cexn, nasbmaiox coe^HHHxejibHbiMH.
MaKCHMajibHaa npoxa»ce'HHocxb Kanana MCCXHOH cexn 100 KM.
BnyxpHSOHOBbie CCXH cos^aiox na xeppnxopHH o^Horo HJIH HecKOJIbKHX
cy6i>eKXOB PO. B HeKoxopwx cjiynaax na xeppnxopHH o^Horo cy6i>eKxa Moryx
ABC xaKHx cexn. Kaacflaa HS HHX cooxBexcxsyex SOHC nyMepai;HH
xejie<|)OHHOH cexH - oxcio^a H HassaHHe. MaKCHMajibHaa npoxa)KeHHocxb
Kanana BHyxpH3OHOBOH cexn 600 KM.
MarncxpajibHaa cexb coe^HHaex see rjiaBHbie ysjiw BHyxpH30HOBbix cexency6beKXOB PO - Mexc^y co6on H c MOCKBOH. MaKCHMajibHaa npoxa^ce'HHOCXb
MarHcxpanbHOH CCXH 12500 KM. (Bee paccxoanna flanbi c nejibio
HopMHposaHHa xex HJIH HHbix noKasaxejien Kanecxsa cBasn).
Hcnojibsyiox cjie^yK)iu,He coKpameHna:
• CMI1 - cexb MarncxpajibHaa nepsHHHaa,
• B3TTC - BHyxpnsoHOBaa nepBHHnaa cexb,
• MI1C - Mecxnaa nepBHHHaa cexb.
CoBOKynnocxb B3FIC H MTIC HaswBarox SOHOBOH cexbio, a B3I1C H CMTI 10
KpoMe xoro, cymecxsyex aGoHenxcKHH ynacxoK H, cooxsexcxBeHHo, - a6oH6HXCKa.fi cexi>, cBHabiBaiomaH xepMHHajibi nojibsosaxejieH (aGonenxoB) c 6jra>KaHiiiHM
u,eHxpoM KOMMyxaijHH (ATC). Cxporo roBopa, a6oHCHXCKaa cexb B nepBHHHyio cexb
He BXOAHX, a HBJiaexcfl nacxbio BXOPHHHOH xejie(j}OHHOH cexn. A6oH6HxcKyK> JIHHHK),
coe^HHaiomyio xepMHHajibi nojib3OBaxejieH c ATC, xenepb na sarpaHHHHbin Manep
nacxo nasbiBaiox «nocjieflHeH MHJieH». Ee cpe^naa ^JiHHa na FTC PO cocxaBJiaex 1,28
KM. Hnxepec K axoMy yqacxxy pesxo sospoc B pasBHXbix cxpanax B KOHu;e npoimioro
, Kor^a cxajio SCHO, HXO O^HH jinuib ycnyrn aHanoroBOH xejie(|)OHHH nepecxaJIH
aGonenxoB, H npoHsonijia u,H(J)pOBH3aLiHfl cexeft, nosBOJiHBiuafl
noxpe6nocxb B HOEWX ycjiyrax. PIMCHHO B 3x0 BpeMH a6oH6HXCKafl
cxana HanGojiee «y3KHM MecxoM», CAepacHBaiomHM paaBHxne 3JieKxpocB»3H.
FIpo6jieMa «nocjie^HeH MHJIH» saioiioHaexca B Bbi6ope KaK cnoco6a opraHHsauHH
a6oHCHXCKoro no^KJiiOHeHHa (^ocxyna) K xeneKOMMyHHKaiiHOHHOH cexn, xax H
cooxBexcxByiomero
o6opyj;oBaHHa.
Bapnanxw
peuieHHH
3xofi
npo6jieMbi
paccMaxpHBaioxca B paMKax cneijHajibHbix AHCU,HnjiHH.
HSBCCXHO H ^pyroe - flByxypOBHesoe fleueHHe cexen: na xpancnopxHyio cexb H
cexH Aocxyna. Ero cnnxaiox nepcneKXHBHbiM BBHfl,y Gojibinero cooxsexcxBHa
BbicoKOCKOpocxnoH nepe^aHH CHrnajiOB. TpaHcnopxnaa cexb
fljia xpansHXHoii nepeAann MomHbix u,H(J>pOBbix HOXOKOB
cexaMH flocxyna. FIocjie^HHe o6ecneHHBaiox CXMK aGonenxa c cexbio H
narpysKH juia nepe^aHH B xpaHcnopxHoii cexn.
J],ByxypoBHeBoe pas^ejieHHe cexen
II
Cjiy:ac6bi 3JieKxpocBa3H npeflcxasjiaiox co6oH
cxpyKxypbi, HenocpeflcxseHHO npe,n,ocxaBJiaK>iu,He nojibsoBaxejiaM ycjiyra CBJISH,
BxopHHHbie cexH CHa6xcaiox cjiy»c6bi KananaMH CBJISH. Cjiy»c6a BKJitonaex B ce6a
cooxBexcxsyiomyK) BxopHHHyio cexb, a xaoKe noflCHCxeMbi HyMepaiiHH, CHrHajiroaIIHH, xapucJfflKauHH, xexo6cjiy5KHBaHHa H ynpaBJieHHa.
KpoMe xpa,UHLi,HOHHbix EC3 no3BOJiaex cos^aBaxb :
• MyjibXHcepBHCHbie CCXH, nasbisaeMbie xaicace «cex«MH cjie,fl,yioiii;ero noKOJieHHa»
c HeorpaHHHeHHbiM Ha6opoM ycjiyr; 3XH cexn, ocnoBaHHbie na KOMMyxanHH naKexos,
cnoco6Hbi HanGojiee IIOJIHO peajinsoBaxb xeH^eHii,HK) KOHBepreHU,HH (cnnaHHa) cexefi
flji» oKasaHHH ysKoro Kpyra ycnyr uQWRy co6oH, a xaK»ce c KOMiibioxepHbiMH cexaMH,
• coxoBbie Mo6HjibHbie CCXH, npe^ocxaBJiaiomHe sosMO^CHOcxb nojib3OBaxejiio
nojiynaxb ycjiyrn CBHSH B jno6oM Mecxe.
CxpaxernH pa3BHXH« EC3 npe^ycMaxpHsaex K 2015 r. ^ocxH^eHHe POCCHCH
KOH,ZI,HIJ,HH pasBHxoro HH(^opMaiLHOHHoro o6mecxBa, B nacxHOCXH, nonHoe
yflOBjiexBopeHHe cnpoca na xpa^HUHOHHbie H HOBbie HH^oKOMMyHHKaitHOHHbie
XeXHOJIOFHH.
Tmibi JIHHHH nepeaaMH nepeuHHoii CCTH
/JoMHHHpyiomee nojioaceHHe B EC3 saHHMaiox KaGejibHbie JIHHHH. Csasb no
xapaKxepHsyexca cxa6HJibHocxbio H BWCOKHM KanecxBOM. OH Mano
BHCHIHHM sneKxpoiviarHHXHbiM Bos^eHCXBHHM H KanpnsaM
saxpaxu na cxponxejibcxBO H 3KcnjiyaxaH,Hio Ka6ejibHOH JIHHHH, a
cxpOHxejibcxsa Moryx oKasaxbca BecbMa snaHHxejibHbiMH. Ka6ejiH o6biHHo
nofl seMjien, HO cymecxsyiox H noABO^Hbie H noflBecHbie KaSejiH,
nanpHMep, na onopax J13I1.
CHMMexpHHHbiH Ka6ejib oxjiHnaexca ox KoaKcnajibHoro KOHcxpyKitHeH SJICKXPHHCCKHX ^e^eH: CHMMexpHHHaa ii,enb (BHxaa napa) - 3x0 psa HsojinpOBanHbix H
CKpynenHbix Me>K#y co6oH npoBo^a. KoaKCHajibHaa Eienb BbinojmeHa B BH,a,e ^syx
COOCHblX HHJIHHApOB, B HOHepCHHOM CeHCHHH OHa HMC6X {^OpMy KOHH,eHXpHHeCKHX
oKpyMCHOcxefi. CepAenHHK Ka6ejia MO^CCX co^epacaxb HecKOJlbKO iienen. OCHOBHWM
MaxepnanoM Ka6ejibHbix qeneH aBJiaexca Me#b.
B onxHHecKOM Ka6ejie B KanecxBe (f)H3HHecKOH cpe^bi pacnpocxpaneHHa cHrnajiOB
Hcnojibsyiox ne Me^Hbie ^CHJIM, a onxHnecKHe BOJIOKHa, o6biHHO KBapu,eBbie.
IlponycKHaa cnoco6nocxb onxHHecKoro BOJIOKHa na HecKOJlbKO nopa^KOB 6ojibiue,
HCM y flpyrnx cpe,n. OHO npe^cxaBJiaex co6oH xoHKyio flByxcnoHHyio HHXb H3 KBapiia
SiOi c JierapyioiiiHMH aoSaBKaMH, OKpyaceHHyio 3am,HXHbiM noKpbixneM. BnyxpeHKHH
CJIOH HasbiBarox cepflu,eBHHOH, BHenmHH - o6ojioHKOH. Cep^i^eBHHa HsroxoBJiena H3
onxHHecKH 6ojiee njioxHoro MaxepHajia: ee noKasaxejib npejiOMjieHHa neMHoro
6ojibuie, HCM y o6ojioHKH. OnxHHecKHH CHrnaji pacnpocxpanaexca B secbMa XOHKOH
(d ^10 MKM) cepflii,eBHHe sa cnex MexannsMa HOJIHOFO BHyxpeHHero oxpa^ceHHH
csexoBbix Jiynen ox rpaHHitbi pasflena cep^qeBKHbi H o6ojioHKH. T.K. noxepn aneprHH B
Maxepnane cep^,u;eBHHbi HCBejiHKH, saxyxaHHe CHrnajia Ha eflHHHU,y fljiHHbi BOJIOKHa
HC3HaHHxejibHO (na Ka»c,o,bie 10 KM Momnocxb CHraajia yMCHbinaexca npHMepno B 2
pasa).
12
Me jHbie;
II30J
eenHa
BHyrpeHHHfi
~~~\K
(Birrafl) napa
napa
BOJIOKHO
IlonepeHHbie ceneHHa Me^Hbix nap H onxHHecKoro BonoKHa
PaAHOJIHHHK),
B
KOXOpOH
CHrHaJlbl
IiepeflaiOX
C
IIOMOIHblO
HaSCMHblX
pexpaHCJiauHOHHbix cxaHH,HH, Hasbmaiox paAHopejieHHOH. Ona npe^cxaBJiflex co6oii
uenoHKy npHCMonepeflaiomHX cxaHH,HH, Koxoptie ocymecxsjiaiox nocjieflOBaxejibHyio
MHoroKpaxnyio pexpaHCJiau,HK) cHrnajiOB. PaAHOpejieHnyio JIHHHIO coopyacaiox
6wcxpee Ka6ejibHOH, o^naKO pa^HOCBasb Menee cxa6njibHa H CKpbixna. IlponycKHaa
cnocoGnocxb s^ecb npHMepno xaKaa >Ke, KaK y KoaKCHaJlbHoro Ka6ejia: 6ojibine, HCM y
CHMMeXpHHHOrO, HO SHaHHXCJIbHO M6Hbine, H6M y OHXHHeCKOrO.
PaAHOJIHHHK), OCymeCXBJiaiOmyK) CBH3b MCMCfly SCMHblMH CXaHH,H5IMH npH nOMOIU,H
ycxanoBJieHHbix na HCKyccxBCHHbix cnyxHHKax SCMJIH pexpancnaxopOB H naccHBHbix
cnyxHHKOB, Hasbisaiox cnyxHHKOBOH JIHHHCH nepe^aHH. OHH 6a3Hpyioxca, rjiaBHbiM
o6pasoM,
na
reocxauHonapHbix
cnyxHHKax. FeocxaiiHOHapHOH
HMenyiox
3KBaxopHajibHyio Kpyrosyio op6nxy Bbicoxofi 35863 KM npH ycjioBHH, HXO
nanpaBJieHHe spameHHfl cnyxHHKa cosnaflaex c HanpaBJieHHCM BpameHHfl SCMJIH
BOKpyr CBoeii OCH. nepHOfl o6pani,eHHfl xaKoro cnyxHHKa pasen O^HMM cyxKaM,
no3xoMy OH 6yAex Kasaxbca seMHOMy Ha6jnofl,axejiio HenoflBH5KHbiM. CnyxHHKOBbie
paflHOJIHHHH
-
3(J)(^eKXHBHOe
CpCflCXBO
CBH3H
flJW
HaUICH
CXpaHbl,
HMCK)IU,eH
SHaHHxejibHbie pasMepw H o6uiHpHbie xeppHxopHH c HHSKOH njioxnocxbio
OneHb pacnpocxpaneHHbiM H 3KOHOMHnecKH Bbiro^HbiM HBJiaexca
cnyxHHKOB AJI« opraHH3au,HH pa^HO H xejieBH3HOHHoro BemaHHa. Pa^HopejieHHbie H
cnyxHHKOBbie xejreKOMMyHHKauHOHHbie CHCXCMW pa6oxaiox B flHanasonax ^eu,HMCXpOBblX H CaHXHMCXpOBblX BOJIH, HXO o6yCJIOBJI6HO, TJiaBHbie o6pa3OM, HX BblCOKOH
HH(|)OpMaiJ,HOHHOH CMKOCXblO.
B
cpaBHHxejibHO
HCAaJieKOM
BO3,HyiUHbie JIHHHH. OHH
nponiJioM
6biJiH
COCXOajIH H3 HpOBOflOB,
mnpoKO
pacnpocxpaneHbi
HOflBeineHHblX Ha
flepCBaHHblX
onopax npn HOMOIHH (^ap^oposbix HJIH cxeKjiaHHbix roonaxopos H cneu;HajibHOH
apMaxypbi. OCHOBHWC flocxoHHCxsa BOs^yuiHbix JIHHHH cocxoajiH B fleuieBHsne H
KOpOXKHX CpOKaX CXpOHXCJIbCXBa, a HCflOCXaXKH - B HH3KOH Ha/je^CHOCXH H MailOH
nponycKHOH cnocoGnocxH.
13
9H WH 9HH3hHHEdlO 3OHHBff /CwOlGOll H iqdCUBlXjMJMOM ICH/fcqiTOIJOH f v V l HlOOHtfHHOHEBd 3HHH9W3dflOO
qxBaBtf9d9ii
HITH
jCxxmnoii oiXaoH 'AhBtfgdgii xorenredsgdu HHIIHBXO 990 '(9HH9aoHMiroxo
KHEHIflTOH
BKIIIOEHOdll) AhBtfadsiI
BITBhBH
9>KMBX KHHHBXO
OgHIT-KBXBX
Hirog 'HHnHBxo xHjXd'tf xo aoifBHJHo gnaxoxXoxo B^dHirodxHOH 'XhBtf9d9ii X9BHHHBH
9>K XEBdo KHHHBXO iqffado KHH9l?»cogoaoo 9ifoo]j
'Alfedo (1x9BaHinXiroodnl(
OJOHHBhXlTO
IXX^
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B KOJibijeBbix xonojiorHflx CHraaji npoxo^nx no onepeflH nepes ysjibi B
HanpaBJieHHH. H#ea MapKepnoro flocxyna COCXOHX B XOM, HXO no KOjibuy
ynpaBjijnonxHH naKex - MapKep. CxaHuna, iKejiaiomaa nepe^asaxb, ^n,ex MapKep,
na cneunajibHOM none KaK CBo6o^HbiH, H nojiyHHB ero, noMenaex KaK 3ai, fl,o6aBJiaex K neMy CBOH naKexbi H oxnpaBJiaex axy cs«3Ky ,n,ajibiue no KOJibn,y.
H3 cxaHUHH npHHHMaex csasKy, HHxaex a^pec H CCJIH naKex aflpecosaH ne
en, nepe^aex ^ajibine, KaK acxa^exy. CxaHinui - a^pecax npHHHMaex HH4>opMau,Hio,
HO nanpaBJiaex csasKy ^ajibuie no KOJibuy, ycxaHOBHB B MapKepe 6nx nojjxBep^gieHHH
npHCMa. CxaHU,H« - oxnpaBHxejib nonynaex o6ouiefluiyio KOJibii,o csasKy, y^anaex
«CBOH» naKexbi, noMenaex MapKep KaK CBo6o^HbiH H HanpaBjiaex ero B cexb.
FjioGajibHbie
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xeppnxopHajibHO
paccpefloxoneHHbie KOMnbioxepbi, Haxo^amHeca B pasjiHHHbix ropo^ax H cxpanax. Hx
cos^aiox na OCHOBC xeneKOMMyHHKaitHOHHbix cexeii H nosxoMy OHH noBxopaiox
KOHKHa T3K>Ke nepeflana c ycTaHOBJiemreM JiormecKoro coeflHHCHHa, Kor^a cxopoHbi
o napaiyiexpax npoueaypw o6Mena. OHKCHpoaaHHbift Mapmpyx B MHCJIO xaKHX napaMexpos He
15
B fleiixarpaMMHOH cexn BHpxyajibnoe coe^HHCHHe ne ycxaHaBJiHsaiox, H
naKex nepe^aiox H o6pa6axbiBaiox B ysjiax KaK caMocxoaxejibnoe coo6meHHe. DaKexbi
cne^yiox pasHbiMH MapmpyxaMH, nopa#OK HX nocxymieHHa K a/ipecaxy Mo»cex
napyniaxbca, H na npne'Me Heo6xo,o,HMO ero BoccxaHaBJIHBaxb. ^eftxarpaMMHaa cexb
6onee rn6Ka, Ha,ae5KHa H 3(j}(|)eKXHBHa. HanpHMep, npn neperpysKe HJIH noBpe^gjenHH
oflHoro H3 ee ysnoB flpyrne ysnbi Moryx nanpaBJiaxb npHXOflamHe naKexw B o6xo#. B
cexH c BHpxyajibHbiMH KananaMH o6pa6oxKa naKexoB Ha ysne npoHcxoAHx 6wcxpee,
X.K. yseji He npHHHMaex pemeHHe o MapnipyxHsainiH. 3xa cexb HMeex xaoce
neKoxopbie npeHMymecxsa, CCJIH cxani],HH o6MeHHBaioxca ,n,aHHbiMH
HxoGbi ynpocxHXb npouecc o6MeHa, ero pasGnsaiox na HecKOJibKo
nepapxHHecKH csasaHHbix npoi;eAyp HJIH ypoBHen. IlpaBHJia, onpeflejiaioin,He
nocjie^OBaxejibnocxb H (J)OpMax coo6m,eHHH, KoxopbiMH oGMCHHBaioxca cexesbie
KOMnoneHXbi, jie»caui,He na O^HOM ypoBHe, HO B paanbix xonKax, HMenyiox
npoxoKOJiaMH o6Mena. Hx coBOKynnocxb oGpasyex CXCK KOMMyHHKai^HOHHbix
npoxoKOJiOB. HSBCCXHO flOBOJibHO MHOFO cxcKOB, cpe^H Koxopbix OHCHb nonyjiapeH
CXCK TCP/IP, Hcnojib3yiomHHca B cexn Internet H BO MHOFHX ^pyrnx cexax.
npoxoKOJibi GMe^cHbix ypOBHCH, Haxo^amHeca B O^HOH XOHKC, xaoce
BsaHMO^eHCXByiox $pyr c ^pyroM no xnnoBbiM npaBHJiaM, Koxopwe npHHaxo Hasbisaxb
HHxep(J)eHcaMH.
Ptaxep^enc
onpe^ejiaex
na6op
ycnyr,
npe^ocxaBJiaeMbix
HH»cejie»cam,HM ypoBHeM Bbiuiejie^ameMy.
Me)K,nyHapo,a,Haa opraHH3au,Ha no cxaH^apxHsaqHH ISO (tatemational Standards
Qrg.)pa3pa6oxajia axanoHHyio MO^ejib, Koxopaa HCXKO onpefl,ejiaex nepapxHHecKHe
ypOBHH, flae'x HM cxaH^apxHbie HasBanna H yKasbisaex HX (^yH^HH. Ona nojiynnjia
HaHMCHOBaHHe Mo^ejiH BsaHMOflCHcxBHa oxKpbixbix CHcxeM OSI (Open System
Interconnection)* .OCHOBHOH CMMCJI KOHu,eniiHH oxKpbixbix CHCXCM saicniOHaexca B
ynpomeHHH cos^aHHa cexefi 3a cnex HauHOHajibHOH H Me»cflyHapoflHOH
cxanzi;apxH3au,HH annapaxHbix H nporpaMMHbix cpe^cxB. OpneHXHpyacb na KOMnaHHH,
cxaH^apxoB oxKpwxbix CHCXCM, noxpeGnxejib cxanosHxca
ox KOHKpexHoro npoH3BOfl,Hxejia o6opy^OBaHHa H nporpaMMHbix
B Mo^ejiH OSI B3aHMOAeficxBHa pa3fl,ejiaiox Ha ceMb ypOBHen HJIH CJIOCB.
ypoBenb HMeex fleno c onpe^ejie'HHbiM acneKxoM B3aHMOfl,eHcxBHa, pemaex
nesaBHCHMo, no^flepacHBaa HHxep^eHcw c Bbiine H HH)Kejie>KainHMH ypoBHaMH.
ypoBHeii H HX OCHOBHWC (^yHKqHH xaKOBbi:
7. npHKJiaflHOH, pa^,H Koxoporo cymecxsyiox see ocxajibHbie ypOBHH,
npeflCxaBJiaex co6oH na6op npoxoKOJiOB, c noMombio Koxopbix
nojiynaiox ^ocxyn K pecypcaM (opMy H cxpyKxypyflOKyMeHxa,BH# mpH(J)xa, a xaioice - Ha6opbi snaicoB,
asjiaioHiHxca noHaxHKMH ,n,Jia BsaHMOfleiicxByioiiiHX CHCXCM; c noMonxbio cpe#cxB
ypoBHa npoxoKOJibi npHKJiaflHoro ypoBHa npeo^ojieBaiox CHHxaKCHHecKne
B npe^cxaBJieHHH flaHHbix H pasjiHHHa KO^OB CHMBOJIOB; na 3XOM ypOBHe
Bbinojinaxbca uiH^poBaHHe/fleniH^pOBaHHe ^annbix,
5. ceancoBbiH, o6ecnenHBaex ynpaBJienne BsaHMOfleiicxBHeM cxopon:
, Kaxaa H3 HHX HBJiaexca aKXHBHoii, npe^ocxasnaex cpe^cxsa, Koxopwe
no3BOJiaiox B xo^e fljraxejibHbix nepe^an coxpanaxb o HHX HH B
KOHXpojibHbix XOMCK, Hxo6bi B cjiynae oxKasa MO^CHO 6biJio sepnyxbca K
XOHKC, a He naHHHaxb BCC CHanajia,
4. xpancnopxHbiH, o6ecneHHBaex nepe^any ^aHHbix c xoii cxenenbio
Hafle»(HocxH, Koxopaa xpeGyexca; onpe^ejieHbi naxb KJiaccos xpancnopxHoro cepBHca,
OHH oxjiHHaioxca KanecxBOM npeflOcxaBJieHHbix ycnyr: cpOHHOcxbio, BOSMoacnocxbio
BOCcxanoBjieHHa npepBaHHOH csasn, HanHHHeM npnopHxexoB, BejiHHHHOH sa^ep^cKH, a
rjiaBHoe - cnocoGnocxbio BOCCxanaBUHBaxb HCKaace'HHbie H yxepaHHbie naxexw H
3. cexesoH, cjiyxcnx fljia oGpasosaHHa C^HHOH xpancnopXHOH CHCXCMW,
necKOjibKo cexeii, B o6meM cjiynae nocxpoeHHbix na ocnoBe paanbix
xexHonorHH, HHbiMH cjiosaMH, Hipaex ponb Koop^HHaxopa, opraHH3yioii],ero
coBMecxnyio pa6oxy pa3Hoo6pa3Hbix cexen; (^ynKUHH cexeBoro yposna peajinsyiox,
BO-nepBbix, rpynnbi npoxoKOJioB, BO-sxopbix, cneiinajibKbie ycxponcxBa,
MapuipyxHsaxopaMH: HMCHHO npoxjia^Ka Mapuipyxa aBJiaexca OAHOH H3 rnaBHbix
cexeBoro ypoBHa,
2. KanajibKbiH, B JioKajibHbix cexax oxsenaex sa flocxaBKy naKexos
jiio6biMH ysjiaMH, a B MAN H GAN - xojibKO M65K#y coce^HHMH, saflanaMH axoro
ypoBHa aBJiaioxca aflpecaitna snyxpn cexn, oGecneneHHe ^ocxyna K pas^ejiaeMOH
cpefle, o6napy»ceHHe H, BOSMO^CHO, HcnpaBJienne oninGoK,
1. 4>H3HHecKHH, o6ecneHHBaex BsaHMOfleiicxBHe c e'Mbi H x . n .
YpOBHH 1 . . 4 o6ecneHHBaiox cexeBoii xpaHcnopx: peinarox sa^any nepe^aHH coo6meHHH c sa^aHHbiM KanecxsoM B cocxaBHbix cexax c nponsBOJibHOH xonojiorneH H
xexHOjioraaMH, aypoBHH 5,6,7 o6cny»CHBaiox npnioiaAHbie cepBHCbi.
B oSmeM cnynae BsaHMOAencxBHe npHKna^Hbix nporpaMM AByx
nponcxoflHX cjiefl,yioiij,HM o6pasoM. Coo6m,eHHe, HcxoAamee ox
ex. A, nona^aex na npHKna^HOH yposenb, r^e K HeMy floGasjiaexca sarojiosoK,
iy»(e6Hyio HH4)opMau,HK). 3axeM OHO «onycKaexca» na yposenb
cna6»caexca eme OAHHM saronoBKOM H X.A. TaKHM o6pa3OM,
I?
cooGineHHe «flBH»cexca» K <|)H3HHecKOMy ypOBHK), «o6pacxaa»
OHSHHCCKHH ypoBCHb noMemaex ero na BWXOAHOH nopx, oxnyfla OHO HaHHHaex CBOH
nyxb no CCXH. Kor^a coo6m,eHHe nocxynaex Ha EXO^HOH nopx cx.B, ero npHHHMaex
(j)H3HHecKHH yposcHb, a saxeM OHO nepeMcmaexcfl BBepx, noKa ne .zjocxHrnex
npHJioaceHHa - a,u,pecaxa. KayKffbiu
yposeHb anajrasHpyex H o6pa6axbiBaex
cooxBexcxByiomHH saroiioBOK, y^ajiaex ero H nepe^aex coo6m,eHHe
ypOBHK).
KoMirbsoTep 2
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n e p g p t a^ia no c eT
MOflCJIb B3aHMOfl,eHCXBHfl OXKpblXblX CHCXCM OSI
PaccMoxpHM, KaK pacnpeflejieHbi npoxoKOJiw pasjiHHHBix ypoBHefi no OCHOBHWM
3JieMCHxaM KOMnbioxepnoH cexH.
paiop
HblM
KOHl^CHT-
DepcoHayibKOMHbtOTep
KoMMyrajop
T3TOP
TM33TOP
KoMMy-
Mapiupy-
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Tparop
PlepcoHa^b-
Hbm
KOMRbKITep
OCHOBHble 3JieM6HXbI KOMnblOXCpHOH CCXH
KoMnbioxepbi, na Koxopwx pa6oxaiox cexesbie npHJio^ceHHa, no,zmep5KHBaK>x
npoxoKOJibi Bcex ypoBHeii. 3xn npoxoKOJIbI (xpOMe (J)H3HHecKoro H nacxn KanajibHoro
ypOBHefi) peajiHsyiox nporpaMMHO B onepaiiHOHHOH CHCXCMC HJIH B cncxeMHbix
K KOHU,eHxpaxopaM jioKajibHbix cexeii noflKJiioHaiox KOMnbioxepbi OJJHOH
pa6oHeii rpynnbi (nanpHMep, ox^ejia). OHH nosBOJiaiox yBejiHHHXb npoxfl)KeHHocxb
cexH. 3xH ycxpOHCXBa pa6oxaiox c noxoKaMH 6nx H noaxoMy orpaHHHHBaioxcH no^;XOJIbKO npOXOKOJIOB <|)H3HHeCKOrO ypOBHJL
KOMMyxaxopbl JioKajibHbix cexeii flejuix e^HHyio pas^ejiaeMyio cpe^y na nacxn
cerMCHXbi), Hsojinpya xpa^HK o^noro cerMenxa ox xpac^HKa flpyroro, H
noBbmiaa XCM caMWM o6myio npOHSBO^HxejibHOcxb CCXH. OHH noaaep^HBaiox
npoxoKOJibi (J)H3HHecKoro H KanajibHoro ypoBHeii, HXO ^aex HM BO3MO>KHocxb pa6oxaxb
B npe^ejiax cxan^apxHbix xononorHii.
MapuipyxHsaxopbi flonmibi nojwep^cHsaxb npoxoKOJibi ypoBHefi 1,2 H 3, xaK xax
cexeBoii yposenb Hy^cen HM AJW o6i>eflHHeHHa cexeii pasjiHHHbix xexHOJiornH, a
npoxoKOJibi nepBoro H sxoporo ypoBHeii - fljia BsaHMO^eiicxBHa c KOHKpexnbiMH
cexHMH, o6pa3yioiu,HMH cocxasHyio cexb, nanpHMep, Ethernet H Token Ring.
KoMMyxaxopw MAN H rjioGanbHbix cexeii, HanpHMep, ATM, paGoxaiomne na
OCHOBC xexHHKH BHpxyajibHbix KaHajioB, Moryx no,zmep5KHBaxb KaK ^sa yposna
npoxoKOJIOB, xaK H xpn. IlpoxoKOJibi cexesoro ypoBHH Hy»Hbi HM xojibKo B XOM cjiynae,
ecjiH BHpxyajibHbie Kanajibi ycxanaBUHBaioxca asxcMaxKHecKH. IIpH pyHHoii ycxaHOBKe
flocxaxoHHO npoxoKOJIOB 1 -ro H 2-ro ypoBHeii.
CoOXBCXCXBHe
MHOFHX peaJIbHblX
CXCKOB
npOXOKOJIOB MOfl,6JIH
OSI
BCCbMa
ycjioBHO. O6biHHO B cxeKe »BHO BbmejiHK>xcfl 3-4 ypOBHfl: ypoBCHb cexesbix aflanxepOB,
r^e peajiHsyioxcH npoxoKOJibi ^H3HHecKoro H KanajibHoro ypoBHeii, cexesoii H
xpancnopxHwii ypoBHH H ypoBCHb cny^c6, HcnojinaiomHii 4>yHKi];HH xpex sepxHHX
ypoBHeii.
Ycjiyrn KOMHbioxepHOH cexn pas^ejiaioxca na flse KaxeropHH. ripn OKasanHH
xpancnopxHbix ycjiyr coo6ui,eHHe nepe^aiox nojiy^axejiio B XOM BHJJC, B KoxopoM OHO
nocxynHJio ox oxnpaBHxejia. Flpn OKasaHHH HHC^opMauHOHHbix ycjiyr, Koxopbie
csasaHbi c o6pa6oxKoii HH^opMau;HH, ncnojibsyiox 6a3bi ^annbix, (jraiijiOBbie apxHBbi,
Be6-cxpaHH^bI, 3JieKxpoHHyio nonxy.
en^eHLtHfl pasBHxna Bcex BH^OB cexeii - HX KOHBeprenuHfl (cjinaHHe).
cexH 6y^yx o^HHaKOBO xopomo nepe^asaxb H xpa<|)HK ^aHHbix H
ou,H(j)poBaHHbie 3ByK H H3o6pa»ceHHe. Ho MHCHHIO cneuiHajiHCxoB, B OCHOBC SXHX cexeii
6yzjex Jiexaxb npHHqnn KOMMyxai^HH naKexos, HXO po^nnx HX c HbmeniHHMH
KOMHblOXepHblMH C6X5IMH.
19
Teiwa 4 JIOFAPHOMHHECKHE
AHAFPAMMA YPOBHEH.
JIorapH(J)MHHeCKHe e^HHHIIbl nOBCCMeCXHO HCOOJIbSyiOX B 3JieKTpOCB«3H H B
TeopHH, H na npaKTHKe. IJeHHOcxb jiorapH^MHHecKoro Mexo^a COCTOHT, rjiaBHbiM
o6pa3OM, B TOM, HTO OH CBOflHX yMHOKCHHC H ^eJICHHe HHCCJI K CJIO5KCHHK) H
BblHHTaHHK) -fl,CHCTBHflMMCHee TpyflOCMKHM.
HanOMHHM,
OM
OCHOBaHHK)
noKasaxejib
KOTOpyK)
HHCJia
a
x
HTO
no
HaSblBaiOT
cxeneHH
Hy^CHO
y,
BO3BCCTH
nonyHHTb
HHCJIO
B
a,
x:
3ra sanncb coBepineHHO
sanncH Q — X
OcHOBHbie CBoiicTBa jiorapn^MOB
\og(AB) = logA + logB
log—
^ = logA - \ogB
B
logAm = m log A
B flajibHeHineM 6ynyx ncnojibsoBanbi xojibKO ^ecaxHHHbie JiorapHMbi.
^JIH xoro, Hxo6bi BbinojiHaxb JiorapH^)MHHecKHe BbiMHCJieHHa, ne HMCSI
•pyKOH KajibKyji»xopa, nojiesHO noMHHXb, HXO
lgl=0 IglO^l lglOO=2 Ig2=0,3 (c ^.ocxaxoHHo xopomeH xonnocxbio).
lg4-21g2-Q6 lg5=lg[10/2)-lglO-lg2-Q7 lg8=31g2=Q9
Ig20= Ig2 + Igl 0= 13 lg(0,05) = l^O"1 = -13 H xax flajiee. ECJIH x-»0,xo lgx^-oo.
CooxBexcxBeHHo, ltf' 3 =2 1(^=4 I*7 =5 1(F=8 Id'3 -20 l(ru=0,05
H xaK
YpOBHH nepe^ann (npneivia).
P
YpOBCHb MOIIHiOCXH
PH = 20 lg
YpOBCHb
U
20
YpOBCHB xoxa
Pi ~ 201g
^
-*o
P - OGBIHHO cpe^naa aKXHBHaa (HJIH nojinaa) MOIHHOCXB
U, I - oGBiHHO 34>4>eKXHBHBie (cpeflHCKBaflpaxHHecKHe HJIH
3HaneHH5i nanpaaceHHa H xoKa,
PO, UG, IG - «onopHBie» SHaneHHa MOIHHOCXH, nanpaaceHHa H xoKa.
YpoBHH xoKa npaKXH^ecKoro npHMCHCHHa ne naxo^ax, nosxoMy B
OHH He paccMaxpHBaioxca.
VpoBHH HMenyiox flcuHGejuiaMH B HCCXB H3o6pexaxejLs xejie4>oHa A.BeJUia.
3x0 He 4>H3HHecKaa pasMepnocxB KaK, nanpHMep, aMnep HJIH BOJIBX, a JIHHIB
jiorapH(J)M sejiHHHHa 6e3pa3Mepnaa, npocxo
(nojiO5KHxejiBHoe, oxpHU,axejiBHoe HJIH paBHoe Hyjiio) HHCJIO.
PasjiHHaiox a6cojuoxHBie, oxHocnxeJiBHbie H HSMepnxejiBHBie ypoBHH.
ECJIH PQ—1 MBx na conpoxHBJieHHH
Z0= 600 OM, a flencxByiomHe
Ha SXOM conpoxHBJieHHH H xoKa, xexymero no HCMy, cocxasjiHiox
/5T6 =0,775 B
TO ypoBHH HasBisaiox a6cojiioxHBiMH H o6o3HaHaiox ^BM, flBn,
Hxo6Bi flaxB onpe^ejieHHe OXHOCHXCJIBHOFO yposHa, paccMoxpHM
Kanaji, na BXOA Koxoporo nocxynaex CHTHaji ox Hcxo^HHKa. Ha BBIXO^C
BKjnoHeHa narpysKa, H KpoMe xoro, HMeexca neKOxopoe KOJinnecxBO
KOHXponBHBix xoHCK x.x x.y x.z... O6BIHHO B KanecxBc xaKoro xanajia
xonajiBHOH nacxoxBi c nojiocofi nponycKamia 0,3...3,4 KTn,, EXO^HBIM H
conpoxHBJieHHJiMH 600 OM, KOxopBiH asjiaexca O.HHHM HS caMBix
pacnpocxpaneHHBix KanajioB nepe^ann nepBHTHOH cexn.
OxHOCHXCJIBHBie ypOBHH MOIHHOCXH H HanpJDKeHHfl B. X.X
OXHOCHXejIBHO
X.y
onpeaejxaiox xaK
U.
POM = l°lg-f-
flBOM
,
Pan
an = 20 Ig
y
y
OxHOCHxejiBHBie ypoBHH MO»HO BBipasHXB Hepes a6cojnoxHBie
Pm
=
•* OM
AHaJIOFKHHO
P
OH
-My
~~ PHX
Pny •
HxaK, oxHOCHxejiBHbiH ypOBCHB B x.x pasen pasnocxH a6cojiioxHBix ypOBH0H B
x.x H onopnoH x.y.
OGBIHHO B KanecxBe onopHoii ncnojiBsyiox HanajiBHyio xo^Ky - BXO.H, Kanajt^- B
3XOM cjiynae nojioacHxejiBHBiH OXHOCHXCJIBHBIH yposenB B KaKOH-jinSo ^pyroft TO^KC
cooxsexcxByex ycHJieHHio CHrnana no cpaBHCHHio c BXO^HBIM, oxpHu;axejiBHLj:H -
21
ocna6jieHHK). OrHOCHTejibHbra yposenb na Bxofle Kanajia TO5K,zjecTBeHHo paBen 0 #EOM,
no3TOMy 3Ty TOHKy HasbisaioT TOHKOH nyjiesoro OTHocHTejibHoro ypOBHa, THOV. K
HCH o6bIHHO HpHBOAaT MOIUHOCTH CHrHaJIOB H HOMCX C qCJIbK) HX HOpMHpOBaHHJL
SHaneHHa a6cojnoTHbix ypOBHen CHrnajioB H HOMCX, HX MOIIIHOCTH H HanpaxceHHfl B
THOy o6o3HanaK>T TaK: flfiMO, ^EnO, MBTO, MBO.
HsMepHTCJibHbiM ypoBHCM HasbisaiOT a6cojiK)THbiH ypoBCHb B T.X Kanaiia, npn
ycjioBHH, HTO K ero Bxofly noflKjnoHCH HSMepHTCJibHbiH reHepaTop rapMOHHHecKoro
KOJie6aHHa. Ero xapaKTepHCTHKH sa^aeT aflMHHHCTpaitHa CBSSH H TeopeTHnecKH OHH
MoryT 6biTb Jiio6biMH. Ha npaKTHKe B KanecTBe H3MepHTCJibHoro ncnojibsyioT
renepaTop co cjie^yiomHMH xapaKTepncTHKaMH: nacTOTa fH3M=1020 Fii,, BHyipeHHee
conpoTHBJieHHe Rr = 600 OM, 3^C E= 1,55 B (neficTByiomee sHaneHHe). TaKoii
renepaTop nasbisaiOT "HOpMajibHbiM".
RM=600 OM
E=l,55 B Rr=600 DM
noAKmoMeHiie HopManbHoro reHejjaiopa KO BXOJ>- KaHana T1!
Hs npHBeflCHHoro Bbime pncyHKa cne^yeT, HTO npH noAKJiioHeHHH HopManbHoro
ofly Kanana TH
renepaTopa K Bxofly
na STOM Bxo^e ycTaHaBJinsaeTca
a6cOJIK)THbIH ypOBCHb MOIUHOCTH,
600
/^=101g
H TOKa
... 0,7755 .
= 201g '
=0
IjuBm
IjuBrn
0,77 SB
BblTCKaCT, HTO HSMepHTCJIbHblH ypOBCHb HHCJICHHO paBCH OTHOCHTeJIb-
HOMy B jno6oH TOHKC KaHana, ccjiH K ero Bxo^y noflKJiiOHeH HopMajibHbiH reHepaTop.
ypOBHH MOHJIHOCTH H HanpiDKCHHa OflHOFO H TOFO 2KC CHrHOJia B OflHOH H TOH
TOHKC x Kanaiia BsaHMOcsaaaHbi
P, = J O ' g
l1- ^7 o1l _ t f > i ^ / - uTfJ T \
z,\u02
" u0
1 I _ „ , i A i 1r , 7L 1r o l _ „ _inir,LfL£_L
171
, m !„1 I7^o
"\z,\0V
Z x — conpoTHBJieHHe B T.X.
ECJIH |ZX|=| Zol^OO OM, TO ypoBHH MOIUHOCTH, nanpa»ceHHa H TOKa HHCJICHHO
coBna,n,aK>T. Hpn Zx|>600 OM PH>PM ,npn |ZX|<600 OM pHm,ero co6oti ajieiapoHHbiH BOJIKTMCTP (uiHpoKonojiocHbiH HJIH
, niKana KOTOporo OTrpaflynpoBaHa B ,o,eij,H6ejiJiax oraocHTejibHO
0,775 B. 51cHO, HTO OH HSMepaeT a6cojnoTHbie ypoBHH HanpHMceHHfl. ECJIH
COnpOTHBJieHHC
B
H3Mep«eMOH
TOHKC
H3BCCTHO,
TO
ypOBCHb
MOII1,HOCTH
JierKO
paccHHTaTb no npHBe^eHHOH Bbiine opMyjie, CCJIH HCT, TO HaHTH ypoBCHb MOIU.HOCTH
H6BO3MO5KHO.
flji% H3MepeHH» ypoBHCH oniH^pOBaHHbix KOJie6aHHH 6e3 HX npeo6pa3OBaHHfl B
anajioroBbie ncnojibsyioT cneitHajibHbie npn6opbi, HasbmaeMbie
nOTOKOB.
• AGcOJIIOTHblH ypOBCHb MOH1.HOCTH CHFHaJia B T.X C COnpOTHfiJieHHCM Zx =
135
OM cocTaBJiaeT 2,6 ^Bivt. PaccHHTaiiTe a6cojiK)THbiH yposcHb HanpjDKCHHfl CHrnajia B
3TOH TOHKC.
Peinemie
T.K.
PM = p B +
• Mom,HOCTb cnrHana B THOy pasna 50 MKBTO. PaccHHTaTb a6cojnoTHbiH
ypOBCHb 3TOFO CHrHajia B T.X C OTHOCHTCJIbKblM ypOBHCM +3
PemeHHe
HaxoAHM aGcojHOTHbiH ypOBCHb MomnocTH cnrnajia B THOy
P
50- 10"6
\MBrn
10
PaccHHTbisaeM a6cojnoTHbiH yposeHb cnrHajia B T. x
• MoiU,HOCTb HOMCXH B T.X C OTHOCHTCJIbHblM ypOBHCM -20 flBlVlO COCTaBJIflCT 10
nBT. PaccHHTaTb MoiinrocTb noMexH, npHBe^eHHyio K THOV.
PeineHHe
Flo onpe^ejieHHio pm = 10 Ig
p
ex
= P .10"°' lp " = 10 -\Q2nBm = \nBrn .
23
, ocjia6jiemie (saxyxaHHe), KO3<|)<|)if uiieur aaxyxamiH.
OycTb K Bxofly HeTbipexnojiiocHHKa no^KJiiOHeH corjiacoBaHHWH c HHM
HCTOHHHK CHFHajia, a K Bbixofly - corjiacosaHHaa narpysica. O6o3HaHHM
PBX - MOIUHOCTb, nOTpeGjIHCMaa HeTblpexnOJIIOCHHKOM OT HCTOHHHKa (MOIIIHOCTb
Ha Bxo,n,e),
UBX - HanpJDKCHHe na Bxo^e HCTbipexnomocKHKa (flencTByiomee 3HaneHHe),
PBWX - MoiHHOCTb B HarpysKc (na
UBMX - Hanpa^ccHHe na narpy3Ke (na
HaSOBCM
M =6bi*ex H A/ =euiex, COOTBeTCTBCHHO, KO^M)(^H^HeHTaMH
nepe^ann HeTbipexnoniocHHKa no MOIHHOCTH H no nanpa^ceHHio.
Onpe^ejiHM cjie/iyioiiiHe JiorapHc^MHHecKHe xapaKTepncTHKH:
S=l(%gKM=pMeblx—pMex 5ia;B -ycHjieHHe HCTbipexnojiiocHHKa -ycHjiHTejia no
MOIUHOCTH,
SH -20lgKH =pHeblx-pHgx,fl£> -ycHJieHHe no HanpaaceHHio.
3aM6THM, HTO yCHJICHHC H OTHOCHTeJIbHblH ypOBCHb, HO CyTH, TO»Cfl,eCTBeHHbie
HOH»THa, eCJIH CHHTaTb HTO T.JC - 3TO BblXOfl yCHJIHTCJIH, a T.y — erO BXOfl.
A = lQ\gKMl =pMSX-pMeblx,K& - ocjia6jieHHe
nOMOLUHOCTH.
TH — pHex— PHeuaajs$ - ocjia6jieHHe no
ECJIH BXOflHOe H BblXOflHOe COnpOTHBJICHHa HCTblpexnOJHOCHHKa OflHHaKOBbl
RBX=RBi,lx TO ycHJieHHe (saTyxanHe) no Mom,HOCTHr paBHO ycHJieHHK) (saTyxaHHio) no
Hanp5DK6HHK>, HOCKOJIbKy
V
_
TJ
SHJC
2
/ /? ebur
_
v2
^^7^T=K"
, HTO OTpHuaTejibHoe ycHJieHHe O3HanaeT saTyxanne, a OTpnuaTejibHoe
- ycHJieHHe.
SaTyxanne, BHOCHMOC IKM JIHHHH nepe^anH, HasbmaioT KO3(J)4)HU,HeHTOM
o6o3HanaioT a H HSMepaiOT B ^B/KM. SaTyxanne JIHHHH .ZLJIHHOH i ,KM
paccHHTbisaioT TaK A
=
OC • I
Ha Bxofl, TpaKTa, cocToamero H3 JIHHHH nepe^ann ^JIHHOH 10 KM c
KO3(j}(j>HiiHeHTOM saTyxaHHa 2,5 flB/KM, H ycHJiHTejia c ycnjieHHCM 15 flE (no
MomnocTH) nofl,aH cnrnaji c a6cojnoTHbiM yposneM -5 ^BM. PaccHHTaTb
cnrnajia B HarpysKe
24
TOH
o(=2,5jB;KM
P
='
SIR
=10
PemeHHe
a6cojiK>xHbiH ypoBCHb CHrnajia na Bbixo^e
Momnocxb na Bbixo^e (B narpysice)
3aii|HiiieHHOCTb cnrnajia OT HOMCXH (noMexo3aii|Hii|eHHOCTb)
Ho
c
n
PC H pc - MOmHOCTb H a6cOJIK)THbIH ypOBCHb MOIU.HOCTH
P n H pn- MOIU,HOCTb H a6cOJIK)THbIH ypOBCHb MOIXIHOCTH
H MomHOCTb curnajia H MOiu,HOCTb noMexH AOJI^CHW onpe^ejiaTbca B O^HOH H
5KC TOMKC.
3amHIXl,eHHOCTb SBJiaeTCfl
OflHOH
H3
Ba»HeHIUHX XapaKTCpHCTHK
CBa3H: HeM OHa 6ojibine, TCM jiynnie KanecxBO.
ripuMep
PaccHHxaxb
MaKCHManbHoe
paccxoaHHe
Me>igry
flByMfl
COCCAHHMH
H, CCJIH ypOBenb curnajia Ha Bbixo^e nepe^aiomeH
cocxaBJiaex Pnep-0 ABM, yposenb noMexn, npHBCAeHHoii K Bxo/ty npHeMHoii
, pasen pn--80 A.BM, KO34>^HU,HCHX saxyxaniw JIHHHH nepe^aHH a = 5 flB/KM, a
flonycxHMaa BenHHHHa samnmeHHOcxn na axo^e cxaHUHH A3don = 40 dE
PeuieHHe
PaccHHXbmaeM 3am,HmeHHOcxb cnrHajia ox HOMCXH na BXOAG cxaHijHH H
npHpaBHHBaeM ee K flonycxHMofi
A3=Pnep-a't-Pn=
Peuiaa ypaBHCHHe oxnocHxejibHo i ^
= KM.
25
ypoBHefi
co6oii pacnpefleneHHe ypoBHefi B xapaKxepHbix xonicax Kanana
HJIH xpaxxa nepe^anH (npeagne Bcero Ha sxoflax H Bbixo^ax ycHUHxejieH). Ha
flHarpaMMe Moryx 6bixb yicasaHbi ypoBHH MOUJHOCXH HJIH HanpjDKCHHfl, a6cojnoxHbie,
oxHocHxejibHbie HJIH HSMepnxejibHbie ypoBHH. PacnpocxpaneHbi ,n,Ba
JI,HarpaMMy oxnocHxejibHbix ypoBHefi MOIUHOCXH o6biHHO cxpoax fljia Kanajia
^narpaMMa noKasbmaex pacnpeflejieHHe ypoBHen BHyxpn o6opyflOBaHH»,
- na Bxo^ax H Bbrxoflax OKOHCHHOH H npOMeacyxoHHoii annapaxypw.
THOV
BX
on
Al
Annaj)3Bpa
icpe^aro
nc
A2
nc
on
\ranpai\pa
yueiia
t>
t>
BbK
fl,HarpaMMa oxnocHxejibHbix ypoBHen Kanajia
HpesMepnoe yBejinneHHe a6cojnoxHoro ypoBHH CHrnajia B xonxax c
oxHOCHxejibHbiM ypoBHCM (na Bbixo^ax ycHJinxejieii) Moacex npHBecxn K HX neperpysKe
H pC3KOMy pOCXy HeJIHHCHHblX HCKa^CCHHH.
CHH^ceHHe a6cojiK)XHbix ypoBHefi
oxHocHxejibHbiMH yposHHMH (na Bxoflax
CHrnajia ox HOMCXH.
CHrnajioB B XOHKax
ycHJiHxejieH) Bbowsaex
c
26
IIoaxoMy B ycjioBnax 3KCiuiyaxauHH flnarpaMMy ypoBHen KOHxpojrapyiox, He
anaHHxejibHbix ee OXKJIOHCHHH ox HOMHHana (o6biHHO aBxoMaxHHecKn).
onxHHecKnx jiHHCHHbix xpaKXOB Hacxo cxpoax ^naqDaMMy a6cojiioxHbix
ypoBHefi cpeflHCH MomnocxH onxHHecKoro cnrnajia. Xoxa BHeume ^HarpaMMbi
oxHocHxejibHbix H a6cojiioxHbix ypoBHCH oHCHb noxoacH, pasHHqa Mexcjiy HHMH see ace
BecbMa cymecxseHHa: no nocjie^Hen ^narpaMMe MO»CHO onpeflennxb MOIUHOCXH
CHrHajroB B KOHxpojibHbix xoHKax,xorfla Kax nepsaa nosBOJiaex paccnnxaxb xojibKo HX
oxHomeHHe.
OV
l>
oy
Al
oy
A2
S1=A1
S2=A2
Pnp=Pnep-Al
Pnp=Pnep-A2
>y - onnraecwrii vcimnenb
onxHHecKoro JIHHeilHoro xpaKxa
2?
TeMa 5
OcHOBHbie xapaKTepucinKn peneBoro (Te/ie4>OHHoro) cuma/ia
EcxecxBeHHbie 3ByKH (HaxypanbHbie SBynaHMfl) aemix Ha xpn rpynnw:
H ixiyMbi. HacxoxHbiH cneKxp cubiujHMbix 3ByKOB cocpe^oxoneH B nonoce
npHMCpno 20 FLU. 20 KFu. TejiecJ)OHHbiH CHrnaji no CBOCH npupo^e peneBofi.
C XOHKH speHHfl .nHHrBHCxa pe4b npe^cxaBJiflex co6ofi nocjie^OBaxejibHOCxb (J)OHeM
- XHXIHSHpOBaHHblX 3ByKOB, Ka}K^bIH H3 KOXOpblX, HCCMOXpfl Ha pa3HbI6 BapHaHXbl
npOH3HOIXT6HH5I, CB5I3aH B COSHaHHH HCJIOBCKa C O.HHHM H X6M >K6 JTHHrBHCXH4eCKHM
3JieMCHXOM. HeJlOBCK B CpeflHCM npOM3HOCHX 10. ..15 CJ30H6M B C6KyHAy. B Ka>K^OM
«3biKe HMeexca onpejieneHHoe KOJIMHCCXBO 4)OHeM, o6biHHO ox 30 /io 50, HanpHMep, B
anrjTHHCKOM jnbiKe BbiaejiHrax 42 (jjoHCMbi, B pyccKOM - 41. B 6ojTbixiHHcxBe asbiKOB
KOJ1M46CXBO ^OHCM HpeBblLQaeX KOJIH46CXBO 6yKB, nOCKOJlbK}' O^Ha 6yKBa MOK6X
o6x.eaHH5IXB HeCKOJlbKO 3ByKOB.
OopMa pe46Boro CHrnana, BecbMa cBoeoGpasna. Pe46BOH cnrHaji npeacxaBJiaex
co6oH nocjie^oBaxenbHocxb pasrosopHbix (HJIH 3ByKOBbix) HMnyjibcoB, pa3^eneHHbix
nay3aMH. H HMnyjibCbi, H nay3bi HMCIOX cjiynaHHyio
OopMa pe4eBoro
3KcnepHM6HxajibHO ycxanoBJieHO, 4x0 cpe/iHee 3a ceKyH^y KOJIMMCCXBO nays H
cooxsexcxByiomee eMy cpeziHee 3a ceKyn^y KOJIMHCCXBO 3ByKOBbix HMnyjibcoB /lOBOJibHO
cxa6njibHa5i BenH4HHa, npnGiiHSMxejibHo paBHa5i AByM. MO>KHO CKasaxb, 4x0 ,aa>Ke y
nenpepbiBHO roBOpamero aGonenxa OKOJIO 50% speMCHH pasrosopa cocxaBJiaiox nay3bi.
Pe4b Ha4HHaexcji c xoro, 4x0 B Mosry nejiOBCKa BO3HHKaex HeKOxopoe coo6meHMe.
OHO npeo6pa3yexc« CHanajia B nocjie^OBaxejibHocxb nepBHbix HMnyjibcoB,
ynpaBjifliomHX apxHKyjisfUHOHHbiM annapaxow (ronocoBbie CBJBKH, 5i3i>iK, 3y6bi, ry6bi H
ap.) • Annapax npHxo^nx B 4BH>KeHHe, pesyjibxaxoM Koxoporo «BJi5iexc5i
aKycxHHecKHH cHrnaji, cooxeexcxByiomHH Hcxo^HOMy coo6meHHro.
Bee 3ByKH peHH pasziejiarax Ha BOKajiHsosaHHbie H
((|)pHKaXHBHbie
+
B3pbIBHbie).
K
BOKaJTH3OBaHHbTM
OXHOCHX
TJiaCHbie
H 3BOHKH6
cornacHbie. 3xn leyKH nanGojiee npo/ioji>KMxejibHbie (ao 250 MC) H MomHbie. Cxeivia MX
HH)Ke.
LU,C,X) npezicxaBJiaiox co6oH rjrajiKHH
B Xyp6yjlCHXHOH B03ZiyiHHOH Cpe^e. M C X O 4 H M K O M B3pbIBHbIX 3ByKOB (n,X,K) SBJl
cKa4OK zwBJieHMfl,
opraHOB.
no-xynaiomHMCJi npn pe3KOM paiMbiKaHHH
28
IIOJLOCTfc pT3
Hoc
POT
PaCCMOTpHM CXeMy (})OpMHpOBaHH51 BOKaJTH-
sosaHHbix 3ByKOB. JlerKHe H xpaxefl Hrpaiox
po;ib aKKyMyjiflxopa sosjiyxa H nacoca.
Csepxy xpaxea 3aKaHHHBaexcfl ropxanbio,
BHyxpn Koxopofi pacnoJiO)KeHbi ronocoBbie
CBM3KH H3 CBH3OMHOH H MbHUeHHOH XKaHH,
(pesoHaTop)
FopxaHb c
rOJIOCOBWMH
nacxHHHo
nepeKpbisaiomHe
npocsex
ropxaHH. PeneBOH HJIM TOJIOCOBOH xpaxx
npeflcxaBJiaex coGon xpy6y nepeMeHHoro
ceneHH5i (pesonaxop). OH nanHHaexca y
rojiocosbix CB5I3OK H 3aKaHMHBaexca ry6aMH.
Ka>K^oiviy 3BVKy pe L in cooxsexcxByex
onpe/ieneHHoe cxaxMHecxoe
onpe^eneHHa5i jjHHaMHKa
iKa, HejnocxeH, ry6, Ha3bisaUHeH. HMCHHO no3xoMy
cooTBexcxsyiomHe
opraHbi
apXHKyj]5IUHOHHbIX.
CxeMa
BOKaJlH3OBaHHbIX 3B}'KOB
O6pa3OBaHne rojioca CBJisano c paGoxoM TOJIOCOBUX CBMSOK, KOJieGaHMH Koxopbix
Bbi3biBaiox MOAyjiauHto Bbi^bixaeMoro noxoKa B03.nyxa. Flepido/], KOJieGaHHM rojiocosbix
CBJ13OK T onpe^enaeT ocHOBHyio nacxoxy
(OCHOBHOH XOH) rojioca fi = l/T x . e . ero
Bbicoxy. J^JIH Gaca f, ~ 70 Fu, zui« /ICXCKHX
rojiocoB
f] ~ 450 Fu. PaGoxa rojiocoBbix
CBH3OK
no^oGHa
paGoxe
renepaxopa
: nivinynbCM
HMnyjlbCOB
CJ1OKHOM
(|)OpMbl.
HaCXOXHblH
cneKxp nepno,nM4ecKOM nocjie/jOBaxejibHOcxH
ronocoBbix
3XHX HMnyjlbCOB ^MCKpeXHblH M COCXOMX M3
rapMOHHK nacxoxbi OCHOBHOFO xona.
rapMOHHK yGbmatox npHMepHO no
1/f2 (12 nE Ha oKxasy).
PeneBOH xpaKx MOMCHO paccMaxpHBaxb KaK cj)Hjibxp, oGiiaaaK)inHH CJTWKHOH A4X c
noai>eMOB H nposajiOB. CneKxp 3ByKa nojiynaexca Kai< peiyjibxax yMHOKCHMfl
Kax/ioH rapMOHHKH OCHOBHOTO xona Ha KO3(J)(})HUMeHX nepe^anH peHesoro
xpaKxa na ztaHHOH nacxoxe.
CneKxp HMnyjTbcoB ronocoBbix CB«30K coziep>KHx aecaxKH rapMOHHK. Flocne
npoxo>K/ieHH5i peneBoro xpaKxa, AHX Koxoporo cymecxBeHHO HepasHOMepHa,
29
aMnjiHxy,Kbi OOTHX rapMOHHK yBejTHHHBaioxcfl, apyrHx yMeHbiuaiOTCfl. O6jiacxH
cneKXpajibHbix MaKCMMyMOB , oGycjiOBJieHHbie, rjiaBHbiM o6pa3OM, pesoHaHCHbiMH
CBOHCTBaMH peHeBoro xpaKxa, nasbisaiox (J)opMaHxaMH. Ka>KflOMy ssyxy penn cooxBexcTByex CBOH (J)opMaHXHbiH PHCVHOK. PasjiHHHbie ssyKH HMCIOT Heo^HHaKOsoe
KOJTHHCCXBO (JDOpivraHx: macHbie %o Hexbipex, myxne corjracHbie no 5...6. /Jse HanGojiee
HH3KO4aCXOXHbie (JDOpMaHXbl H33bJBaK)X OCHOBHblMM, OCXaJlbHblC - BCHOMOraxeJlbHblMM.
OcHOBHbie (J)opMaHXbi onpeaeji^iox npoH3HocHMbm 3ByK peHH, a BcnoMoraxejibHbie
xapaKxepusyioT HHanBn^yajTbHbiH nun Ka>K^oro HeiroBeKa xe\i6p ("oKpacKy") ssyxa.
KOHKpeXHbie
3Ha4eHM5I
CJDOpMaHXHblX
H3CXOX,
MX
KOJ1HH6CXBO
H
B3aHMHOe
pacnojio>KeHHe ZIJIH O^HHX H xex »ce 3ByKOB, nporonocHMbix paaHbiMH niozibMH, Moryx
cHjibHO pasuHHaxbCfl. J\j\n pyccKOH penn c})opMaHXHbie nacxoxbi xaKOBbi: F, - 200...900
TU, F2 - 700...2500 Tu, F3- 1900... 3 100 FLI, F4 - 2900... 4500
/
/
/
/
/ 'v--^/
\'
_/
\
s
\>—
I I
0 f, 2f, 3f, ...
CneKxp
FOJIOCOBblX CB330K
AHX peneeoro xpaKxa
f
't
CneKXp 3BVK3
CxeMa B3aHMoaeHcxBHa sneMenxos peHesoro xpaxxa npn
BOKaJTH3OBaHHbIX 3ByKOB
XapaKrepHCTMKM penn
1 . LLlnpHHa nacxoxHoro cneKxpa.
9KcnepHMeHxa;ibHO ycxaHOBJieno, HXO uiMpHHa cneKxpa peneBoro cnn-ia.na
cocxaBJiaex ox 100... 200 Fu ,no 7... 9 xFu. TaKne rpaHHuw cooxBexcxBytox 75%-OH
cjryiiiaxejieH-3KcnepxoB 3aMe4aiox ero
2. TeKymaa cpe^HM^i MOiunocxb M AHHaMUHecKMM yposeHb.
Flycxb S(t) - cj)yHKUH5i, onwcbiBaiomaH H3MeneHH5i HanpH>KeHH5i penesoro
Ha HHxepBajre 0... T. CpeAHeH MoujHocxbK) CHrnajra na 3XOM HHxepBaue Ha3
cpe/iHeKBazipaxHHecKoe
ro
XOTH, cxporo roBOpa, 3x0 Boo6me ne MomHocxb, a KBa/xpax
(3(j)c}3eKXHBHoro) 3Ha L ieHHfl Hanpa>KeHHa, se/ib pa3MepHocxb P ne Bx, a B 2 .
Bbime
oxMenanocb,
HXO peneBOH
cnrnaji
npencxasjiaex
co6oH
nocneziOBaxejibHocxb pasrosopHbix HMny^bcos pa3JiHHHOH BejiHHHHbi H c{)opMbi,
'
naysaMH. FlpH onpeaejieHHH xeKymen cpezineH MOIIZHOCXH BpeMa
T Bbl6npaK3X ^OCXaXOMHO MaJlblM no CpaBHCHHK) C nOJlHOH flJlHXeJlbHOCXblD
, Koxopaa MOKCX cocxaBJiaxb MHHyxbi M^H /la/xe nacbi; oGbiHHO T ~ 0,2 c.
30
coo5pa3HTb, HTO c TeneHHeM BpeMeHH P He ocTae'TCfl HOCTOJIHHOH: CCJTH
T npnxo/iHTCfl npeHMymecTBCHHO Ha nay3y, TO P ~ 0, ecjin 3TOT HHTepsaji
"HaKpbmaeT" MOIIIHHH
3ByK, TO P MOKCT OKasaTbca BecbMa 3HaHHTeJibHOH,
3ByKOBOH HMnyjibc HeBejiHK,TO H P 6y^eT ^ocTaTOHHO Majioii. HMCHHO no 3TOM
HasbisaiOT "TeKymen" H oGosHanaiOT P(t).
JlorapncfiMMHecKyK) Mepy TeKymen cpe^Hew MOUJHOCTH
VpOBHCM
P(t) 4
nay 3 a
nays a
nays a
3aBHCHMOCTb TeKymen cpeziHefi MOIJJ.HOCTH OT
3.MMHHMajibHa^[ H MaKCHMajibHaa Teicymafl cpeziHaa Mom,HOCTb M MMHHMajibHbiii H
MaKCHMaJIbHblH OTHaMHHeCKHH ypOBCHb.
MHHHMajIbHOH
TCKymeH
MOUJ,HOCTbK)
(/IHHaMHHeCKHM
ypOBHCM)
HaSblBaiOT
BeJTHHHHy, BepOHTHOCTb HpeBbIUJeHH« KOTOpOH 6lTH3Ka K 1 H COCTaBJTJieT oGblHHO
0,99.
MO>KHO cKasaTb, MTO MHHMManbHaa MomnocTb (HJIH ypoBCHb) npeBbiiuaeTCJi B 99%
MaKCHManbHOH TeKymen MomnocTtfo (^HHaMnnecKHM yposneM)
, BepOMTHOCTb npeBbiiiieHHH KOTOPOH 6nH3Ka K 0 M cocTaejmeT o6bi4HO 0,01.
MOKHO cKasaTb, HTO MaKCHMajibHaa MomHOCTb (HJIH ypoBCHb) npeBbiuiaeTca JiHixib B
1% BpeMeHH nepejiaHH.
P(t)
MHHHMajibHOH H MaKCHMaribHOM MOLHHOCTH (nav3bi HCKJHOHCHU)
4.Cpe/aH5I5I MOLUHOCTb H VpOBCHb Cpe/THCH MOLUHOCTH
Opn BbiHHCJieHHH cpe/jHeH MOLUHOCTH CHTHajia P cp BpeM5i ycpeijHeHHH 6epyT
paBHbiM HOJIHOH AJiHTejibHOCTH cHTHajia (speMCHH nepefla4H), HanpHMep,
31
MHHyxe HJTH j^ayKe nacy, rrpo^ojraHTejTbHocxH xejiecjjoHHoro pasrosopa H x.n.
MOlUHOCXb B OXJIMHMe OX XeKVLUeM BeJlHHMHa nOCXOflHHafl M OX BpeMCHM HC 3aBHCMX. Ee
ypOBenb 3x0 M ecxb xox caMbiH aGcojrioxHbiH ypoBCHb MOLLJHOCXM,
Koxoporo 6biJio A&HO B iviaxepnajiax xeivibi 4.
H riHK({)aKxop
P
D = W\g=~^ = Pmax ~ Pmin >
"'
Q = lOlg ^ = p m a x - p c p ,
Tcp
B 3XHX 4>opMyjrax Pmdx H P m j n MaKCHMajitnoe H MHHHMaJTbHoe 3HaMeHH« xeKymen
cxH, P cp - cpe^H5i5i MOLUHocxb CHrHana; p m;lx M p mm - MaKCHMautHoe H
MMHHManbHoe SHaneHHM ^MHaMHnecKoro ypoBHH, p ep -a6cojiK)XHbiH ypOBCHb
MOIU,HOCXH CHrnajra. J],ji« peneBoro cnrnajia D = 25. .35 ziB, Q ~ 12 ,aB.
nacxo Hcnojibsypox /ipyroe onpe^eneHHe nHK(})aKxopa
max
U max - MaKCHMajibHoe (HJIH KBasHMaKCHMaubnoe) Hanpa>KeHHe CHrnana MFHOBeHHOe 3HaH6HHe HanpJDKCHHH, BepOHXHOCXb npeBblllieHHH KOXOpOTO 6lTH3Ka K
).
U 3 - 3(J3(})eKXHBHoe (MJIM aeficxByiomee) 3HaneHMe HanpajKCHMM U 3 =
MO>KHO Bbipa3HXb B
Qf = 2 0 1 g l l .
Hxo6bi, KaK roBopax, "nonyBCXBOBaxb pa3HHuy" MOK^y Q H Q' paccHMxaeM o6e 3XH
xapaKxepMcxMKM zui« rapMOHMHecKoro KOJieGaHMs c a.MnjiMxy^oH U m M cpaBHMM MX
CO6OH.
exor H3 onpe/ieneHMH xeKymen cpe/iHen MOIUHOCXH, MO;>KHO saKjiionnxb, HXO
rapMOHMHecKoro KOJieGaHMS c nocxo^HHOM aMniiMxy/tOM OHa He 3aBMCMX ox
BpeivieHM
pro
• ~— —U-,—
W = Pmax = Pcp = pmm
2
1
r
r
r
, Q= 0 jiB, nocKOJibKy Ig 1 = 0.
C apyroH cxopoHbi U 3 = A /U 2 n /2 = U m /\/2 . ECJTH nojio>KHXb U m a x =U m , TO
II = V2, a Q^= 201g(2°':') = 3 ziB. KaK M cne^oBajio wKM^axb Q -i- Q*
32
XapaKiepMCTHKM Te/ie4>OHHoro CMma/ia
1 . IllMpMHa nacTOTHoro cneKTpa
CTaHflapTHafl mnpHHa nacTOTHoro cneKxpa xenecjjOHHoro cHrnajia cocxaBraex
0 , 3 - - - 3 , 4 Kfu. B SXOH nojroce pasMematoTCH 3 . . . 4 (jjopManxbi, HXO rapanxHpyex ne
xonbKO xopouxyto pasGopnHBOCXb, HO H ysHasaeMOCTb co6ece,nHHKa no
OCoGeHHOCXflM CFO TOJIOCa.
B
'H
'B
3JieKXpOCBfl3H
UIHpOKO
HOJTb3yK)XCfl
yCJIOBHHM
H3o6pa>KeHMeM
cnnoujHoro
cneKxpa
B
BHAC
npflMoyrojibHoro xpeyrojibHHxa. HH>KH«« nacxoxa cnexxpa
oGbTHHO cooxBeTCTByeT ocxpoMy yrny,
B zianHOM cjiynae f,,= 0 , 3 Kfn, f H = 3,4
cnnoniHoro cneKTDa
aKTHBHOCXH
KOSCJJCJDHUHCHX aKXMBHOCXH K a paBCH OTHOLU6HMK3 BpeMCHM aKXMBHOCXM HCXOHHHKa
K oGmen npoaoji>KHxejibHOCXH xe;ie(|)OHHoro pa3roBOpa. BpeMa aKXHBHOcxn
MCHbuie npoziojDKHTejibHocTH pasrosopa H3-3a roro, HTO BO-nepBbix, aooneHT B
TpaTHT o/iMHaKOBoe BpeMH Ha pasroBop H cjiymaHne, H BO-BTOPHX, H3-3a
nays MOK^y cuoraMH, cuosaMH H cj)pa3aMH. 3KcnepHM6HTajibHo ycTanoBjieno,
HTO
Ka = 0,25 ... 0,35.
3.Pacnpe/iejieHHe cpeziunx (sa speMH pairoeopa) MOLUHOCTCH cnrHanoB pasnux
aGoHCHTOB
CHrnajibi OT aGoHCHTOB, npnxofl5nu,He na BXOZI, Kanaka TH( B THOy), Moryx HMexb
oneHb paaHbie cpeziHHe MOLUHOCTH. BeiiHHHHa cpe^HCH MOLUHOCTH -saBHCHT OT Manepw
roBopHTb, OT saTyxaHHH adOHsHTOi-coii
JIHHHH, OT KOHicpeTHoro Te.necJ)OHHoro
annapaTa. CireaoBaTenbHO, cpezinioio MomHOCTb MO^KHO paccMaxpHBaxb KaK
cnynaHHyKD sejiHHHHy. B pesyjibxaxe MCCJieziOBaHMH ycxanoBJieHO, HXO na HHxepBanax
aKXHBHOCXH cxaxHcxHHecKoe pacnpejiejieHHe a6cojiK)THbix ypoBHefi cpe^Hen MOLUHOCXH
npH6;iH>KeHHo onucbiBaexcH 3aKOHOM faycca c napaiviexpaMH:
cpe^nee. 3HaHeHHe(MaxeMaxH L iecKoe o^H^aHHe) yposHa cpe/iHen MOLUHOCXH B
THOy
p--10...-12 flEMO
cpe^HeKBajipaxHHecKoe oxKuoneHne ox cpeanero o = 4.. .5 ziBMO.
Mo>KHO nOflCHHTaTb, HTO C BepOHTHOCTblO 0,997 BeJTHHHHbl ypOBHCH HaXOflJITCH B
npe/iejiax OT p-3a no p+3a(npaBHJio Tpex CMTM). HHBIMH cjiosaMH, TOJIBKO y xpex
H3 1000 ypoBCHb MO>Kex OKa3axbca HHxe -22. ..-27 nBMO H Bbime 0. ..+5
. FpyGo roBopa, cpeaH«a MOLunocxb cnrHana, npHxo^amero ox aGoHCHxa B THOY,
Gbisaex Gojibixie 1 MBxO (0 ^EiviO) H eme pe>xe Menbiue 1 MKBxO(-30 ziBMO). TaKMM
oGpasoM, flMHaMHHecKHH zinanasoH xenecj)OHHoro CMFHajia B Kpymbix nncjiax
cocxaBJiaex nop^flKa 30 ,nJ6.
Cpe^HepacnexHoe 3HaneHHe cpe^Hen MOIUHOCTH xejiec|)OHHoro cnrHajra B THOy
paBHblM 32 MKBTO, HTO COOTRCTCTByeT ypOBHK) -15
33
Te/via 6 OCHOBHblE XAPAKTEPMCTMKM HETE/lEOOHHblX CMFHA/IOB
Cnma/ibi
co6oH nocjre,noBaxejTbHocxb penesbix H My3biKajibHbix
cooGmeHHH. PeneBOH CHrnaji - sxo penb .AHKxopa M aKxepcKaa pent, a xaioKe cojibnoe
neHHe. CnrHaj: MysbiKanbHoro conpoBOK^eHHJi - 3x0 cojibnoe conpoBO)KzieHHe,
aHcaMGjib, KaMepHbiH opKecxp, opKecxp.
OCHOBHblMH XapaKXCpHCXHKaMH CHFHaJia 3ByKOBOrO BCLUaHHa 51BJ15HOXC51:
1. LLInpnHa nacxoxHoro cneKxpa
o nacxoxHbix ^Hana3onax HeKOxopbix HCXOHHHKOB 3BVKa csezieHbi B
FpaHHHHbie nacxoxbi
HCXOHHHK 3ByKa
HH/KHflfl
My>KCKOH TOJTOC
)KeHCKHH ro/ioc
Pofljib
CKpnuKa
Ojienxa
Tape.iKM
JTHxaspbi
LUyM maroB
lOOFu
200 Fu
lOOFu
200 Fu
250 Fu
400 Fu
65Fu
100 Fu
150Fu
BepXHflfl
7KFu
9 KFu
6 KFu
14 KFu
1 4 K-Fu
12 KFu
3 KFu
1 0 K-Fu
15 K-Fu
3a BepxHToio HJTH HH>KHKDK> rpammy
cnexxpa npHHHiviaiox nacxoxy cpesa
orpaHHHHBaiomero cneKxp OBH HUH
OHM, npn KoxopoH orpaHH^eHHe
HacroTHoro ^Hana3ona 3aMeHaiox 75%
SKcnepxoB. 3HeprexnnecKHe HJTH KaKnejiH6o zipyrne KpnxepHH mnpHRbi cneKxpa
3ByKOBoro BemaHHH HHKor^a He
H3-sa
oxcyxcxBHa
o l . e K X H B H b I X flaHHblX O 3HaHHMOCXH X6X
HJIH HHbix cneKxpairbHbix
j\ns\o
Ha OCHOBC ^aHHbix cyoteKXHBHO - cxaxncxHMecKHX 3KcnepxH3 mnpHHa nonocbi
nponycKaHHJi Kanaiia 3BVKa Bbiciuero KJiacca npHH^xa pasHOH 30 Fn ... 15
3HaH6HH5I 3XHX XapaKXCpHCXHK ZIJ1H HCKOXOpbTX BH^OB HCXOHHHKOB yKa3aHbI B
x xaojinuax.
MCXOHHHK 3ByKa
HCXOHHHK 3ByKa
,H,HHaMHHeCKHH
flnana3OH D, ziB
PCHb
flHKXOpa
AKxepcKaa penb
Majibie aucaiviGjiH
CHM(J)OHHHeCKHH
opKecxp
25. ..35
35. . . 4 5
4 5 ... 5 5
HHKCjiaKxop Q, AB
10
POHJlb
12
Penb
MncxpyMeHxajibKbie
/—
19
CHM(})OHHHeCKHH
65. . . 7 5
opKecxp
28
34
Te/ieBM3MOHHbie
OCHOBaHO na
HHtjxipMauHH o apKocxH
H
usexe
ClpOKM
3JieiVieHXOB M3o6pa}KeHM}l, KOTOpaa CHMXblBaeXCfl C
(jjOTOMHiueHM nepe.fl.aK3 me M xpyGxn npn noMomn
sjieicrpoHHoro Jiyna B npouecce passepTKZ.
nOJIHbIM
TeJieBMSHOHHbIM
CMFHaJlOM,
Tpn KOMROHeHxa: cHrnaji jipKOCTH, CHrnaji
UB6XHOCXH H CHTHaJlbl CHHXpOHH3aUHH (flO CXpOKaM
ripuHLjun paaeepiKM
M no
ClpOHHblM
HMnynbc
Gunman u^eiHOCxn
12 MKC
Hynesoro noTeHU,na^a)
ClpOHHbll/i
cnHxpomvinynbC
CxpyKxypa O^HOH cxpoKH nonHoro TB
ocymecxBnHrax B BHfle nocneaoBaxenbHocxH Ka,n,pOB, nacxoxa
Koxopbix cocxaBJiaex 25 Ka,n,p/c. Ka/K/ibiH Ka/ip cjioprvinpyiox
aeiiPia HOMHHajibiio 625 cxpoK na Ka,up. Rn% yivieHbn
TB cnrnaji (})opMHpyiox B BH^C nonyKanpoB, Koxopbie CMCHHIOX apyr
c nacxoxoH 50 nonyKazipOB B cexyH/iy: B O.AHOM nonyKa^pe nepeziaiox nexnue
cxpoKH, B apyroM - HenexHwe.
HacxoxHbifi cneKxp TB cnrHana HaMHHaexca ox HyjTH, HXO oxsenaex nepejane
noireM nocxoHHHOH HPKOCXH. BepxHioio rpaHHHHyio i iacxoxy cnexxpa MO>KHO
oueHHXb cneziyK)mHM o6pa30M.ripezinojio>KHM,
HXO na npoxa>KeHHH cxpoKH nepeaaexca
nocnezioBaxenbHocxb Hepntix H Geitbix 3iieMCHXOB H3o6pa>KeHH5i MMHMMajibHoro pa3iviepa.
,^\
/ \
\
KojiMHecxBO xaKHx 3neMeHXOB B cxpoice
cocxaBHx 625-(4/3) = 8 3 3 , X . K . xejiesxpaH
co6oH
npHMoyrojibHHK
c
N
\
cxopoH
4:3.
ZUiHxe.ibHOCXb
K paCM^ Be P XHe ^
^
rpaHM 4 bi cneKxpa
sneivteHxa pasna
T=(64-12) • 10" 6 /833 = 6 , 2 4 - 1 0 " s c .
xaKoro
AOcxaxoHHO nepBOH rapMOHMKM cooxsexcxBywiuero cnrHana
35
f,=l/(2-i) = l/(2-6,24-10' 8 )= 8 MFii. PeajibHO
BejiHHHHoM: AFTLi = 6 . . . 6,5 MFu.
CxpyKxypa cneKxpa TB CHrHana noBOJibHO
HecKOKbKo Menbine
H onpeflejuiexcfl,
B
OCHOBHOM,
2f CT
p
ni
(n+1)fcrf
OOIIJ.HH BHa cneKxpa CHrHana
CneKxp coAep>KHX nocxo^HHyio cocxasjiflKDmyK), Koxopaa Hecex HHCJiopiviauHK) o
5IpKOCXM HenOaBH)KHbIX /jexajTCH H3o6pa>KeHHa, HH3KO L iaCXOXHbIH K
B ^Hanasone ox nyjia AO necKOJibKHX repu, necymHH HHcj)opMauHTO o cpeziHen
, a XaK>K6 COCXaBJlHHDLUHe B OKpeCXHOCXH rapMOHHK CXpOHHOM
"6
nacxoxbi f c l p = l / ( 6 4 - 1 0 " ) — 15625 Fu. Hn3K04acxoxHbie cocxaB^MK)Hj,He nepenocax
HH(j)opMauHK) o KpynHbix aexanax H3o6pa>KeHH5i, a BbicoKonacxoxHbie - o MejiKHX.
Ba>KHa5i ocoGeHHocxt cneKxpa COCXOHX B HajiHMHH cBo6o^Hbix HacxoxHbix nonoc
Me>K/i,y cneKxpajibHbiMM KOMrioneHxaMH, pacnojio/KCHHbiMH B OKpecxHOCxnx
rapMOHHK. HMCHHO B 3XH Hesanaxbie npOMe>KyxKH noMemaiox cneKxp
UBexHocxH H no3xoMy LUHpHHa cneKxpa CHrnana usexHoro xejieBH^enHH xaxaa >ioTOTe/ierpa(|)Hbie) curHa/ibi
3xo CHrHanbi, cooxBexcxByromne nenoziBH>KHbiM H3o6pa>iKeHne Oxpa>KeHHbiM
^-^--"''~
CBGTOBOM nyn
^-^«
4
\f
^-^
d
\
OaKCMMMflbHblM
CBGXOBOM riyH OT
HCTOHHHK3
CxeMa cJDopivinpoBaHna dpaKcuivinnbHoro cumana
36
HeGojTbixroe CBexoBoe anajiHSHpyiomee nsixHO nepeiviemaexcH no noBepXHOCXH
opnrxiHajia, pasBepxKa (cKaHHpOBaHne) MO>Kex Gbixb MexaHnnecKOH HJIH 3JieKxpOHHOH.
CBCXOBOH noxoK, oxpa>KeHHbiH sjieMenxapHbiMH miomaziKaMH H3oGpa>KeHH5i,
cooxBexcxByiomHMH JO,naMexpy aHajiH3HpyK>iu,ero naxna d, nonajiaes B $OTOiipHei
npeoGpasye xca B sjieKxpHMecKHH C}DOTOTOK, npe^cxaBJiJirciiJXHH coGon Ha HXO HHOB,
nepBHMHbiH
c^oxoxejierpacJDHbiH
FTpn nepeaane inTpnxoBoro
H3oGpa>iKeHna
CHFHaJl
JIBJIJieTCa
KBaHTOBaHHbiM cHrHajioM HenpepbiBHoro
BpeMeHH, HMeromHM ,KBa 3HaneHH5i no
BejiHHHHe, cooxBexcxByrctiLiHX nepnoMy H
GejiOMy. Hpn nepeaaHe nojiyxoHOBbix
H3o6pa>KeHHH CHrnaji no (JDOpMe Majio
HCM
oxjiHHaexcfl ox xeneBH3HOHHoro
CHTHaJia HpKOCTH.
nacxoxa cneKxpa cJDaKCHMHJibHoro CHrnajia pasna nyjito; ero
nacxoxy MO>KHO HaMxn XOHHO xaK >KC, KaK y TB CHrnajra, nonaraa HXO
npeztcxasjiHex coGon nepe/iyioLUHeca nepHbie H Gejibie nojiocbi,
HanpaBJieHHK) pa3eepxKH, mnpHHa Koxopbix pasna d
f
- V/
>-» ~ I2d '
D - cKopocxb nepeiviemeHHJi naxHa.
nepe^aMH H3oGpa>KeHHH nnoma^bK) S
xpe6yexc5i
p= S/(ud).
T n L .f,f M =S/(2d).
MxaK, npoH3Be/ieHHe BpeMenn nepeaaMH x,, cp Ha mnpHHy cneKxpa He sasHCHT ox
CKOPOCXH, a onpe/iejiaexcH xojibxo njioma;xbH3 opnrHHajia H paspeiuafomeH
cnoco6nocxbK). HanpHMep, BpeMfl nepe/iaHH ra3exnoH HOJIOCU pasiviepOM 40x55 CM
npn d= 0,065 MM B Kanajie c HOJIOCOH nponycKaHHa 0...180KFH cocxaBHX
T llcp =S/(2f N1 d 2 )=0,4-0,55/(2- 1 80- 1 0 3 -(6,5- 1 0' 5 ) 2 )~ 1 45c.
Eypnoe pa3BHxne KOMnbtoxepnon XCXHHKH npHBejio K npaKXHHecKH nojmoMy H
noBceMecTHOMy BbixecHeHHK) cpejicxs (jjoxoxejierpacjwoH XCXHHKH H 3aMene ee
aGoHCHXCKHMH 4^KCHMHJTbHbIMH yCXaHOBK3MH. B HaCXOHUjee BpeMfl
npHHHHnaMH nepe/iaHH Heno/iBH>KHbix H3o6pa>iceHHH HBJIJHOXCM:
•"6yMa>KHbiH"
npHHunn,
peajinsyeMbiH
aGoHCHXCKHMH
npeoGpaayiomHMH H3o6pa»:eHHe B 3JieKxpHnecKHH cnrHaji H
nenaxb npHH^xoro H3o6pa/KeHHH Ha xepMOoyMare HJIH o6bi4HOH 6yi\iare;
• "6e36yMa>Ki-ibiH" npnuunn, 3aKJiioHaiomHHOi B nepe^ane AOKyMenxa B
3J16KXpOHHOM BH^C lia JlpvrOH KOMnbKDXCp C H C n O J I b 3 0 B a H H e M (j)aKC-MOJXeMa.
RapajiJiejibHoe pa3BHxne XCXHHKH Me/KKOMnbioxepnoro oGMena
3JieKxpOHHOH noHXbi no xejiecJ)OHHbiM Kai-iajiaM ooycjioBHJTO VHH([)HKauHK)
xapaKTepHCTHK (|)aKCHMHjibHbix CHTHajioB H cHTHajioB nepeziaHH
H
37
.qaHHbix
FIpe,fl,CTaBJlfllOX C06OH UM(|DpOBbie CHTHaJlbJ, e^HHHHHblMH SJieiVieHXaMH KOTOpblX
HBJUIIOXCJI HMnyjibCbi nocxo5iHHoro xoxa (BH^eoHMnyjibCbi). Tax KaK HCXOHHHKH xaxnx
CHrnajiOB, KaK npaBHno, ziBOHHHbie, TO cHrnajibi HMCIOT Asa paspemeHHbix ypoBHfl:
HH3KHH (o6bJ4HO 0) H BblCOKHH (oGblHHO 1). CMMBOJlbl 0 H 1 HM6HyK)T 6MXaMH, H6
o6pama5i BHHMaHne (KaK 3x0 ^enaexcfl B xeopnn HHCjoopMauHn) na sepoaxHOCXb HX
nOHBJ16HH5I H HajlMMHC K O e J i a U H O H H b l X CBH36H.
1
-»•
^T
1
1
1
1
T <-
nepe/iaHH
OcHOBHbiMH -xapaKxepHCXHKaMH CHrnajia nepeaaMH aaHHbix FI^I,
1. TaKxoBbiH HHxepBau TT - npoiMe>KyxoK speivieHH, oxBezieHHbiH
0/],HOrO CMMBOJia, C.
2. TaKxosaH nacxoxa f T =l/T T - nacxoxa c.ie^OBaHHH CHMBOJTOB, Fu.
3. CKBa^KHOcxb q = TT/T. , rji,e T- ^jinxeiibHocxb e^HHHHHoro sneMeHxa, c.
(Ha pncyHKe q=2). oo > q >, 1 .
4. CKOpocxb nepeziaHH B - KOHMHecxBO ABOMHHbix CHMBOJIOB, nepeziaHHbix 33
1 c, GHX/C.
M3 onpeaeneHHH 2 H 4 cneziyex, HXO xaKxosafl nacroxa, Bbipa>iKH5i5i nacxoxa ero cneKxpa paBHa Hy^K).
HxoGbi HafixH Bepxmoi-o Hacxoxy cneKxpa paccivioxpHM nepHOziHHecKHH
BH/ieoHMnyjTbCHbiH ciirHaji, cooxBexcxByi-omHH Hepe^yiomeHC5i nocjieztOBaxejibHocxn
6nx ...1010101..., n p H H H B ZIJT« pa3Hoo6pa3HH q = 1 .
nepsaa rapMOHUKa
/
/ \
/ \
\T
\
\
/' \
\ //
\
\
\
\
J
/\
\
Mepe,qyK3Lu,aflc?i nocneflosaxenbHocTb HMnynbcoB n npoGenos n ee nepsaa rapMOHMKa
Ha nepsbiH Bsrn^rzi mnpHHa cneKxpa xaKoro cnrnajia cxpeMHXca K 6ecKoH64HOCXH,
X.K. CHCKXp
BH^eOHMHyjlbCa
KOH64HOH
AUHXCJlbHOCXH
H6
OrpaHH46H.
O^HaKO Ha npneMe Hex Heo6xoziHMOCxH BOCCxaHaBJinsaxb ^opMY cnrnajia,
aocxaxoHHO Ha^e>KHO oxunnaxb 0 ox 1 . M3 p n c y n K a BH^HO, HXO ZUTH 3xoro Bnonne
aocxaxoHHO nepsoH rapMOHHKH, npeacxaBjiarameH coGon Kone6aHHe nonyxaKXOBOH
nacxoxbi. FIo3xoiviy f n = f,/2, HUH xaK: BepxHaa nacxoxa cneKxpa BH/i.eoHMnyjibCHoro
38
cnrHajia HHCJICHHO pasna nonoBMHe CKOPOCTM nepe^anM. 3TOT BbiBou, He
SaBHCHT OT CKBa>KHOCTM, T . K . npM 66 M3M6H6HMH MaCTOTa M6pBOH TapMOHMKM OCTaeTCfl
HOCTOHHHOM. linage rosopfl, iiiMpHHa cneierpa nepBMHHoro CHrnajia FIJI, nojiHocxbio
onpefle.i5ieTC5i CKOpocxbio nepe^a^H H HC 3aBMCHT OT /uiHTentHOCTH eflHHHHHoro
3JT6MeHTa.
CnenoBaTenbHo, B Kanane c nojiocon nponycKaHMfl O...f n MO>KHO nepeziaTb
flBOHHHblH BHJieOHMnyJTbCHblH CMFHaJl C MaKCHMaJTbHOM CKOpOCTbFO B, 6MT/C,
HHCJ16HHO
paBHOH 2-f u , Fu. /],aHHoe yrBep>KzieHHe Ha3bmaK)T npezienoM (MJIH Gapbepoivi) HaMKBHCTa.
6. Ko3{J)(j)HUH6HT McnojibsosaHHfl
nojiocbi nacTOT y (Ha3biBaeMbiH Taicace
y-343(J3eKTHBHOCTbK))
nOKa3b!Ba6T
C
K3KOM
MaKCMMaJlbHOH
CKOpOCTbK)
GMT/C
MO>IKHO
HOJiyHHTb
MaKCHMyM
y = 2 (GHT/C)/FU (npejien HaHKBHcra). M3BecTHbi H Gonee 3cJ)4)eKTHBHbie cnocoGbi
KOTOpbix y = 6 . . . 8£6HT/c)^u H ^a>Ke Gojibme.
KO3cJ)cbHUHeHT y , MO>KHO sanncaTb Bbipa>K6HHe an» uiHpHHbi cneicrpa
CMrnana nepeaann aaHHbix B BHjie
AFM;i=B/y .
HanGoiiee oGmnti npHHHHn, nosBojiaiomnH yBeiiMHHTb y, COCTOHT B npeoGpasoBaHMH
^,BOMM"Hbix CHrHanoB B MHoroypoBHCBbie. MaTCMaTHHecKMM anajior TaKoro npeoGpa3OBaHM5i nepexoa OT ^BOHHHOM CMCTCMbi CMHCJICHM^ K cncTCMe CMHCJieHHsi c GojibuiHM ocHOBaHMCM.
FIpM 3TOM flOJT/KHO BbinOJTHHTbCfl HepaBCHCTBO 2"1 <
L'\6 1T1 — KOJTMH6CTBO flBOMHHbTX
B OAHOM GjioKe, n - KOJlMHecTBO pasp^oB B GnoKe L - ypoBHesoro KOfla. HanpMMep,
nape GMT 00 0 1 10 11 MO>KHO nocTasHTb B cooTBCTCTBHe OZIMH npjuvio^TOJibHbifi
BHjjeoHMnyjibc c BbicoTOH, npHHHMafomeH O^HO H3 HCTbipex pa3penie'HHbix 3HaneHHH (m = 2,
L = 4, n - 1) Ka>K^OM TpOMKe GUT 000 00 1 ... 110 1 1 1 - OAMH BOCbMnypOBHeBbiM MMnynbC
(m=3, L = 8,n = 1 ) HJIH ^sa TpexypOBHeBbJX HMnyjibca (m = 3 , L = 3 , n = 2) M T.n. Fipn
TaKOM cnocooe npeoGpaioeaHHa TaKTOBaa nacTOTa CHH>KaeTca B m/n pa3, ay- 3cjxj)6KTHBHocTb
BospacTaeT no 2 m/n (OMT/C)/FU. MaKCHjyiajibHaa BenHMHHa y ziocTMraeTCH npn 2'" = Fn M
y = 21og2 L , (GHT/cj/Fu .
K
cwKaiieHHTO,
yBenHHeHHe
y
H6H36e>KHo
conpoBO>KjaeTca
CHM>KeHH6M
nOMeXOyCTOMHHBOCTH, nOCKOJlbKy C pOCTOM KOJTHHeCTBa ypOBHCM KO^a Ha^e>KHO pa3JlMHaTb
MX npn HajiHHHH noMex H annapaxypHbix norpem HOOTCH CTaHOBMTca Bee TpyziHee. FIosTOMy
Ha npaKTHKe L pejrKO npeBbimaeT 8.
Teopn^ MHcbopMauHH
aae'T cjieziypomyio oueHKy MaKCHwajibHO /IOCTH>KHMOH
y - 3cbcJ3eKTHBHOCTH
P,yPn oTHomeHne cpeziHHx MOIUHOCTCH cnn-iajia H rayccoscKOH noMexn na
npneMHoro ycrpoHCTBa.
3Ty BejTMHHHy Ha3biBaioT npe/iejioM (HJIH GapbepoM) lileHHona.
39
TeMa 7 DpuHMunbi opraHMsauMM ayruiexcHoro KaHana TH
B Maxepnajiax TCMW 2 OTMenajiocb, HTO ocHOBHbiM oGopy/ioBaiiHCM
CCTH aBJiflioxcfl MTC, c noMombio xoxopbix cos^aiox Kanajibi
nOCJieflHHe JIBJXHIOXCfl THIIOBblMH, T . C . HM6K)T HOpMaJIH3OBaHIIbIC XapaKXCpHCTHKH.
B KanecTBe ociiOBHoro ranoBoro aiiaiioroBoro Kaiiajia iipHiiHT Kanaji TonajibHOH
nacTOTbi c nojiocoH npoiiycKaiinn 0,3- -3, 4 KFn,, cooxBeTCxsyioinHH nrapHHe
ciieKxpa xeJie4)OHHoro curnajia. BriponeM, no Kanajiy TH Moryr GbiTt iiepe^aHbi H
flpyrne CHrnanbi: xejierpacJDHtie, nepeflann ^aHHbix c HCBWCOKOH CKOpocxbio,
4»aKCHMHJIbHbie.
OxAe^bHO B3flXbiH Kaeaji TM HBJiaexca oflHOcxoponnHM HJIH CHMiuieKCHtiM,
X.K. co;iep)KHx ycxponcxBa o/i,HOcxopoHHero ^CHCXBH-H, iianpHMep, VCHJIMXCJIH.
/],JIH oGecneHeHHH ;i,BycropoHiieH CBHSH o6i>e;i,HHHK)x ;i,Ba Bcxpennbix
CHMiuieKCHbix Kanajia, oGpasyji, xaKHM oGpasoM, O;.IHH ;iyiuicKcnwfi Kanaji,
HaatmaeMbiH KanajioM TH c HexbipexiipoBo;i,HbiM oKOHHanHCM. Ho coo6pa>KeHHHM
3KOHOMHH MC/JHblX nap aSoHCHXCKHe JIHHHH flBJiaiOX flByXI"IpOBO;|IIbIMH. HMeilHO
3x0 oiipe^ejiHex neoGxoAHMOcxb (JDOpMHpoBanHH y xanajia TH ;i,ByxiipoBo;i,Horo
Po ,
2-x npoB.
OKOHHaHUe
THOV
4flB
4 n p . np.
4 n p . nep.
6 flB
CxpyKxypiiafl cxeMa Kaiiana TH H cro ;jHarpaMMa oxnocHxejibUbix ypoBiicii
40
OcHOBHbiMH 3JieM6HTaMH flByxnpoBO^Horo Kanajra TH noMHMO CHMnneKCHbix
KananoB flBJunoTca:
• OKOHeHHbie AMCJDCMCxeMbi (flC), o6ecneHHBaiomne nepexoa OTK HexbipexnpoBojTHbiM. OcHOBHoe xpeGoBanne K ,H,C npn STOM - He
CHrHaiia H3 o^Horo HanpaBjieHHfl nepejiann B zipyroe (napasHTHyro oGpaTHyro
CBH3b) . B npoTHBHOM cjiynae B .nyruieKCHOM Kanajre BOSMO^KHO BO3HHKHOB6HHe renepanHH
(noApo6Hee CM. TeMy 10 ).
• y^nHHHTejiH - neTbipexnojnocHHKH, BHOcamne 3aTyxaHHe. OcoGoe
HMCIOTTpaH3HTHbie yannHHTejiH (TV) c saTyxanneM no 3,5 ^B KajKjib
TpaH3HTC OflHH M3 yAJlMMHTCJieH OTKJIlOMaeTCJI.
HoflCHHM 3TO LiyTb HO/i,po6Hee. M3 AHarpaMMbi ypoBHen. BM^HO, HTO
BHOCHMoe AsyxnpoBO^HbiM KaHanoM TH, cocTasjiJieT 7 ziB (ero oGbRHo HMenyroT
^CT) OieBHjiHO, HTO ecjTH BKjnoHKFb fiocjie^OBaTejibHO flsa Kanana, TO ocTaTonnoe 3aTyxaHHe
TaKoro coeraBHoro Kanana OKa>KeTC5i paBHbiM 14 jiE, HTO HezionycTHMO. CoxpaHHTb
ocTaTOHHoe saTyxanne paBHbiM 7 aB onenb npocTo: ^ocTaTonno B nyHKTe TpaH3HTa
OTKinoHHTb napy TpaH3HTHbix y/uinHHTejien, coeziHHHB JJ.C MOKjy coGon nenocpeziCTBeHHO.
Tj
CxeMa
64 K6MT/C
B
COBpeMCHHblX
CHCXCMaX H
XejieKOMMyHHKailHOHHblX
fleraflep
KOMMyraUHOHHblX CTaHUHJIX CJjyHKUHH
anajioro-nHCJDpoBoro,
UH^po-ananoroBoro
npeoGpasoBaxejien H flH^CHcxeMbi, KaK npaBHJio,
COBMemeHbl
B
OOTOH
MHKpOCXCMe,
pOJIb
COGCTBCHHO
>
qtp
All
Ha3bIBa6MOH
Koflep
KOCJDHfleKOM (OX CJIOB KOZiep-(J3HJIbXp-fleKO^ep) . IlpH
3TOM
<
7JH(})CHCTeMbI
UHC})pOBOH (J)HJIbTp LJ,O H
nepsbiH
(jjopjviHpyeT
3KBHBaneHT
curnana,
nocTynaiomero M3 TpaKTa npnema B TpaKT nepe^anH (T.C CHrHaji napaSHTHOii
oGpaTHOH CBJISH), a BTopoe oGecneHHBaeT ero KOMnencannio. MO>KHO CKasaxb, HTO
"LJ,O + BbiHHTaTenb" ycxpaHjnox napa3HTHyi-o oGpaTnyra cBH3b B aynneKCHOM Kanane (HJIH, no
Mepe, cymecTBCHHO ee
41
TeMa 8 OcHOBHbie xapaKiepuciMKn KaHana TH M MX
1. Bxo^Hoe H BbixoflHoe
BCJIHHHHa
3XHX
COnpOXHBJieHHH
H
B
flByxnpOBOflHOH,
H
B
nacxflx Kanajia o^na H xa >Ke H cocxaBjxaex 600 OM (aKXHBHoe).
OxKJioHeHHe peajibHoro conpoxHBueHHa Zp ox
ZH = 600 OM
xapaKxepnsyiox saxyxaHHCM oxpa>KeHHS[
—^
7
Ero
6wxb ne Menee 20
H
HMCKDX
HJIH BblXOfl C
OXHOCHXCJlbHO
K onpeflejieHHK) saxyxannji acHMMexpHH
SCMJIH
cxpyKxypy.
Saxyxanne
xapaKxepH3yK)iu,ee
cxenenb
OXJIHHHS
conpoxHBJieHHH
Ka)K^oro
H3
AByx
oxHOCHxenbHO "seMJiH" (Kopnyca)
fl,oji>KHO 6bixb ne Menee 43
2. /JuarpaMMa ypoBHen H ocxaxonnoe saxyxanne
^HarpaMMa oxHOCHxenbHbix ypOBHefi Kanajia TH npHBeflena B Maxepnajiax xeMbi 7.
Hs nee BH^HO, HXO ypOBenb cnrnajia na Bbixo^e ^ByxnpOBOflHoro Kanana TH na 7 #E
HH)Ke, HCM na Bxo^e. PasHOcxb ypoBHefi na Bxofle H Bbixo/i,e Kanaiia nasbmaiox
ocxaxoHHbiM saxyxaHHCM AOCT = pBX — p BbIx . Cjie^osaxejibHO, HOMHHajr ocxaxoHHoro
saxyxaHHfl flByxnpoBO^Horo Kanajia TH pasen 7 pE. Ero >Ke'cxKo HopMHpyiox na
nacxoxe 1020 Fu,: oxKnoneHHe ox HOMnnana ne ^OIDKHO npeBbiuiaxb ±0,2 ^B 3a
10 MHH., ±0,5 ,n,E 3a rofl H ±1 ,n,E 3a secb cxpox cjxy>K6bi o6opy^,OBaHHJi (nopMbi
fljiH KanajiOB iiH(|)poBbix CHCXCM).
Run.
cocxaBHbix
KanajioB
,n,onycxHMbie
oxxjioneHHa
^po^op^HOHaJIbHo Kopnio KBa^paxHOMy HS KOJiHnecxBa npocxwx KananoB B
COCXaBHOM.
3. AMnjiHxy^Ho - nacxoxnaji xapaKxepncxHKa, AHX
ox
/H
/B
coGoii
saBHCHMOcxb
ocxaxoHHoro
nacxoxbi ^ O CT(/)- rio HCH cyKJrr 06
- nacxoxHbix HCKa»ceHnax CHrnajra.
AHX — npJiMaa JIHHHH, napajuiejibHaa OCH nacxox . YPOBHH
Bcex cneKxpajibHbix cocxaBJijnouiHX cnrnajia, npomefluiero
/
AHX
c H^eajibHOH AHX, HSMeHHKDxca na O^HO H xo
KOJiHHecxBO fl,Qu^6ejui, a HX aMHUHxy/ibi — B o/mo H xo we HHCJIO pas, nosxoivry (jjopMa
CHrnajra He HCKa)KaexcH.
42
AHX peajibHbix KanajiOB oxjiHHaioxcji ox HfleajibHOH. ^onycxuMbie OXKJIOHCHHH
ocxaxoHHOro aaxyxannfl na pasHbix nacxoxax nopMHpyiox c noMombio cneiiHajibHoro
ma6jiOHa no oxHomeHHio K sHaneHHio ocxaxoHHOro saxyxaHHJi Ha nacxoxe 1020 Fu,
'OCT'
ECJIH HSMepeHHaa AHX npoxo^nx Bnyxpn nojia /jonycicoB uia6jioHa, ee
HOpMe.
2,0-
1,0-
0,50,3
2,4
3,0
3,4
-0,5-
HopMbi na AHX Lj,H(|jpoBoro Kanana T1!
4. Oaso-HacxoxnaH (HJIH a3 o^Horo H xoro
TK.Q rapMOHHHecKoro KOJieGaHHa na Bbixo^e H Bxofl,e Kanajra
(pM = a3o-HacxoxHbix HCKa>KeHHflx CHrnajia. M^eajibHaH OHX, npn
KoxopoM HCKa>KeHHJi oxcyxcxsyiox, onHCbmaexca JIHHCHHOH (ftyHKUHefi nacxoxw
= — T ± 2nn,
n — 0,1,2 ...
noneiviy
npH
nepe^ane B Kanajie c
OHX cnrnaji He
Flycxb na BXOA Kanana
rapMOHHHecKoe
Kone6aHHe
nacxoxoH a) H HyjieBOH
(7BX = cos (wt) .
CeMCHCXBO
43
Tonia KOJie6aHHe Ha
^Bwx = cos[c*)t
Kanajra MO)KHO sanncaxb B BH,n,e
= cos(a)t — COT ± 2nn) = cos[oj(t — T)].
3xo ypaBHCHHe KOJie6aHHfl XOH «e caMofi nacxoxbi, HO
oxnocHxejibHO Bxo/iHoro na BpeMH T. ECJIH CHrnaji HMCCX cjioKHb
cocxaB, xo xaKaa sanncb 6yn,ex cnpaBe^jiHBa AJIJI Ka>Kfl,oro ero cneKxpanbHoro
KOMnoHCHxa. TaKHM o6pa3OM, npn nepe^aHe no Kanany c H^eajibHOH OHX cHrnan ne
HCKa>KaexcH, a jiHuib sanasflbmaex KaK ijejioe na BpeMfl T. Hn nocxo^HHaa 3afl,ep}KKa, HH
HSMeneHHe Macuixa6a no BejiHHHne ("njiocKoe" ycnneHHe HJIH ocjia6jieHHe)
HCKa>KeHH5IMH H6 HBJI^K)XCa.
OHX Kanajia xpy^no H3MepHXb, noaxoMy BMCCXO nee paccMaxpHBaiox
xapaKxepHCXHKy FBF1, Koxopyio onpeflejiHKDx KaK nepsyio npoH3BO^Hyio
C oGpaXHbIM 3HaKOM
dco
AT, MC
0,5 _ _
0,1-.
0,6
/H
1,0
2,6
f,
/B
HopMbi na HacxoxnyK) xapaKxepHCXHKy
FBFI fljiH ^H4)pOBO^o Kanana TH
nacxoxnaa xapaKxepncxHKa FBFI
Kanajia c n^eajibHOH OHX FBF1 ox nacxoxbi He saBHCHx: T(O)) = T.
HacxoxHbie xapaKxepHCXHKH FBFI peanbHbix KanajiOB nepaBHOMepHbi. Flpn
cnei^nanbHoro ma6jioHa nopMHpytox aonycxHMbie oxKJioneHHa FBFI na
nacxoxax ox ero SHaneHHJi na nacxoxe 1900 Fn. HsMepenHaji xapaKxepncxHKa nnrfle ne
flOJi>KHa nepeceKaxb rpannqy uiaGjiona.
Oaso-nacxoxHbie HCKa>KeHH5i He OKasbiBarox npaKxunecKM HHKaKoro BJIH^HH^ na
xejieaKC, aanHbie).
AivinjiHxy^HO-HacxoxHbie H (J)a3o-MacxoxHbie HCKa>KeHHH HMenyiox
Mxo6bi Kanaji ne BHOCHn JTHnenHbix HCKa>iKHO BbmojiHHXbCH
nesaBHCHMOCXb ox nacxoxbi ero ocxaxoHHoro saxyxamifl H nHHeflHocxb
xapaKxepHCXHKH. Hx HHor^a nasbmaiox ycnoBHflMH HeHCKa^Ke'HHOH nepe^ann.
44
5. AMIUIHXy,HHafl XapaKxepHCXHKa H KO3(|)4>HimeHX HCJIHHeHHblX HCKa5K6HHH
xapaKxepucxHKOH nastiBaiox BaBHCHMOcxb yposHfl Ha
ox ypOBHa Ha ero Bxo^e HJTH saBHCHMocxb ocxaxoHHOro saxyxanHH ox
na BXO^C. npH HSMepeHHflx Hcnojibsyrox rapMOHHHecKoe KOJie6aHHe c nacxoxoM 1020
. B H^eaiie npn HSMeHeHHH BXO^Horo ypoBHH na 1 /iE Bbixo^HOH ypoBCHB ^ojr>KeH
na xy ^ce caMyio BejiHHHHy: H^eajibHa^ saBHCHMOcxt npe^cxaBjiaex co6on
jiHHHK), npoxoflHmyio no^ yrjioM 45° (npn o^HHaKOBbix Macuixa6ax no OCHM
PBBIX
PBX
"• OCT
cue^yex, HXO ocxaxoHHoe saxyxaHHe He ^OJDKHO aaBHcexb ox
saBHCHMOcxb ^ OCT (p BX )
np^Moii ropH30HxajibHOH JIKHHCH
'BblX
J OCT
PE
-A
7i
xapaKxepncxHKH
C noMouj[bK) maGjiOHa HopMHpyiox aonycxHMbie OXKJIOHCHHH ocxaxonnoro
saxyxaHHJi ox SHaneHHH, nsMepeHHoro npn BXOAHOM ypoBHe pBX = —10 /],5MO Ha
Hacxoxe 1020 FLI,. ECJIH rpa(J3HK peaubHOH aMnjiHxy^HOH xapaKxepHCXHKH npoxo^Hx
BHyxpH nojifl ^onycKOB, ee cnnxaiox y^OBJiexBopaiomeH HopMe.
3,0
" 1,0
J
k,
PexAB
-55
t-0
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ir
- -1,0
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Kanajra T1!
HopMbi na aMHJTHxyflHyK) xapaKxepncxHKy
45
H
HPVBlfBHBN
Atf>K3J\
KHHKHLfa
'9iqHH9aXOgOO) HXSWOII 9iqH£BdgOOH£Bd
0 9HaodA~
ndu
'HXHXOHd9X>IBdBX
'KHHB8OXHBaX
XBIfBHBX 9 'OJOX
'T) STO'O >
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'iiodoxa)
OH HXOOHH9HH1T9H 3OXH9HHH(|)(|)eO>I
0 9>KNBX T3
• '£/] IOH
XiqHH9HHE9H
(HOHSOHOO) noadgii HofXxHiruivB o
xnrnoiqa iqfXxHiruwB gmqKog N9X 'qxooHH9HHif9H 99HH9axo9niXo
0x9 BH xgBaiqsraA" '"' T /£'Vz HWBXOXOBH a XMHowd^x xninoiqa
gfoxiqa BH 9HH3iraKOU AIMOXGOTJ 'MHHowdBX xiqHqirgfxo £H XKOXDOO
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HOXOXOBh 0 SHHBgSIfOX 9OM09hHHOWdB
tfoxa EH 'downduBH ' qxoXjj 'BKBHJH3 oxoHfoxa 9dxM9UD a XHmaEaoaxoxXoxo
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XiqHH9HHIT9H KHhHITBH JMOXBH£Hdu Wiandsg 'BITBHBM 9fOXiqa BH BITBHXHO XKHH9>KB>IOH
XiqHH9HHIT9H O X9XaXOqK9X9fHaO
H)IHXOHd9X>IBdBX
TeMa 9 OKOHeHHaaflMcJDCpepemjManbHaflcucreivia Kanana TH n ee
xapaKTepucTMKM
, = z,,.
J
/J/\H
COCXOHX H3 ^HCJD^epeHHHajibHoro xpanc(j)opMaxopa J\T H 6ajiancHoro
KOHxypa BK. CHMBOJI w Ha pHcynice oGosHanaex KOJIKHCCXBO BHXKOB B o6MOXKax
BejiHHHHy
+ Wd
n =
Wr,
nasBmaiox K0^4){3)H^HeHTOM xpaHc4)opMa^HH. ripn
HMCHHO xaxa^i HcnouBsyexca B Kanajie .zyia
OKOHHaHHfl K HexbipexnpoBO^HOMy
J\C ^ajiee ne paccMaxpHBaKJTO*.
OcHOBHBie xpe6oBaHHH, npeAtHBnaeMbie K RC:
• 6ojibinoe saxyxanne B HanpaBJieHMH pa3B«3KH A42
nepe^aHH A4l u A12 ,
•
BXOflHblC COnpOXHEJICHH^ J](C
wc = wd ^C HMenyiox
oGecneneHHH nepexo^a ox
H naoGopox. HoaxoMy
H Majibie B HanpaBJieHH^x
CO BCeX HCXblpeX CXOpOH flOJDKHbl 6bIXb paBHbl
conpoxHBJieHHJiM narpysKH, co3#aBaeMOH BHeuiHHMH u,enHMH.
KopoxKO roBOpa, 7JC fl,o;i>KHa Gbixb ypaBHOBeuiena (cGajiaHCHposaHa) H coraacoBaHHO
narpy)KeHa.
PaGoxa /],C ocHOBana na npHHU,Hne ypaBHOBemeHHoro Mocxa: B
c6ajiaHCHpoBaHHbix MOCXOBWX cxeMax CHTHajr H3 O^HOH ^HaroHajiH B ^pyryio He
npoxo,o,HX, x.e. mvieex MCCXO pa3BH3Ka fluaroHajieH.
riepeHHCJieHHbie Bbime xpe6oBaHHH 6y,n,yx BbinojiHeHbi, CCJIH Z^ = Z3 = Z x.e.
conpoxHBJieHHe narpysKH co cxopoHbi TV pasno conpoxHBJieHHio 6anaHCHoro
yCJIOBHCM
6ajiaHca.
KpoMe
xoro,
KOHxypa.
3xo
2Z
Z2=—,
n2
Z
saxyxaHHe, BHOCHMOB /],C B HanpaBJieHHH pa3B«3KH, cxpeMHXCH K
BHOCHMbie B
cHrnana,
6ecKoneHHOCXH A ~* ° ; a
paBHbi
= A12 = 3
47
Ha
npaxxHKe
o6ecnenHXb
XOHHOC
BbinojineHHe
ycjiOBHfl
6ajiaHca
nocKOJibKy K RC no^Kjnonaiox pa3JiHHHbie JIHHHH c pasnbiMH
BXOflHblMH COnpOXHBJICHHJIMH, a COnpOXHBJICHHe BK
(J)HKCHpOBaHO. FIpH 3XOM TV
yMCHbmaex ^HcGajianc, nrpaa pojib 6ycj)epa. ConpoxHBJieHHe JIHHHH HMeex
KOMnneKCHbiH xapaKxep, SHannxejibHyio HepaBHOMepnocxb no nacxoxe H MOKCX
MCHflXbca ^a)Ke B npouecce o^noro coeflHHCHHJi B saBHCHMOcxH ox nono>KeHHJi
xejie(J)OHHOH xpy6KH. Ilpn Z^ =£ Z3 nponcxo^Hx pasSajiancHpoBKa RC H saxyxanne B
HanpaBjieHHH
pa3BJi3KH
otcaBbiBaexoi
KOHennbiM
A42 — 6 + Ae,p,E,
r^e
Ae = 201g \(ZKeHbi na corjiacoBannbie conpoxHBjreHHJi. BH^HO, HXO npn Zl = Z3 XOKH 7X H 7 2 ,
xeKymne B nojiyo6MOXKax J\T, paBHbi no BenHHHHe
H
npoxHBonojio)KHbi
no
HanpaBJieHHK). Cjie^oBaxenbHo, MarnnxHbiH HOXOK B cep^eHHHKe pasen nyjiio, a
nosxoMy paBHbi Hyjno H 3/l,C, HaBO^HMbie BO scex o6MoxKax, BKinonaH o6MOXKy 2 - 2 .
TaKHM o6pa3OM, sneprna B HanpaBjieHHH 4 - 2 ne nepe^aexca H nosxoMy A42 = oo.
Bnojine OHCBH^HO, HXO MoniHocxb cnrnajia H3 HanpaBJienHa 4 — 4
nopOBHy Me>Kfly HanpaBJiennjiMH 1 - 1 H 3 - 3 . HosxoMy cooxBexcxByiomHe
441 - A43 = 10 lg
\/
Vp
= 10 lg
\/
Vp
= 10 !g(2) = 3
H3-sa najTHHHa noxepb A4l « A43 ^ 3 , 5 ^B). ripn SXOM Bxo^Hoe conpoxHBueHHe
co cxopoHbi 4 — 4 paBHO napajuiejibHOMy coe^HHCKHK) conpoxHBJieHHH
ZI H Z3:
Z4 =
/ > T - K - no ycnoBHK) GajiaHca/j = Z3 = Z.
xenepb, HXO renepaxop noflKjnoneH K 3a)KHMaM 2 - 2, a ocxajibHbie,
H panee, narpy>KeHbi na corjiacoBaHHbie conpoxHBjieHH^. T.K. Momnocxb B
HanpaBjieHHH 2 - 4 ne nepeflaexca, xo BCJie^cxsne CHMMexpHH cxeMbi saKJiionaeM, HXO
Momnocxb pacnpeflejiHexca nopoBHy Meac^y HanpaBjiennaMH 1 - 1 H 3 - 3. IlosxoMy
A2i = 3 flB H A12 — 3 f(E, X.K. saxyxaHHfl naccHBHbix nexbipexnojnocKHKOB B
npoxHBonojio^KHbix HanpaBJiennax nepe^anH o^HHaKOBbi (peajibHo Ai2 « 3,5 ^B). Hs
cxeMbi RC BHflHO, HXO o6MOXKa /IT (vvc + w d ) HarpyjKena Ha ConpoxHBJieHHe Zl +
Z2 = 2Z. ripn n = 1 Bxo^Hoe conpoxHBJieHHe co cxopoHbi 2 - 2 6bmo 6bi paBHOH SXOH
. IlocKOJibKy B o6ui,eM cjiynae n =£ 1, TO Z2 = 2Z/n2.
, npeanojio^cHM, HXO renepaxop noAKnioneH K x. 1 - 1 . B 3XOM cjiynae
nojiOBHHa MOUI.HOCXH cnrnajia nona^ex B HanpaBJienne 2 - 2, a Apyraa nonosHHa - B
HanpaBJienne 4 — 4, X.K. saxyxanne B Ka^oM H3 HHX cocxaBJi^ex 3 ^,B. Hpn SXOM B BK
ne 6y,o,ex, cjieflosaxejibHO, A13 = oo.
48
ECJIH Z^ ^ Z3, xo A42 ^ co. YnpomeHHO
npouecc nepe^aMH cnrnajia HS HanpaBjieHHfl 4 - 4 B
HanpaBJieHHe 2 — 2 B ycjiOBHax flncGajianca MO>KHO
A OTp
paccMaxpHBaxb cjie^yiomHM o6pa3OM. CnrHaji ox x. 4
- 4 nona^aex K x. 2 - 2 ne Henocpe/jcxBeHHo, a nepes
x. 1 - 1 .ripHHe'M B 3XOH xoHKe OH npexepneBaex
oxpajKenne* H ero yposenb yMeHbuiaexca na
BejiHHHHy
saxyxaHHH
oxpa>KeHHJi
(HecoraacoBaHHOCXH) ^0^**. TaKHM o6pa3OM,
K pacHeTy.442
saxyxaHHe MOKjiy x. 4 - 4 n x . 2-2 cocxaBHx
= A^ + A,-, + Amn = 6 + AQTp, flB.
6ajiaHCHbiM saxyxaHHCM H
3axyxaHHe
paccHHXbmaiox no (JDOpMyjre, npHBe^e'HHOH Bbiixie .
PeajibHO K x. 1 - 1 noflKJHOMe'H TY, noaxoMy A42 = 6 + 2A™
= 13+A
Ty '+ -"OTp —
--' ' -"^OTp
= 201g
J
— saxyxanne HecoraacoBaHHOCXH JTHHHH H TY,
Zn — Bxo^Hoe conpoxHBneHHe JIHHHH, Zc — xapaKxepHCTHHecKoe conpoxHBjieHHe
—> oo.
TY***. ECJIH Z J I = Z C , xo i4OTp -> oo
, KoxopbiM MO5KHO
H3 axoro pacnexa, xaKOB: TY yjiynuiaex
J\C
npn
paBJIHHHblX
JIHHHH.
Kpoivie xoro, TY
oxpa>KeHHbie
BO3HHKaK>u;He
B
JIHHHH
H3-3a
A
"OTp
^y
>
^S
2
1
/1MHMH
HaJlHHH5I
(XOHCK
njioxoro
1. PeajibHbie ^C Moryx HMexb
K pacnexy A42
necKOJibKO 6ojiee cjio^cHyio
cxpyKxypy, o6ecneHHBaioix],yK) CHMMexpHHHoe BKJiiOHeHHe scex BHeuiHHX u,eneH.
TaKHg CXCMbl HO3BOJIHIOX yMCHblXIHXb HaBOJJ,KH CO CXOpOHbl BH6IHHHX HCXOHHHKOB
noMex.
2. KpOMe
xpanccJDOpMaxopHbix H3BecxHbi
aKXHBHbie
^C na pesncxopax, a xaK)Ke /],C,
B fleHCTBHTCJIbHOCTH, OTpaHKHbI TOJlbKO B Uenax C pacnpeflCJieHHblMH napaMBTpaMH (flJIHHHblX
rae nepeaana cnrHana HMCBT Bbipa>KeHHbiH BOJIHOBOH xapaKTep. npe/xnaraeivioe o6tacHeHHe ocHOBano Ha
peajibHoro npouecca "npocanHBaHHa" CHrnajia nepes pa36ajiaHCHpOBaHHyioflHcfiCHCTeMy3KBHBajieHTHbiM, MTO
ynpocTHTb pacneTbi H c/jejiaTb HX 6ojiee HarjiaflHbiMH.
**MO>KHO CK333Tb, 4TO SaTyXBHMC OTpa>KeHHa paBHO pa3HOCTH y p O B H e t l HCXO/JHOrO H OTpa>KeHHOrO CHTHajlOB.
CjieflOBaxejibHO, CCJIH AOTp = 0 ^B, TO npOHCxojiHT no/inoe oTpa^KCHne CHrnajia (KOpOTKoe 3aMbiKaHHe \\n» XOJIOCTOH
xo/j.), a npn Amp = oo oTpa>KeHHbiH CHFHaji OTCyTCTByeT (naeajibHoe cornacoBaHHe).
***HanoMHHM, HTO MeTbipexnojirocHHK CHHTaroT corjiacoBaHHO Harpy>KeHHbiM, ecuH conpOTHBJieHHe HarpysKH paBHO ero
xapaKTepHCTHHCCKOMy conpoTHBJieHHK). IlpH corjiacoBaHHoii HarpysKe Bxoanoe conpOTHBJieHHe
paBHO xapaKTepHCTHHCCKOMy conpoTHBjieHHK). B aaHHOM cjiynae conpoTMBJieHHe BK o6biHHo
xapaicrepHCTHHecKOMy conpoTHBJleHHK) XV (600 OM).
49
TeMa 10 YcTOMHMBOCTb flynneKCHOro KaHana TH.
ns-3a
o6paTHOM CBH3M.
npe^cxaBJiaex coGow saMKnyxyio 3JieKxpHHecKyio nenb. B
xaKnx iienax BOSMWKHO BOSHHKHOBeHne caMonpoH3BOJibHbix KOJie6annH - renepauHH.
B pe>KHMe renepauHH nepe^asaxb CHrnajibi no Kanajiy H6BO3MO>KHO. Mo^ejibio Kanana
saMKHyxasi cncxevia.
yCTOHHHBOCTb OflHHOHHOH SaMKHyTOH CHCTCMbl.
nexbipexnojiiocHHKa
naccHBHoro HexbipexnojriocHHKa
oGpaXHOH CBH3H.
O6e
CxpyKxypnaa cxeMa
nepe^axoHHbie 4)ynKu,HH
KOMDJieKCHblMH.
CBH3H
Ms npHBefleHHofi CXCMM cne^yex
OflHHOHHOH SaMKHyXOH
CHCXCMbl
BaMKnyxofi CHCXCMW, a k(ja)~)
pasoMKHyxoH cncxeMbi. B flanbHefiiiieM TUXH ynpomenna sanncn
onymeH. ECJIH \koc\ \k\, xo o6paxHyK> csasb nasbmaiox oxpHii;axejibHOH, CCJIH
l ^ o c l > |/f|, — nOJ!O)KHXeJTbHOH.
Ms nojiyneHHoro Bbipa)KeHHa cne^yex, HXO npn /c • ft = 1 /coc = oo. OHSHHCCKM
3x0 osnanaex renepai^HK) (caMOBO36y>KAeHHe) HJIH noxepio ycxoHHHBOcxH
(xejie(|)OHHCXKH roBOpmiH: - "Kanajr syMMepHx"). PasyivieexcH, xaxoH pe^KHM ^JIH
Kaeaiia KaxeropHHecKH nenpHCMJieM (nepe^ana cnrHajia neBO3MO)KHa). npoHSBe^eHne
KOMnjieKCHbix HHCCJI paBHO e/jHHMue, ecjiH npOHSBe^eHHe HX MOAyneH paBHO
a cyMMa apryMenxoB Kpaxna 2n. Oxcto^a cne^yex, HXO
cncxeMa HeycxonnHBa, CCJIH HMCIOXCJI nacxoxbi, Ha xoxopbix
,n,Ba ycnoBHa: cyMMa (J>a30Bbix C^BHFOB pasoMKHyxoH cncxeMbi pasna
yHKLi,HH |fe||/?| > 1 (6anaHC aMnjinxyzi). TaKHM o6pa30M, CCJIH na scex nacxoxax
paGonero fl,Hana3OHa \k\\fi\ 1, xo reHepauHJi neBO3MO)KHa. Ilo3XOMy
HepaseHCXBO HMCHyiox ycnoBHCM ycxoMHHBOcxH. ECJTH TK.Q B paGoHCM
nacxox \k\\(3\ 1, xo renepauiHfl B AByxnpoBo^HOM Kanajie TH HenpeMCHHo
50
BO3HHKH6X, n6o (J)a3OBbie CflBHIXl B KaHaJlC 3aBHC5TT OX MHOFHX (J)aKXOpOB, H yCJlOBHC
4>a3 Ha KaKOH-Jin6o nacxoxe BbinonHflexcfl o6«3axejibHO.
cnoBHe ycxoHHHBOCXH B JiorapHc[)MHHecKOH 4)opMe
= 201g|/c| + 201g|/?| < 0;
201g|fc| - 201g|/?r1 < 0.
Flo onpe/iejieHHK) S = 20 \g\k\ = 201g \fi\. Oxcio^a ycnoBHe ycxoHHHBOCXH
HMCCX BHfl A > S.
ECJIH
B
SaMKHyXOH
CHCX6M6
HMeCXCfl
HCCKOJlbKO
aKXHBHblX
H
HaCCHBHblX
HexbipexnomocHHKOB, xo ycnoBHe ycxoHHHBOCXH MO>KHO sarmcaxb
o6pa3OM
HxaK, oflHHOHHaa saMKHyxaa cucxeMa 6y^ex GesycjioBHO ycxoMHHBa, CCJIH cyMMa
saxyxanHH B cooxsexcxByiomeH paaoMKHyxofl CHCXCMC 6ojibine cyMMbi ycHJieHHH.
HHbiMH cjTOBaMH, Hxo6bi CHCxeMa 6biiia ycxoHHHBa (ne Bos6y)Kfl,ajiacb) cyMMa
saxyxaHHH B nexne fl,oji)KHa 6bixb 6ojrbine cyMMbi y
HMenyiox sanacoM ycxoHHHBOCXH, a a = X/2 — ycxoHHHBocxbio.
npon3Be,n,eHHe nepe^axoHHbix (J)yHKUHH cooxBexcxByio6j,HX
VcnoBHe ycxoHMHBocxH MO>KHO sanncaxb .H xaic: X > 0; ffe VUITA a > 0, ,o,B.
kH
ycroiiHHBOCTb ^ByxnpoBO^Horo Kanajia TH.
•"OCT!
TV
2 np. /IHH.
AS
2
/\
^1
4
Si
A2
S2
/\
<
4
•"orpl
TV
2 np. /inn.
AB
2
A OTp2
A OCT2
cxeMa AByxnpoBo^noro Kanajia
sanac ycxoHHHBOCXH ziynjieKCHoro Kanana TH c
OKOHHaHHHMH.
J\JIK
3XOXO
Ha^O
O6OHXH
SaMKHyXblH
KOHXyp,
COflCpacamHH
RBSi
CHMnjieKCHbix xanajia H TIBC flH(J)CHCxeMbi, npocyMMHpOBaB ox^ejibHO Bce 3axyxaHH?i H
see ycHJieHHH, a 3axeM Bbinecxb us nepBOH cyMMbi Bxopyio
51
K coKajieHHK), sxa <|)opMyjia fljia npaKxunecKHx pacnexos HenpHro^na, nocKOJibKy
B nee saxyxaHHfl H ycHJieHHfl HenocpeflcxBCHHO He flanw. Hpome Bcero
pacnexHyio c|)opMyjiy, CCJIH Bbi6paxb flpyroH Konxyp: ox o/iHoro
OKOHnanHH #0 flpyroro H o6paxno. CyMMa saxyxaHHH B SXOM
KOHxype cocxaBjmex Aocri + AOTp2 + AOCT2 + Aorpl a cyMMa ycHJieHHH pasna Hyuio,
X.K. OH He corjep^KHX HH o^Horo ycHJiHxeji«. CnerjOBaxejibHO,
Hxax, sanac ycxoHHHBOCXH ^ByxnpOBOAHoro Kanana TH pasen cyMMe
ocxaxoHHbix saxyxaHHH npoxHBonono>KHbix HanpaBneHHH nepe^aHH H saxyxaHHH
OXpa>KeHHH B XOHKaX nO^KJIIOHeHHH /],ByxnpOBOfl,HbIX J1HHHH Ha npOXHBOnOJTO>KHbIX
cxoponax. HocKOJibKy AOTp > 0, renepauHH BO3MO>KHa xoubKO B onenb CHJibno
pasperyjinpoBaHHOM Kanane, y Koxoporo AOCT < 0, x.e. ocxaxonnoe saxyxanne
npeBpaxHJiocb B ocxaxoHHoe ycHjieniie.
B ycjioBHHx 3KcrLxyaxauHH ^OTp > 5 fl,E. Tor^a npn Aocr — 7
3HaneHHe) X > 24 ^B. B poKHMe xojiocxoro xo^a, Kor^a
ox TV, AOTp = 0 ^B. B SXOM cnynae sanac ycxoHHHBOCXH
f~ AOCT2-
/
Sanac ycxoHHHBOCXH MOKCX aonojiHHxejibno yMCHbinaxbCH sa cnex
oxpa>KeHHH B AByxnpoBOflHOH JIHHHH. 3xH oxpa«eHHH o6ycjioBjieHbi nnoxHM
corjiacoBaHHCM annapaxypbi c JiHHMeH. Flpn najiHHHH Heo^HopoAHocxeH (XOMCK
nnoxoro corjiacoBaHHa) oxpa)KeHHaH Bonna npoxo^Hx nepes £(C B HanpaBJieHHH 1 - 2,
sanac ycxoHHHBOCXH.
2
OTpa>KCHHe
^ <—
f\-
~
r^tpHMP
^_
o
|->
1
,B
HeOAHOpOflHOCTt
H3
JIHHHH
CHH)KeHHe sanaca ycxoHHHBOCXH H3-sa oxpa>KeHHH B
H3-33 napa3HTHOH oSpaTHOH CBH3H.
O6paxnaH CBflSb B ^ynneKCHOM Kanane c ^ByxnpoBO^HbiMH OKOHHaHH^MH HMeex
cno>KHbiH xapaKxep: Ha O^HHX Hacxoxax B nonoce 0,3... 3, 4 KFu, ona nojio^KHxejibHa, na
flpyrax oxpH^axeJIbHa. J\eno B XOM, HXO Kanaji coaepJKHX sjreMCHXbi, snocauiHe
saMexHbie nacxoxHOsaBHCHMbie (|)a3OBbie c^BHrn (HanpHMep, (j^HJibxpbi). DpH
nojio^cHxejibHOH o6paxHOH CBHSH ycHJienHe CHMnjieKCHoro Kanajia yBejiHHHBaexcH,
npn oxpHU,axejibHOH yMeHbiiiaexca. Floaxoiviy ocxaxoHHoe saxyxanne
flByxnpoBO^Horo Kanajia npno6pexaex Hacxoxnyio saBHCHMOCXb: na nacxoxax,
oGpaxnaji CBfl3b nojio>KHxejibHa, OHO yivieHbiuaexcH, na nacxoxax, r^e oSpaxnaji
52
oxpnuaxejibHa - yBejiHHHBaexca. Taxne Hcxa>KeHHfl
KOppeKxuposaxb H3-sa HX cjiynaHHoro xapaKxepa.
3XH
HCKa>KeHHa
OIjeHHBaiOX
BeJIHHHHOH
npaKXHHecKH
MaKCHMaJlbHoro
HCBOSMOKHO
OXKJIOHeHHfl
ocxaxoHHoro saxyxanna ox ero snaneHH^ npn oxcyxcxBHH oGpaxnoH CB^SH. MaKCHMyM
ocxaxoHHoro
saxyxaHHfl
cooxBexcxsyex
MHHHMajibHOH
BenHHHHe
Mo^yjia
nepeaaxoHHOH (jjyHKHHH saMKHyxon CHCXCMM, x.e. MHHHMyMy ycHJieHHfl. OH
flocxnraexcji, Kor^a nepe^axoHHaa (JDyHKUHH pasoMKHyxon cncxeMbi AeHcxsHxejibna H
oxpHijaxejibHa
k
OC M H H
(i +
HJIH B norapH(|3MHHecKHx e^HHHuax 5 MHH = 20 \g\k\ 201g(l + /c^). FlepBoe
cnaraeMoe ecxb HH HXO HHOC, KaK ycHjienHe cHMnneKCHoro Kanaka 6es o6paxHOH
CBH3H, a Bxopoe Bbipa»:aex BejiHHHHy MaKCHMaJlbHoro oxKJTOHeHHH ycHJienna,
o6ycjiOBJieHHoe HaJiHHHeM o6paxHOH CBHSH. B ^anHOM cnynae ycHJieHne yMeHbmaexca,
X.K. o6paxnaa CBM3b oxpHijaxejibHa. HanpoxHB, ocxaxoHHoe aaxyxanne yBenHHHBaexca
na xy 5Ke caMyio BejiHHHHy
&A+ = 20 lg(l + A:/?) = 20 lg(l + 10-°'05X).
MO^KHO noxaaaxb, HXO jviaKCHMamHoe oxxjioneHHe
npn nojio^KHxenbHOH o6paxnoH CBSSH cocxaBJiaex
ocxaxoMHoro
_ = 201g(l-10-°' 05X )- 1<
OXMCXHM, HXO A^4_ Bcer^a 6ojibme, HCM
B ycjiOBHax 3Kcnjryaxau,HH X > 24,0,5, noaxoMy
_ < 201g(l - 1Q-1'2)-1 = 0,57
< 201g(l + 10~ 1<2 ) = 0,53
/ \. CBH3H
C O6p. CBflSBK)
AA+
f,
0.3
3.4
AHX, o6yciiOBjieHHbie
o6paxHOH
TeMa 11 3neKTpMH6CKoe axo v\a c HUM
3JieKTpHHecKoro axa saKJHOHaeTCfl B TOM, HTO CHrnaji oGpaTHOH CBJBH,
npOHHKaiomHH H3 npHMoro HanpaBJieHHfl nepe^ann B oGparaoe, BOSBpamaeTCfl c
3a,a,ep}KKOH B TCJietjDOH a6oH6HTa H BOcnpHHHMaeTCH HM KaK aKycTHnecKoe sxo,
Memaiomee nopMajibHOMy TeneHHio pasrosopa. ITpHHHHaMH sjieKipHHecKoro sxa,
TaK)K6 KaK H HCKa^KCHHH H3-3a oGpaTHOH CBJI3H, flBJIJIIOTCfl H6C6aJiaHCHpOBaHHOCTb
AHCJKHCTCM H OTpa>KeHHJI B ^ByxnpOBOZlHblX JIHHH5IX. O TOM, KaKOH H3 3THX (J)aKTOpOB
oGbiHHO npeo6jiaflaeT, B O^HOH cTapon aMepHKancKOH KKHFC cKasano Tax:
"/],H(^CHCTeMy nacTO nenpaBHJibHO OGBHHJHOT B co3,u,aHHH sxocnrHajia, KOTopbin. B
OCHOBHOM,flBJLgeTCHpesyjibTaTOM HJioxoro saTyxaHHH oTpa>KeHHa".
Memaiomee
CMTHa/l
T6M
HCM MeHbme saTyxanne na
nyTH sxocHFHajiOB A3 H neM Gojibme HX
A
\AOTp2
OTpl
I
T3.
'T
L0
I
3X0
PaccMOTpHM
nepBoe
3x0
CxeMa ero o6pa3OBaHHfl
FlepBoe 3x0 roBOpjimero
pncyHKe.
AOTpl H AOJ.p2 - saTyxaHHfl OTpa>KeHH5! Ha npOTHBonojio)KHbix cToponax
3KcnjiyaTaqHH,
^
Aocrl H AOCT2- ocTaTOHHbie saTyxanna Kanajia B npoTHBonojio^KHbix
Tp - BpeMa pacnpocTpaneHHH CHraajra B O^HOM HanpaBJieHHH.
Torfl,a speMfl sanasflbmaHHH sxa cocTaBHT T3Tl = 2T p , a saTyxanne 3xocnrHaJia paBHO
+ ^orp2 + ^ocT2- ECJIH npHHHTb Aocrl = Aoc^2 = 7 flB, a AOTp = 5 #E, TO
Hs npHBCAeHHoro rpa(J3HKa BH^HO, HTO 3x0 Gy^eT MeniaTb npn
A3Tl = 19
Gojiee 60 MC, T.e.
npn Tp > 30 MC. TaKHe 3a^ep>KKH
BO3HHKaK)T B KaGeJlbHblX J1HHHHX
CB5I3H
npOTJDKe'HHOCTbK)
5000 KM. C
OKOJIO
30
yne'TOM pasGpoca
BOCnpHHTHJI
20
MC3-T
3xocnrHajioB
COHD3
10
CCKTOp
3J16KTpOCBH3H,
T;,MC
Mep
npn
pacnpocTpaneHHH, npeBbimaiomeM
25 MC B O^HOM HanpaBJieHHH.
SaMCTHM,
HTO
20
40
60
80
100
120
SaBHCHMOCTb
: Heo6xo^HMoro saTyxaHHfl sxa
roBopam,ero OT BpeMenn ero
3XO
BO3MO)KHO H B KOpOTKHX
6CHH BCJIHKO BpCM« 3a,0,ep5KKH
54
o6pa6oxKe curaajiOB B annapaxype (nanpHMep, BCJICACXBHC Hcnojib3OBannfl cjio>KHbix
ajiropuxMOB o6pa6oxKn).
B KanecxBe eme o^noro npHMepa paccMoxpHM nepsoe 3x0 cjiymaiOLixero. CxeMa
ero o6pa3OBaHHJi noKasana na pncyHKe.
BpeMH sanasflbiBaHHH sxoro 3xa cocxaBnx T3Cl — 3Tp, a saxyxaniie
3xo roBOpamero Meuiaex
BOcnpHHMMaexca
xax
HapymaroinHH KOHxaxx
3xo cjiymaromero Jiniub
BHHXHOCXb pCHH.
CHJibnee, X.K. xapaKxepusyexcji MenbiiiHM saxyxaHHCM H
nepecnpoc,
a6oHenxoB.
A
T •"OCTl' ' p
yMCHbiuaex
3axeM BO3HHKaex Bxopoe 3x0
Bxopoe 3x0 cjiymaiomero
H xaK
nponecca.
1 OTpl
;
nojinoro
6opb6t,i
|
T
A
T' p
/1 OCT2'
A
^OCTl' 'p
A OTp2
3XO
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c
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cneuHajibHbie ycxpoficxBa, nojiynHBiiiHe HaasaHHe 3xonoflaBjuiK)Lu,Hx. MX
na xpH Kjracca: a^anxHpyeMbie H a^anxHBHbie flH(j)CHCxeMbi, nasbisaeMbie
xaioKe caMo6ajiaHCHpyiouj,HMncM, sxoBarpa^nxejiH n sxcKOMnencaxopbi.
B A,fl,C no^aBJieHHe 3xa flocxuraexcji sa cnex
flHcjDCHCxeM, o6ecneHHBaiomero yBenHHeHHg^^axyxaHH
nepe/iaHH. Hcnojibsyioxcfl cjio>KHbie cxpyKxypu GanancHbix KonxypoB, HacxpaHBaeMbix
c ynexoM KOHKpexHbix xapaKxepncxHK ^ByxnpoBOflHbix JIHHHH H xejie(J)OHHbix
annapaxoB. HacxpoHKa ocymecxBJiaexcfl jinGo no c^e^HaJIbHOMy xecx
^C) Jin6o no nepeflasaeMOMy peneBoiviy (a^anxHBHbie). Hx
, o6biHHo na saxpenjienHbix Kanajrax, Bcne^cxBHe CJIO>KHOCXH
nacxpoHKH, HCAOCxaxoHHoro 3axyxaHH« B HanpaBJiennH passflSKH, Hecnoco6HocxH
no^aBJiaxb
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5...7AB
oxpa>KeHHH B
(J)yHKnHOHHpyK)x
no
npHHUiHny
B
6ojibmoro
o6paxHoe
npn nepe^ane
/I,JiH
flBycxopOHHero
cnrHajioB B
Kanan
BKJiioHaKDx
REO.
no o^HOMy na
cxopone.
CxpyKxypnaji cxeMa
55
npHHHiin flencxBHJi 3xo3arpa,fl,Hxeji5i COCXOHX B
• ripH OXCyXCXBHH pCHCBblX CHFHaJIOB AaJIbHeiX) H 6jIH5KHerO a6OHCHXOB KJI.l H
KJI.2 SaMKHyXbl (pOKHM IIOKOJl).
• IlpH oflHocxopoHHCM pasroBope co cxopoHbi 6jiH>KHero a6oH6Hxa
3xo3arpa,n,Hxejib ocxaexca B noKoe.
• IlpH oflHocxopoHHCM pasroBope co cxopoHbi ,n,ajibHero a6oH6Hxa KJI.I saMKHyx, a
KJi.2 pasoMKHyx. 3xo pe^KHM no^aBjieHHa sxociirHajia.
B poKHMe nepeGoH flajibnero a6oH6Hxa SJIJOKHHM B caMbra nepBbiM MOMCHX KJi.2
3aMbiKaexca, nxo6bi nponycxnxb cnrHaji 6jiH)KHero aGoHCHxa, a KJI.! paaMbiKaexca,
BHOCJI npn SXOM B xpaxx npHCMa 3axyxaHHe 5...1 ^B, nosxoMy ypOBenb curHana
flajibnero aGoHenxa yMeHbinaexca H o6paxHbra nepexoA B pe>KHM noflaBJieHHH
npOH3OHfl,ex xojibKO Kor^a yposeHb B xpaxxe nepe^aMH cxanex HH>Ke ypOBHH B xpaKxe
npucMa Ha xe )Ke 5...1 flB, HXO oGjiernaex ycjioBna BcxpeHHoro pasroBOpa. Kpoivie
xoro, HajiHHHe npH Bcxpe^HOM pasrosope AByx yfljiHHHxejieM c o6ixi;HM saxyxanneivi
10... 14 flE npHBO^Hx K noHXH HOJIHOH MacKHpoBKe axocHrnajioB
3xo3arpa,o,HxejiH npaKXHMecKH nojinocxbio no^aBjmiox sjieKxpHHecKoe 3x0. OHH
xopomo paGoxaiox ,u,a>Ke Ha cexjix HHSKOFO KanecxBa.
B xpaKxe nepe/i,aHH (KJI.2) npHBo/iHx K Bbina^eHHio ox^ejibHbix
npn BCXpenHOM pasroBOpe (S^CJDCKX KJinnnHpoBaHHa), oco6eHHO saMexnoMy na
HanajibHbix ynacxKax curnajia.
*****
Ha cero^HH OCHOBHWM MCXO^OM no^aBjieHH^ sxa HBjmexcfl 3xoKOMneHcau,H5i. B
ocHose pa6oxbi sxoKOMnencaxopa
ne>KHX
npn
4>HJibxpa KOHHH sxocHrHajia H ee
H3 CHrnajia o6paxHoro
Ba>KHo
HXO no^aBJiHa 3x0,
CxpyKxypnaa cxeMa sxoKOMneHcaxopa
KOMnencaxop He BJIHHCX na
nepe^any
peneBoro
CHrnajia
6jiH>KHero a6oH6Hxa, HCM oGycjioBJieHo BbicoKoe
xejiec[)OHHOH
no
KanajiaM, o6opyflOBaHHbix xaKHMH ycxpOHCXBaMH.
3xoKOMneHcaxopw xopomo paSoxaiox na xopoumx cexax, HanpiiMep,
H,H4)poBbix. Ha cexax HHSKOFO Kanecxsa HOJIHOFO no^aBJieHHJi sxocHrHajiOB ne
npoHCxoflHx. Bojiee xoro, BO3MO)KHbi cjiynan, Korfla HX BKJiioHeHHe MO)Kex eme Gojiee
HCHOpXHXb H 663 XOFO CKBepHblH KBHaJI.
SaMenaHHe. Bojibuiaa 3a^,ep)KKa cnrnajia B Kanajie MOKCX npHBecxn K noxepe Hyscxsa
KOHxaKxa MOK^y co6ece,u,HHKaMH. MaKCHMajibHO ^onycxHMoe BpeM5i pacnpocxpaneHHa
cnrnajia Me>Kfl,y cexeBbiMH ysjiaMH ycxaHOBJieno paBHbiM 90 MC. fljix cnyxHHKOBbix
cooxBexcxByiomaji BejiHHHHa cocxasjiaex 390 MC. B nocjieflHCM cjiynae
AOJi>KHbi Gbixb npe^ynpoKAeHbi, HXO penjiHKH coGece^HHKOB Moryx
. 3a,o;ep5KKa, npeBbimaiomaH 500 MC, oneHb cnjibHO saxpy^naex
56
Teiwa 12
OEOIIJEHHAfl CTPYKTyPHAfl CXEMA MHOrOKAHAJItHOH
TEJIEKOMMYHHKAIJHOHHOH CHCTEMW. H#EH HPK, BPK, PKKe UCIIH
CBH3H. LJenb CB«3H - 3TO pacnojioxceHHbie B Ka6ejie npOBO^a HJIH onTHHecKHe BonoKHa,
HcnojibsyeMbie ftiia nepe^ann o^Horo MHoroKaHanbHoro CHrnajia. B Ka6e;ie o6biHHO
HecKOJibKo u;eneH. AHanoroM 3Toro nonaTH^ B paflHOCHcreMax asjiaeTca CTBOJI
Sarparbi, py6.
MTC: oGecneMHBaiOT ^opMnposaHHe Momnbix nyHKOB
npn MHHHMajibHOM BO3fleHcxBHH Ha cpefly
o6HxaHHfl, nosBOjiaiox yMCHbniHTb
Bea MTC
Ha KaHajIO-KHJIOMCTp CBH3H! €=(€]-+
py6/KaH'KM, r^C C\ CTOHMOCTb OKOHCHHOrO
C npuw.
MTC
o6opyflOBaHH», €2 - CTOHMOCTb Ka6ejia H
npoMeacyTOHHbix CTanuHH,
I - npOTH»CeHHOCTb JIHHeHHOrO TpaKTa.
CpaBHHM flsa BapnaHTa opraHH3ai;HH
CB33H no saxpaxaM Ha npoH3BOACXBO
MTC He
MTC
MTC 6wcTpo sospacTaiOT
BbiroflHa
npn
ConocTaBJieHHe BapnaHTOB
HOCKOJIbKy C pOCTOM KOJIHH6CTBa KaHajIOB H
HX
IIpOTS5KeHHOCTH
JIHHHH
see
6ojiee
coopyaceHHCM.
rTpHMeneHHe MTC Tpe6yeT KanBJioxceHHH B CTanitHOHHoe oSopy^oBaHHe, HO
floporaa jiHHHfl HcnojibsyeTca npn STOM 6ojiee 3(^<^eKTHBHo, nocKOJlbKy ee CTOHMOCTb
flejiHTCfl na 6ojibnioe KOJiHHecTBo opraHHSOBaHHbix na HCH KanajioB. Pacnerbi
noKasbmaiOT, HTO SKOHOMKHCCKH Bbiro^Hbi ^aace ManoKaHajibHbie MTC,
Ha KOpOTKHX JIHHHflX.
W(t)
VN(t)r
ypN
SN(t)
flN
CxpyKTypHaa cxeMa MTC (O^HO HanpasjieHHe)
57
V(t) — KanajibKBiH
/I, — /jeMOflyjuixop
S(t) - nepBHHHbiH
Ha CXCMC o6o3HaH6Ho:
M — MOflyjwxop
OOJ1T - OKOHCHHoe oSopyflOBEHHe
W(t) - rpynnoBOH
jiHHeiiHoro xpaKxa
yP - ycxpoiicxBO pasfleneHHfl
L(t) - jiHHeiiHbiH
EIC - npOMeacyxoHHafl cxaHijHfl
r(t) - nepenocHHK
KaHajibHbie CHrnajibi yHKi^HH. HafifleM BejiHHHHy CHPHajia na Bbixo,n;e Koppejiaxopa i-ro Kanajia B MOMCHX
HHxerpHpOBaHHH (npn t=T)
T
Ho ycjioBHio opxoroHajibHOcxH see HHxerpajiw axoii cyMMbi npHHHMalox
3a HCKJiioHeHHeM oflHoro, BejiHHHHa Koxoporo pasna
, CHrnaji na Bbixo^e i-ro Koppejiaxopa pasen Sj HXO
06 oxcyxcxBHH nepexo^HOH noMexn. AHanorHHHbie cooxnonieHHa MO^CHO sanncaxb
HHXepBanoB T...2T, 2T...3T H x.fl., HMC« BBHmy, HXO nepenocHHRH H BecoBbie
asjiaioxca nepHO^HHecKHMH c nepHO#OM T.
MHO^cecTBa ancaMGnefi JIHHCHHO HesaBHCHMbix nepeHOCHHKOB
npaKTHMecKoe npHMenenHe HauiJiH xojibKO opxoroHajibHbie ancaiviGjiH, cocxoaruHe us
yzjOBJiexBOpaiomHx ycjioBHio opxcronajibHocxH
, HXO HcnojibaosaHHe opxoroHajibHbix nepeHocHHKOB o6ecnenHBaex
MaKCHMaJIbHyK) nOMeXOyCXOHHHBOCXb MTC
IIpH BO3^eHCXBHH aaU,HXHBHOH HOMCXH.
Pa3,nejieHHe CHraajioB Ha npneMC ocymecxBJiaexca c noMombio Koppejiaxopos,
BCCOBbie (^yHKll,HH KOXOpblX XO»CfleCXBeHHbI nepCHOCHHKaM gi(t)=Ti(t).
fe
X
I -
(0+^2(0
' r,(t)
X
1
r
I
/t\a pasaejiemw
opToroHajibHbix
Tewa 13 KJIACCHHECKAH AM, BAJIAHCHAfl H O^HOIIOJIOCHAfl
AM HJIH /JEIIH (JJ.BC 6oKOBbie H Hecyman).
YpaBHCHHe AM CHrnajia
UAM(t)=U0[l+m-Sn(t)]-cosfi;0t,
Sn(t) - HopMajiH3OBaHHbiH
CHFHaji (1 > Sn (0 > -1 ),
u)0 - necymaH
AHarpaMMa /j,bllH
m - rnyGHHa MOflyjiaii,HH ( 1 > m > 0 ).
CneKxp CHrnajia /T,EnH COCXOHX us Hecymeii H AByx 6oKOBtix nojioc (HJIH nacxox)
UAivi(t)= Uo-cos^0t+mUo-Sn(t)-cos^0t.
necymaa
^BC GOKOBLIC
\M
HER
HEM
BBH
f
f
Jo
Jc
Cneicrp npw
M3CTOTOM
J o
f-fJe
Jo
Jo Jc
He cyme
Kone6aHneM c
o-f,
fo
fo+f,
Cneiap npn Mopynnnvivi Hecpiet CMTHSJIOM
CO CIMOfflHHM OneK.TpOM B
f
f
f
Jc
./„•••./ g
BX.
* M T—T—*
M == BBIXI—1 .
.
CxeMa flexeiexopa ora6aK>meH H BpeMCHHaa #HarpaMMa ero paGoxw
OxHOUICHHe
MOIHHOCXH
HCCymCH
K MOUi;HOCXH
JIK)6oH
6oKOBOH
COCXaBJIflBX
2-(n/m)2, r^e IT — nHK(j)aKxop MOflyjiHpyiomero CHrHana. ^JISE penn Ils4. OxcK),na
cjie^yex, HXO Monmocxb GOKOBOH ne npeBbiuiaex «3% ox MOIUHOCXH Hecymefl.
^OCXOHHCXBO /^BllH: npocxoxa MOflyjwijHH/fleMOflyjijiijHH. He^ocxaxKH: 6ojiee
HCM flByxpaxHoe pacuinpenHe cnexxpa no oxHouieHHio K MOflyjinpyiomeMy cHrnajiy
=2fe HHSKaa noMexoycxoiiHHBOCxb, nocKOJibicy MajioMoiu,Hbie SoKOBbie, Hecymne
A apMainiio, Jierno nopa^caioxoi ^a»ce cjia6oii noMexoH.
B MTC HC Hcnojibsyexca. IlpHMeHaexca, nanpHMep, B 3^npHOM
na fljiHHHbix, cpe^HHx H KopoxKHx BOjiHax, rflc rnasHoe — npocxoxa npHe'MHHKa.
61
fo-fc
BajiaHCHan
BM HJIH ,3BII (use SOKOBWC 6e3 Hecymeii)
BM — cHraajia HMCCT
\
UBM(t)=S(t>COSfl>0t.
•: V
;
T
V; i| / v
V
BpeMCHHaa
BM-cnrHajia
fo
fo+fc
f
f-f
Jo Je
Cneicrp BM-cumana npii
)7
»/O v/H
fo
f
fo+f,,
fo+fe
Cneicrp BM-cumana npn
cumanoM co cnnoiiiHbiM cneiapOM B nonoce
fc
M3CTOT /„.../.
IlocKOJibKy npH BM omdatomasi cooTBeTCTByex He cnrHajiy S(t), a
a6cojiiOTHOH
TO
BejiHHHHe
ornGaiomeH HenpHroAen.
flexeKxopa.
T
ero
BM-CHrnajia
BO3MO»cHa npn noMomn cnnxpoHHoro
JH
-f
J e
Jo
Js
Jo
CxpyKxypnaa cxeMa cHHXpoHHoro ^exeKxopa H cneKxpanbHaa flHarpaMMa CHrnajia na
Hecymaa nacxoxa, noflaBaeMaa Ha nepeMHO)«Hxejib, flOJi«Ha 6wxb CHHxpoHna H
HecymeH nacxoxe na nepeflane. Tor^a Bbipa»ceHHe AJM CHrHana na
MO^CHO sanncaxb B
Sx(t)=2UBM(t)-cos co0t-2S(t)-cos2 co 0t=S(t)+S(t>cos2 to Ot.
62
HacxoxHbiH cnexxp, nocxpoeHHbiH na OCHOBC axoro BbipajKCHHa, co^ep^cHx
MOflyjinpyiomero CHraana S(t) (nepsoe cuaraeMoe), KoxopbiH aBjwexca
npo/ryKXOM H Bbmejmexca HH, a xaioKe — napy SOKOBWX npn y^BoeHHOH HecymeH
nacxoxe (sxopoe cjiaraeMoe). ECJIH 2f0-fe>fe, x.e. f0>fe, xo HH^KHaa 6oKOBaa ne
nepeKpbmaexca co cneKxpoM CHraajia S(t) H ero 4)HJiBTpaii,Ha oKaawBaexca BosMoacHon.
/!,OCXOHHCXBOM BM aBJiflexcfl 6ojiee BbicoKaa noMexoycxoHHHBOcxb no
cpaBHCHHio c AEI1H, o6ycjioBjieHHa« oxcyxcxBHCM Hecymen B cneiope.
He^ocxaxKH: IHHPOKHH nacxoxHbiH cneKxp AFBM^?/^, Heo6xo,o,HMOCxb
CHHXpoHHoroflexeKXHpoBaHHfl,a cjieflOBaxejibHO - BoccxanoBJieHHa Hecymefi na
npHCMC C XOHHOCXbK) flO 4>a3H- ECJIH HCCymHC paSJIHHHbl, XO B03HHKaK)X COBepmeHHO
neflonycxHMbie nepno^HHecKHe HSMeneHHa BejiHHHHbi ^eMo^yjiHpoBaHHoro cHrnana
ox nyjia ^0 MaKCHMyMa H x.,a. (GneHHa) c nacxoxoii, paBHOH pasnocxH necymnx nacxox
na npHCMe H nepe^ane.
BM Hcnojibsyiox He fljm nepe^anH, a KaK npoMeacyxoHHyio cxyneHb npn
H OflHOHOJIOCHOrO
OM HJIH OBn (o^na 6oKOBan 6es Hecymefi)
BBM
>
HBH
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rapMOHI/meCKMM
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cnnoiiiHbiM cneicrpOM B
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f°~f«
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C UHBepcweii
HacxoxHbie cneKxpw OM-CHrHauoB
OM npome scero npe^cxaBHXb KaK nepenoc cneKxpa nepBHHHoro CHrnajia B
oGjiacxb BbicoKHx nacxox (cooxsexcxBeHHo, ^eMOflyjiaiiHK) OM - CHrnajia MO»CHO
xpaKxosaxb KaK oGpaiHbm nepenoc). IlepeHoc cneKxpa ssepx Mo»ex conpOBO)KflaxbCH
HHBepcHeH: HH cocxaBJWK)iu,He nepBHHHoro (MOAyJinpyiomero) CHrHana nocjie
nepeHoca oKasbraaioxcji Bbiine no Hacxoxe, HCM BM cocxaBJiaiomHe. ^CHO, HXO
BOSHHKaex npn HcnojibsosaHHH HH^CHCH 6OKOBOH BM OM - cHrnajia HMCCX
UOM(t)=A(t)-cos[w0t±0)(t)],
- cooxBexcxseHHO, orHSaiomaa H nojinaa MrHoseHHaa (t)
63
nacxoxa OM - CHraajia pasna
mero CHrnajia
^ ^f\O ne c caMHM cHrnajiOM,
AM), a MrHOBCHHaa nacxoxa pasna jiH6o cyMMe,
jiH6o pasHocxH Hecymen nacxoxbi n
nacxoxbi MOAyJiHpyromero KOJie6aHH»
ox xoro, KaKaa HS GOKOBHX asjiaexca none3HOH.
O^naKO ecjiH Mo/jyjiHpyiomee KOJieGanne asjiaexca
OM-cnrHJia
rapMOHHHCCKHM, XO OflHOHOJIOCHblH CHrH3JI,
HanpoxHB, Bbirjifl^HX o^eHb npocxo: OH xo»cbunpe^cxaBJiaex co6oH rapMOHHHecKoe
KOJie6aHHe, xoxa H c flpyroH Hacxoxoii.
PasyMeexca, aexexxop ornGaiomeH .zyuifl,eMOflyjum,HHOAHonojiocnoro CHrnajia
i, nocKOJIbKy OH BbmejiHx ne Mo^yjiHpyiomHH CHraaji, a ero orH6aK)myio.
Hcnojibsyiox paccMoxpenHyio Bbime cxeMy CHHXpoHHoro
oSoCHOBaXb BO3MO)KHOCXb QTO npHMeHCHHH, SaHHUICM BblpaMCCHHC
CHraajia Ha Bbixo^e
) = 2- UOM (0 • cos coat = 2A(t) • cos[00t ± 0>(r)] cos o)0t = A(t) cos O(0
IlepBoe cuaraeMoe npe^cxasnaex co6oH MOflyjinpyiomnH CHrHan S(t), KoxopbiH
OHH, Bxopoe - oflHonojiocHbiH CHrnaji na y^BoeHHOH necymeii, KoxopbiH
nepes 3xox opMHpOBaHHH o^HonojiocHoro CHrnana oSbinno ncnojibsyiox ^HJibxposoH
Mexofl . S^ecb 4>opMHpoBaHHe OM - cHrnajia nponcxo^HX B ppa axana. Ha nepsoM
axane npn XIOMOIUH nepeMHO^CHxejia (ero
6anaHCHbiM MOflyjiaxopoivt)
A
r(r) =
cneKxp Koxoporo co^epKHx ^BC SOKOBWC.
Ha BXOPOM sxane c noMombio HOJIOCOBOFO
^
v
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BblflCJIfllOX
OflHy
H3
6oKOBbIX
CxeMa
^.^
,
OM-CHrnana
(6e3pa3JiHHHO KaKyio, H6o OHH Hecyx
Hycxb, nanpHMep, S(t) = UM -coscoct. Tor^a
64
99,7
G)c}'t
A/" = 0,6/cTz/
HBH
96,6
BBH
100
100,3
103.4
IlpHMep cneKTpajibHOH .zmarpaMMbi BM-CHrnajia
£,= 100 KTll, H fc=\, HMCCM fnfa=99 KPiJ, /B6q~101
ECJIH S(t) - Tejie(])OHHbiH, TO cneicrp CHrnajia BM COCTOHT H3 flsyx GoKOBbix HOJIOC:
HBH H BBR.
HeflocraTOK (J)HjibTpOBoro MCTO^a — BbicoKHe TpeGosaHHa K Kpyrasne
no (oHCHb KpyTbie cpesbi AMX).CjioacHOCTb (J)HJibTpa
HiHpHHbi nepexo^HOH o6jiacTH ueyKjiy nojiocaMH nponycKaHHfl H
A/ K cpe^HCH nacTOTe ero HaerpoHKH fcf , a Taxace - Tpe6yeMbiM
B nojioce saflepacaHHa A^ . B flannoM cjiynae fcv»f0 , A/// 0 = 0,006 H
ATpT «65
OTMBTHM, HTO yace npn A/// 0 « 0,02 nocTpoeHHe xoponinx LC saTpyflHCHO. IlosTOMy npnxoflHTCH Hcnojib3OBaTb ^OBOJibHO floporne
3JieKTpOMexaHHH6CKHe ^HJIbTpbl.
OM uiHpoKo HcnojibsyeTca B 3JieKTpocB»3H. Ee ^ocTOHHCTBa:
- Majiaa mnpHHa cneKTpa, Taicaa »ce, Kax y MO^ynnpyiomero cnrnajia (caxia
BO3MO5KHOCTb noflasjieHHa ofl,HOH H3 6oKOBbix o6bacHaeTca TCM, HTO OHH nepeHOcaT
HH(J)OpMaU,HIo).
Gojibinaa no cpaBHCHHio c KJiaccHHecKoii AM noMexoycTOHHHBocTb,
HTO o6'bacHaeTca OTcyTCTBHCM Hecymen B cneiope.
ECJIH necymne na nepe^ane H
npneMC
oTJinnaiOTca
no
HaCTOTC,
HCKaaceHHa,
TO
Cnetcrp na npneiye
BOSHHKaiOT
cyrb
KOTOpbix
Cnenrp na nepefl
COCTOHT B CflBHFe BC6X HaCTOT
cneiopa cnrnajia Ha
i
pasHocTH Hccymnx. ECJIH
HesejiHK (A/0 =1...2rz/), OH
CJIBHT cneicrpa H3-33 HeoflifflaKOBOCTH Hecynmx
cymecTBCHHO He BJinaeT na
KanecTBO CBHSH.
65
PaccMOTpHM
npou,e,o,ypy
OJJHOIIOJIOCHOH
KOHKpeTHOM npHMCpe: necyman nacTOTa 100 KTu,, «nojie3Haa» 6oKOBaa
MOflyjrapyiomHH cnrHa/1 Tejie4)OHHbiH (0,3... 3, 4
CneKip cHrnajia na
Cneicrp MOAynnpyioLJuero cumana
GajiaHCHoro
(nepeMHO^CHTCJifl) COCTOHT H3
6oKOBbix noiioc: BBI1 B
3,4
0,3
OT
100+0,3=100,3
100+3,4=103,4 KTu H HER B
Cneicrp BM-cumana
flHanasoHe OT 100 - 3,4= 96,6 KTu,
no 100 - 0,3=99,7 KFu,. IIOJIOCOBOH
(j)HJibTp na Bbixo^e MOflyjiaTopa
96,6
99,7 100,3 103,4
BWACJIHT HBH 96,6... 99,7 K^^
KOTOpaa HBJiaeTca B ^anHO
OM - CHFHaJIOM.
CneKTp cHrnajia Ha
i, no-cymecTBy, HHHCM He
OT
KpOMC
TO5K6 COCTOHT H3
flfiyX
6oKOBbIX:
BEIT B nojioce OT 100 + 96,6 =
196,6 KFq flo 100 + 99,7 = 199,7
KFu, H HEI1 B nojioce OT 100 - 99,7
= 0,3 KFu, flo 100 - 96,6 = 3,4 KFu,
3ro H ecTb nojiesHbin
npeo6pa3OBaHHfl,
KOTOporo — saflana OHH.
flpiiycTHM
Tenepb,
HTO
necymaa nacTOTa Ha npHCMe He
100 KTq, a 100,01 KTii. Jlerao
HOflCHHTaTb, HTO CIieKTp HOJICSHOrO
npo^yKTa cocTaBHT He 0,3...3,4
icTix, a 0,31...3,41 Krii,. TaKHM
o6pa3OM,
BenHHHHa
c^BHra
'
paBHa 10 Fu,.
r
*
0,3
Ha
Cneicrp OM-cnmana
96,6
99,7
Cneicrp cumana na Bbixofle
cnHxpoHHoro
flereicropa
3,4
196,6
199,7
Cneicrp cumana Ha Bbixofle OHM
0,3
/".Kill
3,4
npeoGpasoeaHne MacrorHbix cneicrpOB cumanoB npn
r
66
TeMa 14 IIPHHIJHII HACTOTHOFO PA3#EJIEHHfl KAHAJIOB.
CTPyKTYPHAH CXEMA MTC C HPK H OAHOIIOJIOCHOH
HacxoxHoe pasflejienne iimpoKO ncnojibsyiox B 3JieKTpocB5i3H,
, onxHHecKOH CBH3H. ripHHu,HnBi HPK cocxoax B cjie^yioineM.
Ka^KflOMy nepeflasaeMOMy curHajiy BHACJiaiox onpeflejieHHyio nojiocy
nacxox.
riepeHoc nacxoxHoro cneKxpa cHrnaiia B 3xy nonocy ocymecxBJiarox npn
noMonpi MOflyjiau;nH. MO^CHO npHMenaxB Jiio6oH BH^, Mo^yjiapHH, o^HaKo,
name Bcero HcnojiBsyiox AM KaK HanGojiee yBKonojiocHyio.
B Kanecxse nepenocHHKOB Hcnojib3yiox rapMOHHHecKHe KOJie6aHHa c
pasHbiMH nacxoxaMH, Koxopwe Hasbisaiox HecymHMH.
rpynnoBOH CHrnaji (^opMHpyiox KaK cyMMy KaHanbHbix, ero pas^ejieHHe na
npHe'Me ocymecxBJiaiox npH noMonni HOJIOCOBHX (JmjibxpoB.
nacxoxHoro cneKxpa rpynnoBoro cnrnajia cocxaBJiaex
+ A/3 - HiHpHHa nojiocbi Ha
N - KOJIHHCCXBO KaHanoB,
A/KC - HiHpHHa cneKxpa KanajibHoro CHrnajia,
A/3 - sanac Ha pac^HjibxpoBicy.
• ECJIH npn <|)opMnpOBaHHH KanajibHbix CHrnajiOB npHMenaiox OM, xo
HOMHHajiw Hecymnx Hacxox na nepe^ane H npneMe flOJi»CHbi 6wxb
OflHHaKOBblMH.
PaccMoxpHM npaKXHHecKyio peajiH3aii,Hio
>H MTC c HPK H OM.
EM
no
SXHX npHHi^Hnos na npHMepe
no
fl
OHM
7\
'02
CTpyKxypnaa cxeMa TpexKaHajibHOH MTC c HPK c OM
6?
BanancHbie Mo^ynaxopbi H nojiocosbie (J)HJibxpbi Ha nepejjane (j>opMHpytox
IlojiocoBbie
(j)HJibxpbi
H
na
4)HJIbXpbI
npne'Me
HH5KHHX
pasAenaiox
H3CXOX
rpynnoBOH
flCMOflyJIHpyiOX
cHrnaji
Ha
OflHOHOJIOCHbie
CHraajibi. OXMCXHM eme pas, HXO SajiancHbiH Mo^yJiaxop H fleMO^yjiaxop, no cyxn,
oflHO H xo )Ke ycxpoiicxBO - nepeMHO»CHxejib. PasHHqa B nasBaHHH o6ycjiOBJieHa
xojibKO TQM, HXO Mo^yjiaxopw pacnojio»ceHbi na nepe^aiomeH cxopone, a
ACMOflyjiaxopbi - na npneMHOH.
FeHepaxopHoe oGopy^OBaHHe asjiaexca HCXOHHHKOM necymnx nacxox.
npHMep
Saaana xpexxaHajibHaa MTC c MPK H OM. Hecymaa nacxoxa HH^cnero no
nacxoxe xanajia pasna
foi=4 KTif, «none3Hbie» 6oKOBbie sepxHHe, nepBHHHbie
CHFHajibi xejie^oHHbie. Tpe6yexca paccHHxaxb H nocxpoHXb cxeMy nacxoxHbix
npeo6pa3OBaHHH
PeuieHHe. Bbi6HpaeM Hecymne nacxoxbi ^na ocxajibHbix KanajiOB, HMea B
HXO B MTC, npeflHasHaneHHbix ^na nepe^aHH xejie(})OHHbix CHraajioB, Ha O^HH
OXBOWIX nojiocy AfK = 4 icTi;, H3 Koxopbix KanajibHwii CHrHan saHHMaex nonocy nacxox
A/vc = 3,1 KTu;, a sanac na pac^HJibxpoBKy cocxaBJiaex Af3 = 0,9 KTu;. Cjie^OBaxejibHo,
fo2=8 KTi^, f Q3=12 KfLt. PaccHHXbmaeM BBFI H cxpoHM cxeMy nacxoxHbix
npeoSpasoBaHHH.
12
3,4
4,3
7,4
11,4
8,3
12,3
15,4
CxeMa nacxoxHbix npeo6pa3OBaHHH
ECJIH na BXOA Ka5K,o,oro Kanana BMCCXO
no^axb rapMOHHHecKoe KOJieSanHe c nacxoxoii 1 KTn,,
xo cneKxp rpynnoBoro cnrnajia 6y^,ex cocxoaxb HS xpex nacxox
5 KTu,, 9 KTii, H 13
13
68
nepexo^Hbie (nepeicpecTHbie) noMexn HejinneiiHoro
HeKoxopbie sjieivteHXbi rpynnosbix H JiHHeHHbix xpaxxoB, HanpHMep
o6"jia#aiox HejiHHCHHOcxbio. Pa^H npocroxbi HX paccMaxpHBaiox KaK
6e3biHepiiHOHHbie. 3xo osHanaex, HXO MrHoseHHoe snaneHHe Bbixo^Horo nanpaxceHHa
UBMX(t) onpe/jejiaexca snaneHHeM BXOAHOFO HanpaaceHHa UBX(t) xojibKO B xox ace
MOMCHX BpeMCHH t H ox npeflbLflymHX ero 3HaneHHH HC saBHCHX.
saBHCHMOCxb UBbIX ox UBX HasbiBaiox xapaKxepHcxHKOH HejiHHeHHoro 3jieMenxa. ECJIH
3Ke ona jiHHCHHa UBHX=aiUBX, xo H SJICMCHX asjiaexca JiHHeHHbiM,Ee HCKa»caioiu,HM
i. B npoxHBHOM cjrynae BO3HHKaiox HejiHHCHHbie HCKaaceHHH.
xapaKxepHCXHKy HejiHHeHHoro sjicMenxa annpoKCHMHpyiox IIOJIHHOMOM
a B KanecxBe MO^CJIH rpynnoBoro CHrnaJia Hcnojibsyiox cyMMy rapMOHHHecKHX
KOJie6aHHH c pasHbiMH nacxoxaMH 6>,,-0)
fi,f2---fm
~ nacxoxbi BXOflHoro KOJie6aHH«,
ei, €2 ... em - u,ejibie nonoacHxejibHbie HJTH oxpHLiaxejibHbie HHCJia HJIH
CyMMy Mo^yjieH SXHX KO3^<^HqHCHxoB HasbiBaiox nopa^KOM npo^ynxa
. OH ne MO^CCX npeBocxo^nxb CXCHCHH noJIHHOMa, Koxopaa BbiGnpaexca,
H3 xpe6yeMOH XOHHOCXH annpoKCHMaiiHH. /^Jia rpynnoBbix H JiHHeHHbix
ycHJTHxejien MTC c ^K, BHocanpix HeSojibnine HejiHHeHHbie HCKa»ceHHa, ^ocxaxoHHo
noJIHHOMa xpexbefi cxenenn. Ilpn SXOM BO3HHKaiox xojibKO npo^yKXhi Bxoporo nopa^Ka
2fi,ft+fj,frfjH
npoflyKXbi xpexbero nopa^xa 3ft , 2fl+fj , 2frfj , ft+2fj , fr2fj ,
fi+fj+fk
, fi+frfk , frfrfk
.3«ecb f i . f j . f k - npoHSBOJibHbie nacxoxw B cnexxpe
rpynnoBoro CHrnajia.
CneKxpw npo^yKxoB HeJIHHeHHOCXH Moryx nepexpbiBaxbca co cneKxpoM CHrnajra,
HXO sefle'x K noaBjieHHK) nepexo^Hbix OOMCX HejiHHeHHoro npoHcxoac^eHHa B Kanajiax
MTC.
HxaK, HejiHHeHHbie HCKaaceHHa KaK rpynnoBoro, xax H JiHHeHHoro CHrnajioB
oneHb onacHbi, nocKOJibKy OHH npHBOflax K noaBJiemiio nepexo^Hbix HOMCX.
^Jia MHHHMH3ai];HH 3XHX HOMCX Heo6xOflHMO:
• YMeHbiiiaxb HejiHHCHHOCXb rpynnoBbix H JiHHeHHbix ycHjiHxejien na 3xane HX
npoeKXHpoBaHHa, npasHJibno Bbi6npaa peacHMbi pa6oxw ycHJinxejibHbix SJICMCRXOB H
rnyGoKHe oxpHLi;axejibHbie oGpaxnbie csasn.
neperpysKH ycHJinxejien, orpaHHHHBaa MOHI.HOCXH KaHajibHbix
H ne ^onycKaa SHannxejibKbix OXKJIOHCHHH ^narpaMMbi ypOBHen Bsepx ox
pacHexHbix sHaneKHH.
• IIo BO3MO»cHocxH, Bbi6npaxb rpaHHHHbie nacxoxw cneKxpos rpynnoBbix H
JIHHCHHblX CHFHaJIOB fH
HeJIHHeHHOCXH
ne
H fB
XaK, HXo6bI
nepeicpbiBajiHCb
co
CHCKXpU HaH6oJiee MOIIl,HbIX npOflyKXOB
cneKxpoM
CHraajia.
HanpHMep,
npn
OXHOCHXCJIbHOH IHHpHHe CHCKXpa CHPHaJia MCHbHICH Ofl,HOH OKXaBbI (/B//H<2) ,CH6KXpbI
69
HejiHHCHHocxH sxoporo nopa,zpca OKasbreaioxca BHC nojiocw nacxox
, H nosxoMy 3XH npo^yKXbi ne cos^aiox HOMCX B Kanajiax MTC.
IlpHMep
CneKxp rpynnoBoro CHrnajia cocpefloxoneH B nojioce nacxox/^ ...fe. Paccnnxaxb
rpaHHijbi nacxoxHbix nonoc, saHHMaeMbix npo^yKxaMH HejiHHCHHOcxH Bxoporo H
xpexbero nopa^KOB.
PemeHHe. BnaHane paccMoxpHM npoflyxxbi Bxoporo nopa^Ka. Bnojine OHCBH^HO,
HXO cneKxp Bxopwx rapMOHHK 2fi saHHMaex nojiocy nacxox 2fH ...2fe. B 3XOH »e nojioce
cocpe^oxoHCH cneKxp cyMMapHoro KOM6HHauHOHHoro npo^yKxa ft+fj , noxoMy HXO
cyMMa MHHHMajibHa, eciiH o6a cjiaraeMbix npHHHMaiox HaHMeHbinne 3HaH6HHa^^=/,
H cyMMa MaxcHMajibHa, Kor^a cjiaraeMbie ^.ocxHraiox MaKCHMyMa fi=fj=fe . Bepxnaa
nacxoxa cneKxpa pasHocxnoro KOM6HHau,HOHHoro npo^yKxa f-fj pasna fe-fu , X.K.
pasHocxb MaKCHMaiibHa, CCJIH yMCHbinaeMoe MaKCHMajibHO, a BbinnxaeMoe
MHHHMajibHO. OopMajibHO HH»cHaa rpaHHiia cnexxpa 3xoro npo^yKxa cocxaBjiaex/^-ye,
nocKOJIbKy pasHocxb MHHHMajTbna, KorAa yMCHbinaeMoe MHHHManbHO, a BbiHHxaeMoe
anaKO fljia Jiio6bix fK H fB
3xa pasnocxb oxpHu,axejibHa.
, HH^CHaa nacxoxa cneKxpa ^aHHoro npo^yKxa pasna nyjiio.
AHanorHHHbie paccy»weHHa nosBOJiaiox ycxanoBHXb rpaHHUbi cneKxpos
xpexbero nopa^Ka. Pesyjibxaxw B BH^C cneKxpajibHbix ^narpaMM
na cjie^yiomeM pwcyHKe ( IIojiesHo caMocxoaxeJIbHO y6e^HTbca B HX
Cuman
f.+fj
2 /-
L
2/.
-*•
A
-
/»
'
,fi+2f.
2/ H -/ e
-^
2/e-/H
•*-
f
f
HennHeMHOCTM BToporo M rperbero
70
Teivia 15 MhoroKpaTHoe n rpynnoeoe npeoGpasoeaHne nacTOTHoro
cneKipa
B OKOHCHHOM oGopyjj,OBaHHH anajioroBbix xeneKOMMynHKanHORHbix CHCXBM c
HPK, xaK npaBHJio, Hcnojibsyiox MHoroKpaxnoe npeoGpasoBamie cnexxpa. 3xo
03nanaex, HXO cneKXpbi nepBHHiibix CHixiajioB necKOJibKO pas iiepeMemaioxcH no niKajie
nacxox, npe>KJi,e HBM sanHMaiox cBoe MCCXO B JIHHCHHOM cneKxpe.
Flpn axoM 4>opMHpyioxcji cjie^yiomHe cxan^apxnbie rpyrmbi KanajioB TH:
•
npe^rpynna IIpF, cocxoamaa H3 xpex Kanajiou TH;
•
nepBHHHaa rpynna ITF, cocxoamaii H3 12-xn KanajioB TH HJIH H3 nexbipex
npeflrpynn;
60-KanajibHaa rpynna BF, cocxoamaa H3 IIHXH FIF;
300-KanajibHaji rpyrnia TF, cocxoHinafl H3 IIHXH BF;
HexBeDXHHHaa 900-KanajibiiaH rpynna HT, cocxoaman HX xpex TF.
•
B J1MHHK3
1 .
1°
»
AKH
Arn
AC
AOJ1T
1°*:
JlUHeMHb
curHan
l/l3 J1MHMH
CxpyxxypiiaH cxeMa OKOHCHHOH cxannHH
Annapaxypa KanajibHoro npeoGpasoBaiiHH AKII oGeciieHHBacx 4)opMHpoBaiiHe
1IF H oGpaxnoe npeoGpasoBanHe na npHCMe.
C noMonxbio annapaxypbi rpynnoBoro npeoGpasoBanna A1TI c|)opMHpyioxcji BF,
Tl" HJIH HI" B saBHCHMocxH ox oGuj,ero KOJiHHecxBa KanajiOB B cncxcMe.
Annapaxypa conpjraeHHH AC oGecneHHsaex nepenoc cnexxpa cxaimapxnbix
rpynn B JiHHeHHbra ciiexxp H oGpaxnoe npeoGpasoBaHHe. PacnojioKenne cneKxpa
jnoGoro KanajibHoro CHrnajia B jmneHHOM cneKxpe MO)KHO xapaKxepHsosaxb
BHpxyajibHofi Hecymen nacxoxoH. Hcnojibsya ee, MO>KHO Gbuio 6w iicpenecxn cnexxp
nepBHHHoro cnrnajia B JiHHeHHbiH ciiexxp nyxe'M o/raoKpaxnoro npcoGpasoBanHH,
see cxaH^apxHbie ipyrnibi.
Annapaxypa OKOHennaa JiHHeHnoro xpaxxa AOJIT corjiacyex xapaKxepncxHKH
CHrnajia c xapaKxepncxHKaMH JIHHHH nepeflann, o6ecneHHBa>i XCM caMbiM
'CJioBHfl npHe'Ma H nepe;j,aHH.
FlepByio cxyneiib npeoGpasoBaiiHH na3biBaiox HimnBHAyajibiroH, a ocrajibiiwe rpynnoBbiMH.
iipe^rpyinibi.
HH)Ke cxpyKxypnaa cxeMa npeoGpasoBaxejibnoro oGopy;ioBaiiH« H
cxeMa Hacxoxnbix npeoGpaBOBanHH B ocoGbix KOMMenxapHjix ne ny)K;i,aioxcH.
FIocKOJibKy FIO Bbmejiaiox BBFI, cneKXp rpynnoBoro cnniajia IIpF neHiiBepcHpoBan.
OxnocHxejibnaH nojioca pac(J}HJibxpoBKH, xapaKxepHsyioinaji cjio>Kiiocxb IIO,
x 2fH/f0:::::0,6/20:=0,03>0,02. Cjie;iOBaxejibno, BO3MO>Kiio
na FC-3JieMenxax.
71
12...24
15,4 16,3
CxeMa HacxoTHbix npeoGpasoBaiiHH H npHHHHii amiapaxypiioH peajiH3an,HH
npco6pa3OBaxejibiioro
OopMHpoeaHHe
rpyiinw.
Fir MO^Kex 6biTb iiocTpoeHa c HcnojibsosaHHeM Jin6o O;I,HOH,
cxyneneH iipeoGpasoBaHHJi. CxeMa nacxoxnbix upeoGpasoBanHH,
nepBOMy cnocoGy, noKasana na cjie^yHDineM pncynKe.
108
0,3
3^4 60,6
63,7
100,6
103/7 104,6 107,7
HpeoGpasoBaHHe cneKxpoB xejie(J3OHHbix cnrnajioB npn 4)opMHpoBaiiHH IH
B aaHHOM cjiynae HcnoubsyioT 12 HHflHBH/iyanbHbix 6ajiancHbix Mo/iyjmxopoB H
cxojibKO JKQ pasjiHHHbix HecymHx Macxox. BbiflejieHHC «nojie3Hbix» I1B1I sajtana 12-xn
Kaiiajibiibix HO. IlocKOJibKy 2fH/f0:=0,6/108=0,0055<0,02, HciioJib3OBaiiHC /iciiicBbix
LC-(|)HJIbXpOB IieBO3MO)KHO.
CiieKTp CHrnajia 1IF HHBepCHpOBan, OH cocpe^oxoMen B nojioce nacxor 60.... 108
KFu,. TaKOH Bbi6op lie jiBJiaexca cjiynaHiibiM. Bo-nepsbix, B DXOM ;i,Haiia3oiie nacxox
xopouio paGoxaiox KBapueBbie H MarifflxocxpHKHHomibie (jjHJibxpbi, BO-axopbix,
npoflyxxbi HenHHeHHocxH Bxoporo nopa^Ka OKasbmaioxcH 3a rpaiiHu,aMH rpynnoBoro
CHrnana: Bxopbie rapMOHHKH H cyMMapiibie KOMGHHanHoiinwe sanHMaiox nojiocy ox
120 ;io 216 xFn, a pasnocxHbie npo;iyKxw - ox nyjm 71,0 48 KFn,.
72
IIF MWKIIO ccjjopMHpOBarL H3 Hexbipex npc^rpynii.
12
24
60
72
84
96
108
DpeoGpasoBaHHe cnexxpoB npe^rpynn npn (J)opMHpoBaHHH IIF
K cj)HJibxpaM
JlerKO y6e,n,HXbCJi caMOCxoaxeiibHO, HXO
, no3TOMy HX cxpoax, ncnojibsyH LC-3JieMenxM.
3fleci>
BTOpHHHOH, TpeTHHHOH H HeTBCpxHHHOH i p y i l l l .
F (J)opMHpyK)x Ha OCHOBC imxn FIF O;;HOH cxynenbio rpyiinoBoro
npeo6pa3OBaHHH. Cneicrp CHrnajia BF cocpefloxoneH B nojioce 312....552 KFu,.
HSBCCXHO HecKOJlbKO BapHaHxoB BF. Hn)Ke npHBe/iena cxeMa nacxoxHbix
npeo6pa3OBaHHH, Koxopaa cooxBexcxByex xaK nasbmaeMOMy ociioBiioMy cnexxpy.
OxiiocHxejibiiaa nojioca pactJrajibxpOBKH s^ecb ^oBOJibiio BCJiHKa: 120/612=0,2.
1I03XOMV B o6opy;i,OBaiiHH ncnojibsyiox FC-cjjHJibxpbi.
612
5~64
516
468
420
4
108 312
60
i
i
i
t
~i
i
i
i
i
i
i_^_—408
360
552
504
456
CxeMa npeo6pa30BariHH cnexxpoB IIF B CIICKXP BF
CiieKxp TF (812
2044 KFii) nojiynaiox nyxeM o^nocxyncinioro rpyiinoBoro
n«xn ocuoBHbix cuexxpoB BF. FIpH IIOMOIHH IIOJIOCOBWX 4>HJibxpoB na
BbwejiHiox HBFI, nosxoMy cnexxp rpyiinoBoro CHI najia TF
FC-3JieM6Hxax
HHBepCHpOBaH.
73
CneKxp HF (8516... 12388 KFu,) co3,n,aiox c noMOiiibio o;uioc ryneHHoro
rpynnoBoro npeo6pa3OBaHHfl xpex cneiopoB TF. «IIojie3iibie» HBII BM/ICJIJIIOX FC(JDHJibxpaMH. Cne^oBaxejibHO, cnexxp rpynnosoro cnrxiajia HF HHBCPCHH lie HMCCX.
HxoGbi oGjierHHXb Bbi/jejieHHe 60-KanajibHbix rpyrin MS curnajia IT H 300KanajibHbix rpyini H3 curnajia HF, Me>K;ty cneKxpaMH DXHX rpyini BBO;I#X sainHTHbie
npOM6)KyXKH 8 H 88 KFu,, COOXBeXCXBCHHO.
MnoroKpaxHoe npeoGpasoBaHHe crieKxpa B conexaiiKH co
nacxoxHbiMH rpynnaMH riosBOJiaex:
1.
McKJIIOHHXb
XpyflHOCXH,
CB«3aHHbie
C
(])OpMHpOBaiIHeM
cxan;i,apXHbiMH
O/lHOIIOJIOCHOrO
CHrnana na nepe/iane H pasAeJienneM rpynnoBoro cnrnajia iia iipHCMe na BWCOKHX
nacxoxax.
Bbiixie oxMenaiiocb, HXO (J)opMHpyiox ofliionojiocHbie cmxiajibi H
Kanajibi iia nacxoxax npe^rpyiiribi HJIH uepBHHHOH rpyrnibi. IIocKOJibicy
nojioca paccjjHJibxpoBKH o6paxiio nponopuHOHajibHa Hecymeii nacxoxe, ocymecxBHXb
3XH npoH,e,n,ypbi na 6o;iee BMCOKHX nacxoxax saxpy/jinxrejibno, CCJIH Boo6me
BO3MO>KHO, H3-3a OXCyXCXBHM DJICMeHXHOH 6a3bl flJIfl HOJIOCOBblX 4)HJIbXpOB.
npaKXHHCCKH
3XO
OSHaHaCX,
HXO
6e3
HCnOJIb3OBaHH«
MHOFOKpaXHOrO
H
rpynnoBoro npeo6pa3OBaHHJi HCBOSMOKHO nocxponxb MTC c ;i,ocxaxoHHO 6ojibiiiHM
HHCJIOM KananoB.
2. YMeHbLIIHXb paSHOXHIIHOCXb IIOJIOCOBblX (JDHJIbXpOB H KOJIHHCCXBO HOMHIIaJIOB
HecymHX nacxox.
rioacHHM 3x0 Ha KOHKpexHOM iipHMepe. Ilycxb ny>KHO nocxpoHxb Ml'C na 300
KanajioB T1!. ECJIH ne HcnojibsoBaxb MHoroKpaxnoe npeo6pa3OBaiiHe H cxan;i,apxHbie
rpynnw, xo noHaAo6Hxca 300 pasHOXHrnibix IIO H cxojibKO >KC pasiiwx iiecymnx
nacxox. npn Hcnojib3OBaHHH MHoroKpaxnoro npeo6pa3OBaHHa rioxpe6yioxc«: 12 IIO B
iiepBHHHOH rpynne, 5 HO BO BXOPHHHOH rpynne H 4 IIO B amiapaxype coripflKeiiHJi
(o;i,iiy BF MO>KHO pasMecxHXb B JIHHCHHOM cncKxpe 6e3 npeo6pa3OBaiiHH). Bccro 21
IIO H cxojibKO »ce pasiibix iiecymnx.
3. BbiGpaxb jyia HH^HBHflyajibHoro npcoSpasoBaiiHa xaKHC nacxoxiibie
flnaiiasoHbi, B npe/tejiax Koxopbix KanajibHbie HO c xpc6yeMMMH xapaKxcpHcxHKaMH
3(J3(J)eKXHBHO peaJIHSyiOXCM.
HanpHMep, B /iHanasone nacxox ^o 30 xFu MO>KHO nocxponxb Kanajibiibic IIO na
FC-3JieM6Hxax, ox 30 71,0 60 KFu, sjieMenxHaa 6asa oxcyxcxsyex, ox 60 ;io 110 KFn
xopomo pa6oxaiox IIO na OCHOBC KBapneBbix H MarHHXocxpHKH,HOiiiibix pC3OiiaxopOB,
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4. CxaH^,apxH3HpOBaxb KanajiooGpasyiomee oGopy^oBaime (AKII+AFII) H XCM
caMbiM yAeiueBHXb ero npoH3BO,n,cxBo H 3Kciuiyaxau,Hio.
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KanajioB, H B MTC iia 300 HJIH 3600 KanajioB TM.
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;UIHHHOH UCIIOHKH iipeo6pa3OBaxejieH ciieKxpa.
TeMa 16 npmnjiinbi opraHMaaMMM flBycjpoHHux nMHeiiHbix TpaicroB
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u,enH. Ilo OAHOH itenn nepe^aiox MHoroKanajibKbiH CHraaji B
HanpaBJieHHH ox A K B, no flpyroM - B o6paxHyio cxopony. riepeflana B o6onx
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OnXHHCCKHX BOJIOKOH 66 HaSblBaiOX ^ByXBOJIOKOHHOH.
Pa6oxa no sxoii cxeMe B03MO»(Ha B o^HOKa6ejibHOM H AByxKa6ejibHOM pexcniviax.
FIpH oflHOKa6ejibHOM peacHMe Meagry n.A H n.B npoKjia^bisaiox xojibKO O^HH Ka6ejib.
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- ox B K A. 3xox pe^CHM npHMenaiox B cncxeiviax KoaKCHajibnoro H onxHHecKoro
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sjieKxpoMarHHXHoe none cocpe^oxoneHO snyxpH KoaKCHanbHOH napw H B
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CCJIH OHH ne HMCIOX 3JieKxpOMarHHXHoro 3Kpana. Oco6eHHo BCJIHKO nepexo^Hoe
na 6jiH5KHHH KOHCii, ITBBK, Bbmy^aiomee coicpamaxb paccxoaHHH MOK^y
npoMeacyxoMHbiMH cxaHu;HflMH. Ho 3XOH npHHHHe B jiHHCHHbix xpaKxax,
nocxpoeHHbix na OCHOBC CHMMexpHHHblx KaGejiefi, nacxo Hcnojibsyiox flByxKa6ejibHbiH
pe»cHM pa6oxw, Korfl,a B O^HOH xpanniee pa3Memaiox flBa Ka6ejia. Hapbi o^Horo HS
Ka6eueH Hcnojibsyiox jyia nepe^anH B O/JHOM nanpaBJieHHH, a napw /jpyroro - AJM
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MepoH TIB/IK - samnmeHHOCXb u,eiiH na ^ajibHCM KOHii,e* A3L=pcL-pnL, r^e pco H pcL ypoBHH cHrnana na sxo^e H Ha Bbixozje BjiHaiomeii u,enH, pn0 H pnL - ypoBHH HOMCXH na
6nH>KHeM H ^ajibHCM KOHii,ax UCHH, no^Bep»ceHHOH BJIHSHHIO.
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Ka6ejia, HXO HBJiaexca ne^ocxaxKOM HexbipexnpOBO^HOH cxeMbi.
Tlpn ^ByxnojiocHOH flsyxnpoBOflHOH CXCMC Hcnonbsyexca xoubKO OAHa ii,enb, a
CHrnajiOB npoxHBonojio^cHbix nanpaBJieHHH se^exca B pasHbix nacxoxHbix
*OnpeaejieHO xaKace nepexoanoe saxyxaHHe na jjajibHeM KOHUC AL=PCO-PIIL- T.K.
r,zje A=aL - coScTBCHHoe saxyxaHHe u,enH AJIHHOH L KM, TO AL=A3L+aL.
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BXO/I Koxoporo no^aiox ^HCKpexiOHpyeMbiH aHajioroBHH curnaji S(t), a im
nepHOAHMCCKyio c nepnoflOM Td nocjie;j,OBaTejibHOCXb HMiiyjibcou r(t), Ha3
nepcHOCHHKOM. HivmyjibCbi nepenocHHKa ynpaBJiaiOT KJIIOHOM: Ka>K;ibiH HMiiyjibc
oxKpbiBaex KJIIOH na Bpeivoi CBOCH fljinxenbiiocxH iu < Td . Ha Bbixo;i,c
4>opMHpyK)xcH HMnyjibCbi (oxcnexbi), cooxBexcxByiouj,He MnioBemibiM
anajioroBoro cnrnajia S(t) B MOMCHXH flHCKpexusaiiHH.
npHBe^eHHOFO Bbime pHcyHKa BH^HO, HTO CHrnaji S(t) MBJIJICXCH
OXCHCXOB.
HpoMeiacyxoK
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HanpHMep, CCJTH fd=8Kru,, xo B xeneiiHe O^HOH ccKyn;ibi c(|)opMHpycxcH 8000
OXCMCXOB, cjie^yiomnx c nepHOfl,OM 125 MKC. OnepauHio ;incKpexH3aqHH
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AHM-1 (nepBOFO po;j,a) H AHM-2 (BXOPOFO po^a). Hpn AHM-1
BepxyniKH HMiiyiibcoB (OXCHCXOB) noBxopaiox cooxBexcxByraniHe 4)paFMeHXbi
o CHFHajia. HMeHHO xaKOH CHFHaji (jjopMHpyexca na Bbixo;ie KJiiona.
npo6jieMbi B nponecce ;i;ajibHeHiiieH o6pa6oxKM cHFiiajia n3-3a
BejiHHHHbi (Bbicoxw) HMiiyjibca. Bojiee niHpoKoe pacnpocxpaneHHe
AHM-2, iipn Koxopofi Bepmnnbi HMixyjibcoB SBJIJIIOXCH IIJIOCKHMH. 3xy
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AO nanpjmeHHJi oxcnexa H xpannx sapjm, ne pasp^aMCb, 3axeM
nepe3apji>Kaexc5i H x.,n.
AMM-1
AMM-2
AHM nepBoro H Bxoporo po/ja
Ha npne'MHOH cxopone AHM-CHrnaji
OXCHCXOB). B axofi CBHSH sosHHKaiox ^Ba Bonpoca:
•
x (fibi/iejiaiox orH6aioinyio
Bo3MO)KHa JIH B npHHU,Hne 6e3bICKa>KeHHa5I
•
ECJIH BO3MO>KHa, xo KaK ee ocymecxBHXb?
Oxsexbi na o6a Bonpoca ;i,aex xeopeMa KoxeJIbHHKOBa:
«CHrHaji co cneKxpoM, oipaiiHHeHHbiM caepxy HacxoxoH fB, MO^KHO
BoccxanoBHXb no ero oxcnexaM, Bs^xbiM nepes KHxepsajibi BpeMeHH ne Menee l/(2f B )».
OopMajibnaa sariHCb xeopeMbi xaKOBa: Td < l/(2fe) vuiw. fd > 2fe.
YcxpoHCXBOM, BoccxanaBJiHBaiomHM aHajioroBbiH cnraaji no ero oxcnexaivi,
c Hacxoxofi cpesa paBHOH f B .
HoacuHXb cymnocxb xeopeMbi npome scero, onapaacb na cneKxpajibiibie
. IlexpyAiio caiviocxoHxejibHo y6e/i,HXbCH B XOM, HXO MaxcMaxHHecKHM
anajioroM (HJIH MOACJibio) /iHCKpexHsauHH aBJiJiexca yMiioxeiiHe ;;HCKpexH3HpyeMoro
cnrnajia S(t) na yHHiiojmpHbiH HMnyjibCHbin nepenocHHK c HMiiyjibcaMH
Bbicoxbi V AHM (t) = S(t) • r(t).
Pasjio^cHM nepnoAHHecKyio nocjie/j,OBaxejibHocxb HMiiyjibcoB nepeiiocHHKa B
ypbe
r(t) = q ^(l + 2 • y
ancosna)dt},
71 =
an =
sinx
nn
x = — = nnfdTu,
n = 1,
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n-\0
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•
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•
HIDKHHC H sepxirae 6oKOBbie nonocbi npn rapMOHHKax nacxoxbi
^ncKpexH3au,HH, cooxBexcxByiomne cnaraeMbiM BH^a 2|in/q)S(t)cosna)^t*
ECJIH S(t) - CHrnaji c nocxoflHHOH cocxaBJifliomeH, xo cneicxp AHM-cHrnana
KpOMe nepenHCJieHHbix KOMnoHenxoB 6y^,ex BKJiioHaxb nocxoHHHyio cocxaBJiHiomyio H
rapMOHHKH nacxoxbi ^,HCKpexH3au;HH (iioKasanbi nyHKXHpoM).
TaK Kax cneKxp AHM-cnrnajia B Kanecxse HHSKonacxoxHOH cocxaBJwioineH
BKJiiOHaex cneKxp aHCKpexH3npyeMoro cnniajia (BM^ejien nrrpHxoBKOH), xo
AHM-cHrnaji MWKHO c noMombio OIIH c nacxoxoH cpc3a fB.
6e3bicica>KeHHa5i fleMOAyJiau,H« BosMo^ea HC Bcei^a. 3xo BH^HO H3
HHKC 4>parMeiixoB cneKxpajibHbix aHarpaMM AHM-CHrHanoB,
nOCXpOCHHblX flJIH paSJIHHHblX f d .
Af
fa
fB
f()>2fB - BO3MO>KHa npaKXHHecKH GesbicKaxeimaa
peajibHoro OHH
f=2fBnoMonj,H
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BO3MO>KHa HHCXO xeopexHMecKH npn
o OHH
HCBO3MO>Kiia
CIieKXpaJIbHblX KOMriOHCHXOB
(J)HJibxpbi (J)H3HHecKH HepeajiH3yeMM, nacxoxy
c sanacoM f^=2f B +Af 3 =(2,l____2,4) fB, nxo6bi MO>KHO 6buio
/yia npaKXHHecKH 6e3bicKa)KeHHOM fleMo^yjiHij,HH nejiopornc OIIH. HCM
6nH>KC nacxoxa ^HCKpexH3au,HH K xcopexn^ecKOMy MHHHMyMy, XCM Kpync ;joji>KeH
6tixb cpes xapaKxepHCXHKH saxyxaiipw
*IlpOH3BeaeHHe s(t)-coscot onHCHBaex BM-curHan, cneKxp Koxoporo COCTOHX H3 napti
GoKOBblX B OKpeCTHOCTH HaCXOXbl CO (CM.XCMyl 3).
82
Hacxoxa .znicKpexHsauHH TenecjjoHHoro CHrnajia npHHJixa paBiioM 8 KFu, B
KanecTBe rjioGajibnoro cxaH,fl,apxa. Hpn SXOM sanac na pacc|)HJibxpoBKy cocxaBjiaex
Af3=8-2-3,4=l,2KFii.
Bo H3Ge>KaHHe HCKa>KeHHH B npoiiecce fleMo/ty.njniHH cneKxp anajioroBoro
CHrnajia iiepe;i ;nicKpexH3anHeH orpaHHHHBaiox npn noMOinn OHH c nacxoxoM cpesa
f B Tax, Ha Bxo/je Kjnona, ^HCKpexHsnpyiomero Tene^omibiH CHrnaji, oGasa-rejibHo
BKJIKDHaiOT (|)HJIbTp C HaCTOTOH CpC3a 3,4
KFlI, HO^aBJIHIOIUHH BblCOKOHaCTOTHLIC
r(t)
OrpaHHHeHHe cneKTpa anajioroBoro CHrnajia nepe/i
. CneKTp cnrnana AHM-2 neMHoro oTJTHHaeTca OT cneKTpa cnrnajia
AHM-1. FnaBHoe pasiiHHHe cneKTpOB COCTOHT B TOM, HTO npn AHM-2
c nacTOTOH flHCKpeTH3Hpyeivioro CHrnajia saBHCHT OT ero
UM
UM
Uc=— (AJIH AHM - 1); Uc = —
q
q
rr/cTH
AHM - 2).
IIo3TOMy npn fleMOflyjiauHH cnrnajia AHM-2 (j)HJibTpoM c «IIJIOCKOH» AHX
aMnjiHTy^HO-nacTOTHbie HCKa>KeHHH i-ia Bepximx nacToxax paGonero
. HaH6ojibLUHe HCKa^ceHHa B03HHKHyT npn f c =f B H iu=Td. Pacnex no
npHBe,n,eHHOH (|)opMyjie noKasbiBaex, HXO ^;ji« xejie(J)OHHoro cnrnajia na BepxHeH
nacxoxe 3,4 Kfu, HcxaHceHHa ^ocxHrarox 2,5 flB. TaKHe HCKa>KeHHM iie/tonyciHMbi.
HX yMCHbiiieHHa na^o Jin6o yBCJiHHHBaxb CKBa>KHocxb q (yMCHbiiinxb T U ),
Hcnojib30Baxb BbicoKonacxoxHyio KOppexuHK) AHX Kaiiajia. HeM 6ojibine
XCM MCHbine pasjiHnaioxcfl cueKxpw AHM-1 H AHM-2.
3aMCHaHHe2. Hpn ^HCKpexHsanHH ysKonojiocnoro cnrnajia, y Koxoporo
oxHouieHHe
f B /f H
jiHuib
HCMHoro
npeBbiuiaeT
e^HHHHy,
uejiccooGpasno
nepenecTH ero cnexxp BHHS no nacxoxe. Ha npncMC noc^e
BbinojiHHiox o6paxHbiH nepenoc B HCXO^HWH Ananason.
llycxb, nanpHMep, neo6xoAHMO AHCKpexHSHpOBaxb CHmaji
rpyrnibi, cneKTp KOTOporo cocpe^oTonen K HOJIOCC nacxox 312____552
ECJIH lie HcnojibsoBaxt nepeiioc, nonaflo6HTC5i nacToxa AHCKpexH3an,HH nc Meiiee
1104 KFu,. Hcnojibsya necymyio nacxoxy 564 KFn, CMCCXHM cuexxp BF B nojiocy
12... 252 KFn,. Tor^a MHHHManbHaa nacxoxa ^HCKpexnsanHH cocxaBHx BCCFO 504
6jiH5Ke oxHouieHHe f B /f H K eflHHHHe, TCM Gojibiue 6y;jeT BbiHipbini.
'
npHMepa HCHO, HTO npn HcnojibsoBaHHH iiepenoca
COCTaBHT f dMHH =2(f B -f H ). HjiaXOH 3a 66jIbIUyiO 3(J)4)eKTHBHOCTb
HBHHIOTCH ^.OnOJIHHTeJIbHbie HCKa>KeHH5I, BOSHHKaiOIUHe H3-3a HCHfleaJlbHOH paGoTbl
npeoGpasofiaTCJieH cneKTpa, a xaK>Kc ncKoxopoe ycjioacHCHHc oGopy/ioBanHfl.
MexoflH, no3BOJiflK>m,He Hcnojibsosaxb Gojiee HHSKyio nacxoxy ;i,HCKpexH3anHH,
neH3BecxHbi H, no-BH^HMOMy, ne cymecxByrox.
83
TeMa 18 nPMHLJMnbl BPEMEHHOfO PA3AE/1EHMH KAHA/1OB
CTPVKTyPHAfl CXEMA MTC C BPK M AMn/lMTyflHO-MMny/lbCHOM
ripMHLI,Mnbl
BPK
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Te/ieKOMMyHMKai4MOHHbix CMcre/wax M COCTOHT B
• Ka>KAOMy nepeAasae/vioMy CMrna/iy OTBOA^T onpeAe/ienHyK)
no3MU,MK). Hio6bi CMma/ibi ne nepeKpbma/iMCb BO BpeMeHM, MX
epeivieHHyto
B KaneciBe nepenocMMKOB Mcno/ib3yfOT nepnoAMnecKMe
c OAHOM M TOM we HacioioM c/ieAosaHMa, pasnoM Macioie
, HO c pasHbiMM cfjasaMM — i.e. CABMHyibie APY r OTHocMie/ibHO APya no
TpynnoBOM CMrna/i 4)op/\AMpyK)T KaK cyMiviy Kana/ibHbix, ero
'
ocyuj,ecTB/mKJT npM noMOiu,M 3/ieKrpoHHbix
pasAe/ienMe na
npaBM/ibHoro paBAe^enMa reneparopHoe o6opyAOBaHMe
AO/I>KHO pa6oiaTb CMHXPOHHO M
PaccMoipMM
nepeAanM M
pea/iM3au,MK) BTMX npMHu,MnoB na npM/v\epe
rpexKana/ibHOM MTC.
CrpyKiypHafi cxe/v»a ipe'xKaHa/ibHOM MTC c BPK M AMM
84
0HH orpaHMMMBaKJT nacroTHbie cneKipbi nepBMHHbix cnma/iOB, new
rapaHTnpyK>T
cneKrpa
AMCKpern3npyeMoro ci/ima/ia n
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/T,MCKpeTM3au,nK> ocyLu,ecTB/iflK)T
(AMM , ynpae/iae/vibie
noc/ieflOBaTe/ibHOCTHMM,
nocTynaKDiu,MMM
OT
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FOnep.
FpynnoBOM AMM - cnma/i cf)OpMHpyK)T nyieM
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KM (TaMM -c/ioTbi).B KMO nepeflaejcn U,C - c/iy>Ke6HbiM cnma/i,
co6oM n/viny/ibc, no KaKOMy-/in6o npn3HaKy(A/iMTe/ibHOCTb, c|)Op/via)
OT/lHHaKDUJ,HMCfl OT flpyfHX. B OCTa/lbHblX KM - KOMMepHeCKMM TpaCJ)MK. ,0,/IMTe/lbHOCTb
pasna nepnofly 1a,MCKpeTM3au,MM M He 3aBncnj OT KO/iMHecTea Kana/ios.
rpynnoBoro curHa/ia Ha npne'Me ocyuj,ecTB/iaeTCfl npi/i noMouj,n
KOTOpwe HasbisatoT BpeweHHbiMM (Kana^bHbiMM) ce/ieKTopaMM. Ynpas/ifieT
TO npne'Ma, cnHXpoHM3Mpye/v»oe cuma/iaMM OT npne'MHMKa U,C. B pe>KMiv\
U,MK/1OBOrO CMHXpOHH3Ma Ka>KflblM K^IOH OTKpbIT TO/lbKO B TGHeHM
KM M nosTOMy Bbifle/iaeTTo/ibKO «CBoti» Kana/ibHbiM cuma/i.
0HH ocmecTB/iflKyrfle/v\OA/i«uHKDKana/ibHbix AMM - curna/iOB.
85
flpMHMHOM
nepexoflHbix
no/viex
npM
BPK
flB/iaraTca
/iMHCMHbie
rpynnoBoro curna/ia. PaccMoipMM wexaHMSM noaB/ienMfl nepexoflHOM nowexM npM
orpaHMHeHMM no/iocbi nponycKanMH rpynnosoro rpaKia csepxy (MCioweHMfl nepsoro
pofla).OrpaHMH6HMe no/iocbi csepxy MO>KHO MOfle/iMpOBaib c noMoui,bK) npocroro RC(J)M/lbTpa HM>KHMX H3CTOT. npOMflfl TaKOM op/v\y, MX A/iMie/ibHOcib yBe/iMMMBaercfl. FloxoHOfl KapiMHa 6yAei Ha6/itOAaTbCfl npM
/iK)6oM orpaHMHeHMM csepxy cneKipa M/viny/ibca npoMSBO/ibHOM c^opivibi, T.K. iiiMpMHa
cneKipa Miv»ny/ibca oGparno nponopu,MOHa/ibHa ero /yiMie/ibHOCTM.
PasAe/iMie/ibHbie RC - u,enoHKM, ec/iM OHM MMeKDica B cocjase rpynnosoro rpaKia,
T3K>Ke Moryi ciarb MCTOHHMKaMM nepexoflnbix no/viex. TaKaa u,enoHKa He nponycKaer
nOCTOflHHbIM TOK M BHOCMT OC/ia6/16HMe H3 HM3KMX H3CTOTaX (MCKaWCHMH BTOpOTO
nepe3 nee, npflMoyro/ibHbm MMny/ibc npMo6pereT Bbi6poc o6paiHOM
,flB/iflHDin,MMCflHenocpeflCTBeHHOM npMHMHOM nepexoflHOM no/viexM.
no/wexa
no/viexa
=->
McKa>KeHM5q nepsoro M Bioporo
1/13-33 OHCHb BblCOKOM HyBCIBMTC/lbHOCTM K /IMHeMHblM MCKa>KeHMflM, C/ieflCTBMeM
Koropbix flB/iflKDTca BHflTHbie nepexoflHbie no/viexM MewAy Kana/iaMM, a TaKHce HMSKOM
noMexoycioMHMBOCTM, rpynnoBOM AI/IM - CMrna/i fl/ia nepe^anM no /IMHMM HMKorfla He
Mcno/ibsyfoi. Ero npeo6pa3yK)T Hauj,e scero B u,M(j)poBOM CMrna/i M B TaKOM BM,o,e
nepe/n,a»OT na npMe'MHyK) cjopony. HTo6bi MCK/iK)HMTb nepexoflnyK) no/viexy Boo6uj,e,
npeo6pa3OBarb B u,M(|)poBOM KOA Ka>KAbiM ana/ioroBbiM nepBMHHbIM CMma/i
o6l>eAMHflfl
B
COOTB6TCTBMM
C
npMHU,MnOM
BPK
K3Ha/lbHbie
u,M(j)poBbie ( a ne AMM) CMma/ibi. MMCHHO raK nocrpoeHbi cospeMeHHbie U.TC c BPK.
C/ieflyei oiMerMTb, HTO ne/iMHeMHbie MCKawenMa rpynnosoro AMM - CMma/ia He
Bbl3blBaK)T yBe/lMH6HMa A/lMT6/lbHOCTM M/Viny/lbCOB, 3 CK33blBaK)TCfl TO/lbKO H3 MX
(Bbicoie). FlosTOMy npM AI/IM - BPK He/inneMHocTb rpynnoBoro rpaKia
ne K nepexoflHbiM nowexa/vi Me^fly K3H3/ia/v\ (KBK npM HPK), a K
He/lMHeMHblM MCK3>KeHMf1M CMTHa/13 H3 BblXOfle Ka>K,0,OrO M3 K3H3/1OB.
86
aDDatiodu a EI/EHJMD MMwdatfEE Mnawada anHanm/aaA 'EixBdi OJOaouuAdJ
Mdu MMtiBwdocf)HH MIDEH ndaiou q±3OH>KOW£oa 'aMHEaot/Adogo
aai/og toiCHBi/aB BUHBaodnDxai/umqi/Aw ojo>nahMiDM±EiD
•ai/xMti a I/IN oi/3Mh q±Bmiqaadu (iqsEd a) OHHaaiDa'mAD lawow
xMtncHEiogEd oHHawadaoHyo oaiDanm/ox Awoieou 'amqHaiA/ OJQI n
anaiA/go woHdaiCHquwo»>KaiA/ ndu B 'S£'0""SZ'0 ia«^aBi3OD BI/EHJMD ojOHHO(|)ai/ai
ahBtr'adau ndu niDOHamns iHantinc^ctjeovi 'qDoi/EhaiA/io a>KA oie HE>| -aoiHaHogE
MlOOHaMlHE
Hai/EHOHtldOUOdu
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OJOMOahHlDMlElD
BMHBao£qi/ou3n 10 miqdjmqa OIH n oHHawadaoHt/o BDicHEtT'adau iqi/EHJMD
aiqHqi/BHE» aDa an oih 'woi BH lat/n aEhAi/3 lA/OHHEta1 a Bdjn oih 'OHD^ -BI/BHJMD
OJOHqi/EHEH ojot?l>KB>< AhBt^adau AiA/atncHBy^oaoduoD 'AdoiB>in(j)mHat7>n AwogoDO ou
B 'ai/^Mti a |/|>] AdawoH ou an inyoxDModu 'aiqHqi/EAtT'MantT'HM BH EI/BHJMD ojoaouuAdj
'nwEaoi/o MIA/NHM 'aoi/BHJM3 MiDOHMOi/tfEHndu anHBaBH£ouDBd •XEL/HM'TI
BE Hkibf'o xn'mcHA'D'ai/D a MM aiqHEBd qisi^nHBE lAjow 'BXHHHOIDM a>K OJGI n
OJOHtT'o 1O antnCHEUAlDOU 'iqi/BHJMD MEB8D BDHBaD aHH3hai g 'MWBl/EHBH MWiqHiad><
BE iqnai/uadHEE an MHO oxEHtT'o '|/|>j saiDahm/o>i ojodoioxaH EM
'Bi/HMti aMHEaodMwdocJ) iM^oxDModu a>K>OahM13MlElD OJOWaEaiqEEH 3HEHM 'BMHai/ayEBd OJOHHawada OJOHHOdXHMDE -
MiDontT'MaoHEEd MOxgMj aai/og aniogBdEEd » oi/aaMdu
e qiMDiqaou aMHai/wadio -MiA/iqiKHBEan BDICMEIDO n>| aMtnc«Aai3iaaiooD
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Te/via 19
A3OBOrO PA3flE/lEHMfl KAHA/IOB.
ripn OPK KaHa/ibHbie CMma/ibi saHUMaioT OflHy M ry we no/iocy nacroT
nepeKpbiBaioTCfl BO BpeweHM. LLJupnHa STOM no/iocbi cocraB/meT A F(t,pl<=2-fB.
Si(t)
Vi(t)
0E
COSO0t
2-coso0t
W(t)
0a3OBpani,aTe/ib
OasoBpaiu,aTe/ib
2-sino0t
sino0t
OH
0B
V 2 (t)
S 2 (t)
S2(t)
cxe/via flsyxKaHa/ibHOM MTC c OPK
HenocpeflciBeHHO us cxeMbi c/ieflyer Bbipa>KeHMe /via rpynnosoro curHa/ia
W(t) = Vi(t) + V 2 (t) = S^tj-cosoot + S 2 (t)-sino 0 t.
Ms 3TOM sanncn BH^HO, MTO KaMKflbm us KaHa/ibHbix
cuma/iOB npeflCTaB/ifleT co6oM BM - Ko/ie6anne
(CM. TeMyl3.)Ho3TOMy CTpyKTypa HX nacTOTHbix
cneKTpoB oflHa n Ta we, ec/in To/ibKO cneKTpbi
CMTHa/lOB Si(t) M S 2 (t) COCpeAOTOMCHbl B
OflHOM M TOM >K6
flUanaBOHe
H3CTOT.
fo-ffl fo-fH fo fo+fH fo+fB
CTpyKTypa nacTOTHbix cneKTpoB
KaHa/ibHbix cMTHa/iOB npki OPK.
1/lTaK, cneKTpbi KaHa/ibHbix cufHa/ioB no/iHOCTbio nepeKpbiBatoTCfl, nepe,qaHa
ocym,ecTB^aeTca oflHOBpeMeHHO, curHa/ibi ^B/iaioTca aHa/ioroBbiMM — .o.MCKpeTusaLi.Mfl
OTcyTCTByeT. TeM He wenee pasfle/ieHMe STMX cnmayioB BOBMOKHO. MTo6bi y6e,olnTbCfl
B 3TOM, sanmueM Bbipamenne fl/ia cuma/ia na Bbixofle nepeMHO>KMTe/ifl nepBoro
Kana/ia (na npne'MHOti CTopone)
W(t)-2coso0t = 2 Si(t)-cos2o0t + 2 S2(t)-coso0t-sino0t=
=S1(t)+S1(t)-cos2o0t + S 2 (t)-sin2o 0 t.
88
AH3/1M3 3TOR3 BblpaweHMfl nO3BO/lfl6T
nocrpoMTb cneKTpa/ibnyio A^arpaMMy
0 fH
fB
2f 0 -f B
2f0
2f0+fB
ckima/ia na Bbixofle nepeMHOKMTe/ia. CneKTpa/ibHaa fluarpaMivia CMma^a na Bbixofle
Depsoe c/iarae/v\oe cooTBeTCTByeT
nepeMHO>KMTe/ifl
cneKTpa;ibHOMy KOMnoneHTy B no/ioce
fH..fB , nocKO/ibKy MM6HHO B 3TMX rpaHMU,ax no yc/ioBMio cocpeAOTonen cneKTp
nepBMHHoro CMma.na S^t). BTOpoe M TpeTbe c/iaraeMbie - cyTb BM - Ko/ie6aHMH c
Hecyiu,eM nacroTOM 2f0. Ka>tKeHHblM B OKpeCTHOCTM 3TOM HaCTOTbl. Ec/IM f0 > fB ,
TO npM noMoiu.M OHM MO>KHO Bbifle/iMTb no/iesHbm HM3KonacTOTHbiM KOMnonenT,
MHbiMM c/ioBaMM, ocyni,ecTBMTb M pa3/i,e/ieHMe rpynnoBoro M
fleMOfly/iflu,MK)
Kana/ibHoro CMma/ia.
HeTpy^HO noKasaTb, HTO na Bbixo,o,e BToporo Kana/ia 6yfleTTO/ibKo cMrna/i S 2 (t).
HaM,qe'M /viaKCMMa/ibHoe Ko/iMnecTBO Kana/ios MTC c OPK. T.K. nepenocHMKM
flO/l>KHbl 6blTb yiMHEMHO HesaBMCMMbIMM, TO MCKOMaa BC/lMHMHa paBH3 HMC/iy/1MH6MHO
H63aBMCMMblX
rapMOHMHeCKMX
KO/ie6aHMM
C
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HaCTOTaMM,
HO
pa3/lMHHblMM HaHa/lbHblMM '
flpeflCTaBMM 3TM KO/ie6aHMfl B
B6KTOpOB H3 n/IOCKOCTM. f\B3 T3KMX
BCKTOpa /1MH6MHO H63aBMCMMbl npM
/ito6oM se/iMHMHe yr/ia /v»e>KAy HMMM *
H6BO3MO>KHO T3K nO,fllo6paTb
MX ,0,/lMHbl, MTo6bl CyMMapHbIM B6KTOp
CT3/1 paBHbIM Hy/lKD. HanpOTMB, TpM
TlMHeMHafl 33BMCMMOCTb TpeX B6KTOpOB
M 6o/iee BeKTOpa na nyiocKOCTM
/IMHeMHO saBMCMMbi, M6o A^fl HMX ocyiu.ecTBMTb noflo6HyKD npou,eflypy B o6ni,eM
c/iynae HGC/IOHKHO.
HeflocTaTKM MTC c OPK: no3BO/iaeT opraHMSOBbisaTb scero ABB Kana/ia na OAHOM
Hecyuj,eM, Tpe6yeT CMHXPOHHOM M CMH^asnoM pa6oTbi renepaTOpoB Hecyiu,Mx nacTOT na
OPK
npMMGHflHDT f\nf\M CMrna/ioB u,BeTHOCTM B cMCTeMax u,BeTHoro
NTSC M PAL, B TexHMKe nepeAanM AaHHbix, na ero ocHOBe paspaGoTana
CAP,npeAHa3HaneHHafl A^^ 3cj)cj)eKTMBHOM nepeAanM u,M4>poBbix CMrna/iOB
no MeTa^/iMHecKMM Ka6e/iflM.
*OTCto,o,a
c/ieflyer,
HTO B KanecTse
nepeHocnuKOB
MOHCHO
ncno/ibaosaTb
napy
rapMOHnnecKMx
Ko/ie6aHHM c
npOMSBO^bHblM 4>a3OBbl/V\. OAH3KO H3 npaKTMKe HpHMeHfllOT TO/lbKO OpTOTOHa/lbHbie nepeHOCHMKM, HBHa/lbHbie
4>a3bl KOTOpblX OT/lMHaK3TCfl H3 90°. 3lO o6yC/lOB/ieHO 60/166 BblCOKOM nOMeXOyCTOMHHBOCTbK) MTC C
M ynpomenneM reHeparopHoro o6opy,a,OBaHMa 33 CHGT yHHcj)MKaLi,MM nepeHocnuKOB n secoBbix
89
Ten/ia 20 riPEOEPA3OBAHME AHA/lOrOBOFO CMfHA/lA B LJMcDPOBOM.
MMny/lbCHO-KOflOBOM
i^M(t>poBbix MGTOAOB npeflciaB/ieHun M
He/ioBeHecTBO
6bicipo
ABMHcerca
no
nyrn
coaflam/m
r/io6a/ibHoro
MH(J)opMai4MOHHoro o6uj,ecTBa. Texnoyion/mecKOM OCHOBOM raKoro o6iu,ecrBa
r/io6a/ibHaa
MH(J)opMau1MOHHafl
HH(j)pacTpyKTypa.
Ona
BK/ifonaer
3/ieKTpOCBfl3M, HH(J)OpMaU,MOHHbie TeXHO/IOTHM H 6blTOBy»O 3/ieKTpOHMKy, OXBaTblBaei
Ka6e/ibHbie M paflMocpeflCTBa, CTau,noHapHbie n /vio6n/ibHbie cein.
TaKMM o6pasoM, mo6a/ibHaa MH(J)opMau,noHHafl MHc[)pacTpyKTypa nHTerpkipyer
3/ieKTpOCBH3b,
c/ie,qyK)ULj,ne
MH(j)OpMaTMKy,
KOMRbfOTepHyK)
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M
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3/ieKTpOHMKy.
4>op/viOM
, o6pa6orKa n xpaneHMe MH4>opMau,m/i B u,M(|)poBOM en^e M/vieei
flocioMHCTBa:
oBaTb o6opy,fl,OBaHMe &nf\, o6pa6oiKn n
COO6LU,eHMM.
BOSMOKHOCTM p,nn Toia^bHOM KOMnbfOTepnaau.Mn
annapaiypbi, 6es KOTOPOM Tpy^HO ocymecTButb
nepeflany M o6pa6oiKy curHa^oe.
asy
p,nn
u,n4>poBOM
nHTerpau,MM
nO/lHOCTbK)
LJMC^pOBblX
Te/ieKOM/ViyHMKaLJ l MOHHblX
C6T6M,
o6/iaflaKDLUiMX BblCOKOM SCfxjjeKTMBHOCTbK), XOpOUJefi rn6KOCTbKD M BblA3IOLJLJ,ei/iCJ1
06ecneHMBaer
pereHepau,nn)
HesaBucMMOCTb KaneciBa CBflSM or paccrofiHUfl (sa CMGT
M
BbicoKyio
no/viexoycTOMHMBOCTb,
o6yc/ioB/ieHHyio
MCnO/lbSOBaHMe/Vl flBOMHHblX CUTHa/IOB.
B coHeraHMM c onrnHecKHM Ka6e/ie/vi nosBO/iaer nepeflasatb cynepCKopocrhbie
CMfHa/ibi Ha r/io6a/ibHbie paccroflHua, crpomb c|)OTOHHbie cein Ha ocHose
cucie/vi c cneKjpa/ibHbiM pasfle/ieHMeM.
flB/iflercfl
6a30M A/IS passepTbiBaHMfl u,M(|)pOBbix ceien c MHTerpau,neM
o6c/iy>KMBaHMfl M MHre/i/ieKTya^bHbix ceiei/i, npeflocTaB/ifiK)Lij,Mx CBOMM
a6oneHTaM MHOKCCTBO pa3HOo6pa3Hbix yc/iyr.
O6ecneHHBaeT
CKpbiTHOCTb
CBasn
(lunpOKne
BOSMOKHOCTM
fl/ia
), BbicoKyKD cTa6n/ibHOCTb xapaKTepucTMK Kana/ioB (ocraTOHHoe
l~lo3BO/ifleT no/iy4MTb xopoiune rexHUKO-aKOHOMMMecKMe noKasaie/iH, HTO
o6yc/ioB/ieHO npn/vieHenneM MHierpa/ibHbix cxe/vi; u,n(|)poBoe o6opy,a,OBaHne
Hafle>KHO; Ma/iora6apMTHO, ncnpe6/ifleT HGMHoro 3Heprnn; ero
3Kcn/iyaiai4Mfl o6/ierMaeTCfl sa cner BcrpoeHHbix cucre/vi
90
MKM - npeo6pa3OBaHMfl
MKM — npeo6pa3OBaHne BK/ifonaeTTpn noc/ieflOBare/ibHbie onepau,nn:
1. .fl.MCKpeTHsau.MK) ana/ioroBoro CMma/ia BO spewem/i.
2. KBaHTOBaHne AMCKpeTusupoBaHHoro cnma/ia no se/iMHUHe.
3. KoflMposaHMe KBaHTOBaHHoro CMma/ia.
AncKpeTM3ai4MM 6bma nocBfliu,eHa Te/v\ 17 M nosTowy ona
paccMaipuBaeTCfl.
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